O tema da presente pesquisa é o burnout no contexto esportivo, mais especificamente os fatores preditores do burnout em atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal. O objetivo principal foi avaliar e testar o Inventário de Fatores Preditores do Burnout em Atletas (IFPBA-24), tendo como suporte três modelos teóricos: (1) Modelo Afetivo-Cognitivo de Estresse; (2) Modelo de Resposta Negativa ao Estresse de Treinamento Físico e (3) Modelo da Perspectiva Social. Para cumprir esse objetivo foram conduzidos três estudos; cabe ressaltar que a pesquisa faz parte de um estudo maior e continuado sobre os modelos de competições esportivas. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS – sob o número 271.526. Estudo 1: O primeiro estudo realizou a redução dos itens do Inventário de Sinais e Sintomas do Burnout em Atletas (ISSBA-60), por meio da análise fatorial exploratória, em seguida, testou-se a validade confirmatória do modelo proposto com base nos 24 itens retidos na primeira análise e avaliou-se a consistência interna dos fatores do novo instrumento: Inventário de Fatores Preditores do Burnout em Atletas (IFPBA-24). A amostra foi composta de 130 atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal, todos do sexo masculino, da faixa etária de 18 a 36 anos, que disputaram a Taça Brasil de Futsal-Adulto-Masculino (Divisão Especial). Os resultados demonstraram que, com base nos procedimentos de análise fatorial realizados, foram selecionados 24 itens, igualmente distribuídos em seis fatores (Sensação de impotência diante dos treinamentos e competições, Exaustão física, Baixa percepção de competência, Dificuldade de conciliar vida esportiva e vida social, Exaustão emocional e Sensação de incapacidade de melhorar o desempenho nos treinamentos e nas competições), que explicaram 61,75% da variância total. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória avaliou o novo modelo do IFPBA-24, e todos os índices ( x2/gl = 1,85; GFI = 0,930; AGFI = 0,912; RMS = 0,082) apresentaram valores adequados. Os seis fatores apresentaram índices Alpha de Cronbach que variaram de 0,67 a 0,75. O conjunto desses resultados indica que o novo modelo apresenta adequado índice de validade e de consistência interna. Estudo 2: Este estudo explorou possíveis semelhanças e diferenças no conjunto dos níveis do burnout em atletas, controlando as variáveis escolaridade, anos de profissionalização (até seis anos e mais de seis anos de prática profissional) e presença, ou não, de lesões no último ano. O estudo contou com a participação de uma amostra de 130 atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal – dependente do “Estudo 1”, com idades de 18 a 36 anos. Os resultados obtidos indicam não haver diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) nas respostas dos atletas, quando essas variáveis são controladas. Estudo 3: Este estudo apresentou a ocorrência de possíveis diferenças significativas ou semelhanças estatísticas entre fatores preditores de burnout em atletas. A amostra foi a mesma do segundo estudo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há semelhanças estatísticas (p > 0,05) e diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os escores dos fatores preditores do burnout em atletas. Estes resultados permitem concluir que, os fatores preditores do burnout em atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal com níveis mais elevados são: “Dificuldade de conciliar vida esportiva e vida social” e a “Exaustão física”; enquanto que os fatores com níveis menos elevados são: “Sensação de impotência diante dos treinamentos e competições” e a “Baixa percepção de competência”. / The theme of this research is burnout in the sporting context, more specifically the predictors of burnout in professional futsal Brazilian athletes. The main objective was to evaluate and test the Inventory Factors Predictors of Burnout in Athletes (IFPBA-24), supported by three theoretical models: (1) Cognitive-Affective Model of Stress; (2) Model Negative Response to Stress and Physical Training (3) Model of Social Perspective. To fulfill this goal three studies were conducted, it should be noted that the research is part of a larger study and continued on models of sports competitions. