Thesis (PhD (Education )--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / 355 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- xxiii and numbered pages 1-330. Includes bibliography and list of tables. Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sporting environment in South Africa started changing drastically when professional sport increasingly became a reality after years of sporting isolation. As a result of these changes new career opportunities opened up because professionals were required to manage professional sport. These new professional sporting organisations are modelled on economically active businesses that require managers at all levels. Training institutions soon started offering programmes to train these so-called sports managers. Although there are specialists working in the sporting environment, the generic term "sports manager" is used to identify these individuals. The appropriate and sustainable training of sports managers forms the nucleus of the research in this study. Training programmes for sports managers are mostly offered at departments of human movement studies or sports science. This tended to create the impression that these training programmes are merely adapted human movement studies programmes that do not necessarily make provision for the professional sports management industry. The main purpose of this study was to design a curriculum framework for sport management training that is not only practice-oriented, but that also ensures sustainable programmes. To realise this, both an international and a national historical perspective on sport management training were researched. A description of a theoretical curriculum model with specific reference to current trends in education in South Africa was given. Furthermore it endeavoured to establish, from within the sporting industry, the knowledge and skills that are required for a career in sports management. From this information an attempt was made to suggest a curriculum framework so that appropriate and sustainable sports management training programmes can be offered. From a historical survey it became evident that sports management training programmes are in a relatively early development phase. An analysis of international programmes revealed that these programmes focus mainly on the economic and management activities in sports management organisations. Few instances were found where human movement studies constituted a prominent part of the contents of the programmes. However, the opposite was found to be true when South African programmes were reviewed. The majority of these programmes include components of human movement studies/sport science in their contents. Some of the programmes focus specifically on human movement studies/sport science and merely offer introductory modules on aspects of sports management. This study indicates the necessity for sports management training programmes in higher education to fit into specific structures in the South African education framework. New developments centred around the South African Qualifications Authority, the Higher Education Board and more specifically the National Qualifications Framework have been researched and applied to sports management training programmes. To place this study within the perspective of curriculum development, various models and methods of curriculum evaluation were explored. As a result of this a synoptic list was compiled to which sports management programmes may be required to comply. As part of the study a questionnaire review was conducted to indicate sports managers' knowledge and skills requirements in three levels of management. Guidelines were derived from this for generic contents of sports management programmes. It was also indicated that specialist functions exist within the sports management industry and that this phenomenon cannot merely be ignored by academic institutions when curricula are designed. These findings were used to suggest a possible framework for sports management curricula. In the light of a changing environment in South Africa and the development of the professional sports management industry, it is necessary that this framework should continuously be supplemented in a dynamic sporting environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sportbedryf het in Suid-Afrika drasties begin verander toe beroepsport na jare van sportisolasie toenemend 'n werklikheid geword het. Uit hierdie veranderinge het daar nuwe beroepsmoontlikhede ontstaan deurdat professionele persone nodig was om professionele sport te bestuur. Hierdie nuwe professionele sportorganisasies is op die lees van ekonomies-aktiewe besighede geskoei wat beteken dat bestuurders op aile vlakke benodig is. Opleidingsinstellings het spoedig begin om programme aan te bied vir die opleiding van hierdie sogenaamde sportbestuurders. Alhoewel daar 'n verskeidenheid spesialiste in die sportomgewing werk, word die generiese term "sportbestuurder" gebruik om hierdie persone te identifiseer. Die toepaslike en volhoubare opleiding van sportbestuurders vorm die kern van ondersoek in hierdie studie. Opleidingsprogramme vir sportbestuuropleiding word meestal in departemente van menslike bewegingskunde of sportwetenskap aangebied, wat die vermoede laat ontstaan het dat hierdie programme slegs aangepaste menslike bewegingskundeprogramme is en nie noodwendig vir die volle spektrum van behoeftes van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf voorsiening maak nie. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die daarstelling van 'n kurrikulumraamwerk vir sportbestuuropleiding wat nie net praktykgerig is nie, maar ook die volhoubaarheid van hierdie programme verseker. Om dit te verwesenlik, is daar gepoog om 'n internasionale en nasionale historiese perspektief oor sportbestuuropleiding daar te stel. 'n Teoretiese kurrikulummodel is beskryf met spesifieke verwysing na huidige onderwystendense in Suid-Afrika. Vervolgens is gepoog om vanuit die sportbedryf te bepaal wat die kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes is wat die sportbestuurberoep aan individue stel. Uit hierdie gegewens is gepoog om 'n kurrikulumraamwerk te ontwerp ten einde 'n bydrae te maak tot die volhoubare en toepaslike voorsiening van sportbestuuropleiding. Uit 'n historiese oorsig het dit geblyk dat sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in 'n relatief vroeë ontwikkelingsfase verkeer. Wat uit die ontleding van internasionale programme duidelik geblyk het, is dat hierdie programme veral op die ekonomiese en bestuursaktiwiteite van sportbestuurorganisasies gefokus is. Min gevalle is aangetref waar menslike bewegingskunde 'n prominente deel van die programinhoud uitmaak. Daar is egter bevind dat die teendeel grootliks waar is van programme in Suid-Afrika. Die meerderheid van die programme het wel komponente van menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap as deel van die inhoud. Sommige programme fokus spesifiek op menslike bewegingskunde/sportwetenskap en bied sportbestuuraspekte slegs as inleidende modules aan. Die studie toon aan dat dit noodsaaklik is om sportbestuuropleidingsprogramme in hoër onderwys binne spesifieke strukture in die Suid-Afrikaanse opvoedingsraamwerk in te pas. Ontwikkelinge rondom die Suid-Afrikaanse Kwalifikasie-owerheid, die Hoër Onderwysraad en meer spesifiek die Nasionale Kwalifikasieraamwerk is ondersoek in die lig van moontlike toepassings op sportbestuurprogramme. Om die studie binne die perspektief van kurrikulumontwikkeling te plaas, is ondersoek ingestel na verskillende modelle en metodes van kurrikulumevaluering. Hieruit is 'n oorsiglys waaraan sportbestuurprogramme moontlik beoordeel kan word, saamgestel. 'n Vraelysondersoek is benut ten einde kennis- en vaardigheidsvereistes van sportbestuurders op drie bestuursvlakke aan te toon. Riglyne ten opsigte van generiese inhoude vir sportbestuurprogramme is hieruit verkry. Daar is ook aangetoon dat spesialisfunksies binne die sportbestuurbedryf bestaan en dat hierdie verskynsel tydens kurrikulumontwerp nie sonder meer deur akademiese instellings geignoreer kan word nie. Hierdie bevindinge is gebruik om 'n moontlike raamwerk vir sportbestuurkurrikula voor te stel. In die lig van 'n veranderende samelewing in Suid-Afrika en die ontwikkeling van die professionele sportbestuurbedryf is dit noodsaaklik dat hierdie raamwerk in 'n dinamiese sportomgewing voortdurend aangevul word.