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS - under the protocol number 271.526. Study 1: The first study was conducted to reduce the items of the Inventory of Signs and Symptoms of Burnout in Athletes (ISSBA-60), through the exploratory factor analysis, and then was tested the confirmatory validity of the proposed model based on the 24 items retained in first review and was evaluated the internal consistency of the dimensions of the new instrument: Inventory Factors Predictors of Burnout in Athletes (IFPBA-24). The sample was composed by 130 brazilian futsal professional athletes, all male, with age ranged 18-36 years who compete in the Cup Brazil Futsal-Adult-Male (Special Branch). The results showed that on the basis of factor analytic procedures conducted 24 items were selected, equally distributed in six dimensions (Sensation of helplessness before training and competitions, Physical exhaustion, Low perception of competence, Difficulty of reconciling sporting life and social life, Exhaustion emotional, Sensation and inability to improve performance in training and competition), which explained 61.75% of the total variance. A confirmatory factor analysis evaluated the new model of the IFPBA-24, and all indexes (x2/gl = 1.85, GFI = 0.930, AGFI = 0.912, RMS = 0.082) showed appropriate values. The six dimensions had Cronbach's alpha indices ranging from 0.67 to 0.75. Taken together, these results indicate that the new model provides adequate level of validity and internal consistency. Study 2: This study explored possible similarities and differences in all the levels of burnout in athletes, controlling variables, education, years of professionalization (up to six years and more than six years of professional practice) and the presence or absence of lesions in the last year. The study involved the participation of a sample of 130 Brazilian futsal professional athletes - dependent "Study 1", aged 18-36 years. The results indicate no significant differences (p <0.05) in the responses of athletes, when these variables are controlled. Study 3: This study showed the occurrence of possible differences or similarities between statistical predictors of burnout in athletes. The sample was the same as in the second study. The results indicate that there are similarities statistics (p > 0,05) and significant differences (p < 0,05) between the scores of the predictors of burnout in athletes. These results suggest that the predictors of burnout in professional futsal Brazilian athletes with higher levels are: “Difficulty of reconciling sporting life and social life and “Physical exhaustion”; and factors at lower levels are: “Sensation of helplessness before training and competitions” and “Low perception of competence”.

O tema da presente pesquisa é o burnout no contexto esportivo, mais especificamente os fatores preditores do burnout em atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal. O objetivo principal foi avaliar e testar o Inventário de Fatores Preditores do Burnout em Atletas (IFPBA-24), tendo como suporte três modelos teóricos: (1) Modelo Afetivo-Cognitivo de Estresse; (2) Modelo de Resposta Negativa ao Estresse de Treinamento Físico e (3) Modelo da Perspectiva Social. Para cumprir esse objetivo foram conduzidos três estudos; cabe ressaltar que a pesquisa faz parte de um estudo maior e continuado sobre os modelos de competições esportivas. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS – sob o número 271.526. Estudo 1: O primeiro estudo realizou a redução dos itens do Inventário de Sinais e Sintomas do Burnout em Atletas (ISSBA-60), por meio da análise fatorial exploratória, em seguida, testou-se a validade confirmatória do modelo proposto com base nos 24 itens retidos na primeira análise e avaliou-se a consistência interna dos fatores do novo instrumento: Inventário de Fatores Preditores do Burnout em Atletas (IFPBA-24). A amostra foi composta de 130 atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal, todos do sexo masculino, da faixa etária de 18 a 36 anos, que disputaram a Taça Brasil de Futsal-Adulto-Masculino (Divisão Especial). Os resultados demonstraram que, com base nos procedimentos de análise fatorial realizados, foram selecionados 24 itens, igualmente distribuídos em seis fatores (Sensação de impotência diante dos treinamentos e competições, Exaustão física, Baixa percepção de competência, Dificuldade de conciliar vida esportiva e vida social, Exaustão emocional e Sensação de incapacidade de melhorar o desempenho nos treinamentos e nas competições), que explicaram 61,75% da variância total. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória avaliou o novo modelo do IFPBA-24, e todos os índices ( x2/gl = 1,85; GFI = 0,930; AGFI = 0,912; RMS = 0,082) apresentaram valores adequados. Os seis fatores apresentaram índices Alpha de Cronbach que variaram de 0,67 a 0,75. O conjunto desses resultados indica que o novo modelo apresenta adequado índice de validade e de consistência interna. Estudo 2: Este estudo explorou possíveis semelhanças e diferenças no conjunto dos níveis do burnout em atletas, controlando as variáveis escolaridade, anos de profissionalização (até seis anos e mais de seis anos de prática profissional) e presença, ou não, de lesões no último ano. O estudo contou com a participação de uma amostra de 130 atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal – dependente do “Estudo 1”, com idades de 18 a 36 anos. Os resultados obtidos indicam não haver diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) nas respostas dos atletas, quando essas variáveis são controladas. Estudo 3: Este estudo apresentou a ocorrência de possíveis diferenças significativas ou semelhanças estatísticas entre fatores preditores de burnout em atletas. A amostra foi a mesma do segundo estudo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há semelhanças estatísticas (p > 0,05) e diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os escores dos fatores preditores do burnout em atletas. Estes resultados permitem concluir que, os fatores preditores do burnout em atletas brasileiros profissionais de futsal com níveis mais elevados são: “Dificuldade de conciliar vida esportiva e vida social” e a “Exaustão física”; enquanto que os fatores com níveis menos elevados são: “Sensação de impotência diante dos treinamentos e competições” e a “Baixa percepção de competência”. / The theme of this research is burnout in the sporting context, more specifically the predictors of burnout in professional futsal Brazilian athletes. The main objective was to evaluate and test the Inventory Factors Predictors of Burnout in Athletes (IFPBA-24), supported by three theoretical models: (1) Cognitive-Affective Model of Stress; (2) Model Negative Response to Stress and Physical Training (3) Model of Social Perspective. To fulfill this goal three studies were conducted, it should be noted that the research is part of a larger study and continued on models of sports competitions. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS - under the protocol number 271.526. Study 1: The first study was conducted to reduce the items of the Inventory of Signs and Symptoms of Burnout in Athletes (ISSBA-60), through the exploratory factor analysis, and then was tested the confirmatory validity of the proposed model based on the 24 items retained in first review and was evaluated the internal consistency of the dimensions of the new instrument: Inventory Factors Predictors of Burnout in Athletes (IFPBA-24). The sample was composed by 130 brazilian futsal professional athletes, all male, with age ranged 18-36 years who compete in the Cup Brazil Futsal-Adult-Male (Special Branch). The results showed that on the basis of factor analytic procedures conducted 24 items were selected, equally distributed in six dimensions (Sensation of helplessness before training and competitions, Physical exhaustion, Low perception of competence, Difficulty of reconciling sporting life and social life, Exhaustion emotional, Sensation and inability to improve performance in training and competition), which explained 61.75% of the total variance. A confirmatory factor analysis evaluated the new model of the IFPBA-24, and all indexes (x2/gl = 1.85, GFI = 0.930, AGFI = 0.912, RMS = 0.082) showed appropriate values. The six dimensions had Cronbach's alpha indices ranging from 0.67 to 0.75. Taken together, these results indicate that the new model provides adequate level of validity and internal consistency. Study 2: This study explored possible similarities and differences in all the levels of burnout in athletes, controlling variables, education, years of professionalization (up to six years and more than six years of professional practice) and the presence or absence of lesions in the last year. The study involved the participation of a sample of 130 Brazilian futsal professional athletes - dependent "Study 1", aged 18-36 years. The results indicate no significant differences (p <0.05) in the responses of athletes, when these variables are controlled. Study 3: This study showed the occurrence of possible differences or similarities between statistical predictors of burnout in athletes. The sample was the same as in the second study. The results indicate that there are similarities statistics (p > 0,05) and significant differences (p < 0,05) between the scores of the predictors of burnout in athletes. These results suggest that the predictors of burnout in professional futsal Brazilian athletes with higher levels are: “Difficulty of reconciling sporting life and social life and “Physical exhaustion”; and factors at lower levels are: “Sensation of helplessness before training and competitions” and “Low perception of competence”.

This graduation thesis focuses on the insurance of sports events and professional athletes. It represents the sum of possible insurance products in the given area. The goal of the thesis is to present this marginal part of insurance market and, by using actual data, to show the trends in the number of insurance agreements contracted by professional sportspeople and their proportion in the total of life insurance. The first part lays the theoretical background of the work. The second part compares insurance agreements of two different companies with the same insurance company. The last part concentrates on the insurance of major sports events, i.e. the Ice Hockey World Championship and the Olympic Games.