Problemformulering: Idag råder en negativ trend gällande antalet åskådare för en majoritet av organisationerna inomprofessionell ishockey i Sverige. Då publiken utgör en viktig del i ett matchevenemang, både ekonomiskt och upplevelsemässigt, är detta en problematisk utveckling. Tidigare forskning visar att den del av publiken som besöker ett matchevenemang 1-3 gånger per säsong är en fördelaktig grupp att påverka för att öka dess konsumtion. Däremot har den tidigare forskningen primärt studerat besökare inom professionell idrott i generella termer alternativt fokuserat på hängivna fans samt haft en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi. Syfte och frågeställningar: Studiens syfte är att djupare förstå de sporadiska besökarna och undersöka hur varumärket kan användas för att påverka dem till att gå oftare.• Vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumtionen lyfts fram av sporadiska besökare?• Hur kan kunskapen om de identifierade faktorerna användas för att få den sporadiska besökaren att gå oftare utifrån ett varumärkesperspektiv? Metod: Med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en deduktiv ansats med induktiva inslag har denna studie genomfört tolv semistrukurerade intervjuer. Respondenterna i denna studie är besökare av fallorganisationens ishockeymatcher och går på 1-3 matchevenemang per säsong. Resultat: Denna studie har uppmärksammat ett antal faktorer som genom varumärket kan påverka den sporadiska besökarens konsumtion. Studien har identifierat stämning som ett konsumtionsmotiv hos en grupp av sporadiska besökare samt att studien funnit olika varianter av det socialamotivet och preferenser av matchresultatets karaktär. Vidare har studien funnit att en grupp sporadiska besökare har en hög kunskapsnivå gällande ishockey och till sist har studien ävenfunnit djupare beskrivningar av verklighetsflykt och underhållning vilka även de är faktorer som påverkar sporadiska besökares konsumtion. Forskningsbidrag: Denna studie ger detaljerade beskrivningar av sporadiska besökares konsumtionsbeteende och varumärkesassociationer inom professionell idrott. Vidare bidrar studien med kompletterande indikationer av faktorer som påverkar de sporadiska besökarnas konsumtionsfrekvens av matchevenemang. / Problem definition: Today there is a negative trend regarding the number of spectators among a majority of the organizations within professional ice hockey in Sweden. This is a problematic development since the spectators play an important part for the event of the games, both financially and experientially. Previous research shows that the customer segment which visits one to three games per season is a favorable group when it comes to increasing their consumption. Though, previous research has fore most studied spectators in general terms or have had the devoted fansas main focus. Furthermore, the previous research has primarily been quantitative regarding its research strategy. Aim and research questions: The aim of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of low frequent spectators and understand how the brand can be used in order to influence them to go more often.• Which factors, which influence the consumption, is described by the the low frequent spectators?• How can the knowledge of these identified factors be used in order to influence the low frequent spectator to visit more often from a brand perspective? Methodology: With a qualitative research strategy and a deductive, with element of inductive, research approach, this study has completed twelve semi-structured interviews. The respondents are spectators of ice hockey games of the organization which this study have studied and who visits 1-3 games per season. Results: A number of factors which can influence the low frequent spectators’ consumption through the brand have been noticed through this study. The atmosphere has been identified as a consumption motive among a group of low frequent spectators and the study has also found different versions of the social motive as well as preferences for the nature of the games results. Furthermore, the study has found a group of low frequent spectators which has a high level of knowledge about ice hockey. Finally, the study has also found deeper descriptions of escape and entertainment which also are factors which influence the consumption among a group of low frequent spectators within professional sports. Research grants: This study provides detailed descriptions of low frequent spectators’ consumer behavior and brand associations within professional sports. Furthermore, the study provides additional indications of factors which affect the low frequent spectators’ consumption regarding games.