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High contact sports put athletes at a higher risk of sustaining a concussion. This work focused on assessing regional brain health in aging, retired Canadian Football League (rCFL) players years to decades after retirement. Advanced, quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques were implemented to identify and quantify microstructural brain white matter damage, cognitive functional signal characteristics (fractal dimension (FD) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF)), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) dysregulation. Due to the high reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI), a Z-scoring approach exploring outliers relative to a large normative dataset was implemented to examine each rCFL subject individually. However, arterial spin labelling (ASL) data is more sensitive to scanner inconsistencies, therefore a group-wise analysis was performed with the CBF and ASL spatial coefficient of variance (ASL sCoV) data. Minimal microstructural damage was detected in the rCFL subjects, but a substantial amount of functional and CBF abnormalities were present. The FD was significantly reduced in 48 of 91 regions-of-interest (ROIs) examined, and the four rCFL subjects with the highest number of abnormal ROIs all exhibited worse motor speed, social functioning and general health scores than the other rCFL subjects. Furthermore, the ALFF analysis identified the cerebellum, parietal lobe ROIs, and central sub-cortical ROIs to be consistently abnormal. Finally, the temporal occipital fusiform cortex, superior parietal gyrus, caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum were significantly abnormal bilaterally based on CBF and ASL sCoV values, which also correlated with worse physical functioning and elevated daily chronic pain. This work adds to the growing literature that brain changes are present later in life that may be related to concussions and repetitive sub-concussive head impacts sustained years earlier. Several consistently damaged ROIs also correlated with adverse clinical presentations to indicate areas of future research. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Clinical concussion assessment has a limited ability to identify brain injury location and severity. Therefore, there is a need for more advanced diagnostic tools to provide meaningful, objective information to concussion patients and clinicians. The work presented in this thesis aimed to assess brain health using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques of retired professional football players with a complex history of concussions and repetitive sub-concussive impacts. Our research found concussion-related functional and cerebral blood flow brain abnormalities past that of normal aging, but minimal white matter damage, present in the retired athletes that also correlated with clinically testable health metrics such as motor speed, emotional well-being, and pain. Through personalized subject-specific analyses, this work provides further evidence of the effects of concussions later in life.

This thesis deals with the projects of ThePlayersTribune.com and its younger Czech equivalent Bezfrazi.cz. Both websites were created in recent years and their ambition is to change the stereotypical view of athletes brought by traditional media. These platforms give athletes the space to present themselves in their own words and also to be a part of the editing process. Athletes on the websites share their life stories, which are very inspiring and often contains overlap beyond the sports environment. Thus, readers can infiltrate to the lives of famous or less-known athletes, and also, thanks to the first-person storytelling, perceive situations from their perspective. No thesis has dealt with this topic, yet, and so this diploma thesis is conceived as a case study, the aim of which was to introduce, describe the functioning and compare both projects. It deals with their significance for sports journalism, the role of the journalist in mediating stories, verifying the facts in stories and the popularity of stories from the sports environment in general. The diploma thesis also includes own classification of typologically identical stories published on the platforms The Players' Tribune and Bez frází. The stories are qualitatively analyzed. The attention is paid mainly to the narrative structure...

As new media grow, so do the users who navigate the virtual world. People and organizations are forced to adapt in order to stay relevant in a technologically driven marketplace. The sports world has been changed drastically because of new media. Athletes no longer communicate with the general public solely through traditional media outlets such as newspapers. Social networking sites such as Twitterallow athletes to directly communicate with mass audiences. This direct communication raises several questions with regard to dynamics of communication and uses of Internet portals. A content analysis examined professional athletes' "Twitter" posts to help answer these questions. While some of the hypotheses were not supported, results were telling. Topics among the sample of posts included direct communication with Twittermembers or links to videos and pictures, as well as "tweets" about each player's job. Findings suggested that professional athletes are mainly neutral overall when posting messages regarding their sport, team, peers, or fans. Limitations of the study and implications for future research are addressed.

Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera skillnader mellan manliga professionella svenska ishockeyspelare från säsongen 2017/2018 när det handlar om deltagande inom TV-pucken, ungdoms och juniorlandslag samt studier vid RIG. Vidare avses att undersöka Relative Age Effect (RAE) med syfte att identifiera födelsekvartal bland individerna. Metod I detta arbete har en statistisk analys utförts. Informationen har inhämtats från diverse hemsidor. Eliteprospects och SCB är arbetets största informationskällor. Tillvägagångsättet har bestått av en kvantitativ metod där statistik inhämtats och bearbetats samt kategoriserats, vidare har Chi2-tester genomförts för att undersöka om det fanns statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna. Resultat Utifrån en kvantitativ undersökning har resultat angående skillnaderna när det handlar om deltagande inom TV-pucken, ungdoms- och juniorlandslag samt studerande vid RIG tagits fram. Utifrån resultaten syns att NHL är den liga som har flest deltagare inom de sammanhang som undersökts procentuellt. Vidare har SHL en större procentandel som deltagit i sammanhangen än vad HA har förutom i TV-pucken där ligorna i princip är likvärdiga. Frågeställningen kring RAE visar att det finns indikationer på att det förekommer i SHL samt HA, dock inte i NHL bland spelarna i urvalsgruppen. Även genomfördes Chi2 tester som utgått från signifikansnivån 0.05 med ett critical value på 7,82 samt 3, 84 beroende på om det använts fyra eller två variabler i uträkningen. Av femton tester har åtta tester varit statistiskt signifikanta i skillnaderna mellan grupperna som jämförts. Slutsatser Utifrån resultaten som tagits fram är det tydligt att det finns statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan ligorna som undersökts. För att nå professionell nivå är det en tydlig fördel att delta i TV-pucken, ungdoms- och juniorlandslag samt studera vid RIG, framförallt om sannolikheten för att ha möjlighet att spela i NHL ska vara hög. Även syns tecken på RAE i SHL och HA, dock skulle en studie med ett större urval där fler idrotter involveras ge möjlighet att generalisera kring hur åldersfördelning ser ut inom professionell idrott generellt. / Purpose The purpose with this essay is to identify the differences between professional Swedish male hockey players from the 2017/2018 season which have played in the NHL, SHL and HA. The compression consists of looking at the differences in participation concerning TV-pucken, youth- and junior national-teams and studies at RIG. Furthermore, it refers to explore if there is any sign of Relative Age Effect (RAE) among the participants. Methods In this essay a statistical investigation has been done. The information has been collected from different websites with open registers. Eliteprospects and SCB is the biggest sources of information for the investigation. Results By a quantitative investigation concerning participation in TV-pucken, youth-and junior national-teams and studies at RIG results has been produced. From that it´s visible that the NHL is the league which have the most participants in the examined contexts based on percentage. Furthermore, the SHL have a bigger percentage which have participated in the examined contexts then HA, with exception for TV-pucken where the results where similar. The issue concerning RAE shows indications of it in SHL and HA, but not in the NHL when looking at the selected group. Also, performed where Chi-2 tests that where compared to a significance level of 0.05 which means a critical value of 7,82 or 3,64 depending on if two or four variables parted in the calculation. Out of fifteen tests, eight of them showed out to be statistically significant. Conclusion By the results which have been brought out its visible that there are statistical significant differences between the examined leagues. To be able the reach professional level there is a clear advantage to participate in the examined contexts, especially if a possibility to play in the NHL will appear. Also, it shows signs of RAE in the SHL and HA, though a study on a larger group of individuals performing different sport would give the possibility to generalize the group of professional athletes.

This paper is using the method multidimensional analysis of data on a group of variables which are characterized by the performance of professional athletes. The meaning of this is to find the correct dimension of data for broader quantification. In the theoretical part of this paper I am describing the main goals and the principles of factor and cluster analysis. Furthermore in this part they are broken down the preconditions for the correct use of instruments of the mentioned analysis and they are presented models of each method. In the practical chapter, first there is a comparison of athletes from five professional leagues from the perspective of the wages differential analysis, then with the help of factor analyses a reduction of data is made and from the used data from the finale model a new variable is set. In the last part of this paper I am dividing the objects into groups as described in the cluster analyses with the purpose of further analyzing these clusters.

The principle of equal pay for men and women workers for equal work in professional sport This thesis is based on the hypothesis that given the available data on the different rewards of professional athletes and the fact that these rewards are not regulated or monitored in any way, it is likely that there is discrimination in pay in the field of professional sport. The aim of this thesis is therefore to assess whether this hypothesis is correct and whether any rules of remuneration in sport are in fact discriminatory in the context of European law. In order to verify the hypothesis, the thesis first deals with the legal regulation of the principle of equal pay and the question of the application of EU law to sports activities. In that context, it also deals with the question of the legal position of professional athletes as workers and service providers and examines whether the principle of equal pay is applicable to the nature of their sport activity as an exercise of work. Based on available studies, the thesis outlines the situation of remuneration across various sports and with the help of selected examples of sports such as football, basketball and tennis, also points out the causes of different rewards and other aspects of the issue, such as the lack of women in leadership positions, the...