My thesis focuses on the subject of 'education of athletically talented students' on a theoretical and empirical level. The theoretical part describes 'talent' on a general basis followed by a specific description of a 'sporting talent'. It considers the conditions of education of talented students without a particular focus and subsequently discusses the subject of school education of athletically talented students. It introduces the specific aspects of an athlete as a pupil, the factors that influence his/her educational path and the problem of 'dual career'. It also characterizes the conditions of education of athletes in Europe and the system of education in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is the resource for conducting the empirical part, where the results show how athletes themselves describe and evaluate the conditions of school education. The reaserch of investigated topic whilst using thorough interviews concludes the way athletes perceive this issue.

Professional sport and its legislation I choose this topic for its currency and for in my opinion ignored need of solving problems mentioned in the thesis. In scope of this thesis I tried not only to assess legal status of individual and collective professional sportsmen or in other words of performance of their activity on professional level, but I also tried to solve chosen problematic points resulting from the confrontation of professional sport activity and strict provisions of Czech law (in particular Labour Code), by which the performance of sport activity and related legal relations are governed. Thesis is systematically divided into four chapters besides the introduction and conclusion which contains other subchapters. These subchapters specify topics contained in chapters. First chapter is the introduction to the topic devoted to reciprocal relation of sport and law. In this chapter I deal with the term "sport" and its possible definition from the law point of view and its basic organization and division in general. There is also one subchapter dedicated to act on support of sport. In second chapter I deal with the performance of sport activity by individual professional sportsman in detail and with two possible options of its inclusion into law. New Civil Code is also reflected here....

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This study sought to explore a professional sport venue’s use of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) to promote positive social change, by addressing illegal street racing, through events designed for community participation. This study specifically looked at public dragracing events, titled “Street Fights,” held at a professional dragway. The purpose of this study was to 1) examine drivers’ awareness of the event’s social responsibility initiatives with Street Fight events and 2) determine if these initiatives are promoting behavioral changes in drivers. Drivers at Street Fight events were surveyed (n=77, 60% response rate) on their levels of awareness of the venue’s social responsibility initiatives, as well as, the event and venue’s overall influence on positive social change within the community. Results showed that Street Fight racers seem to be aware that the events were created to offer a safe, legal, and affordable place to dragrace. Street Fight racers also indicated they were less likely to engage in excessive speeding on open roadways due to their participation in Street Fight events.

Tyrimo objektas. Sportinę karjerą baigusių sportininkų socialinio aprūpinimo ypatumai Lietuvoje. Tyrimo tikslas: atskleisti sportinę karjerą baigusių sportininkų socialinio aprūpinimo ypatumus Lietuvoje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1 Teoriniu aspektu aptarti profesionalaus ir didelio meistriškumo sportininkų sampratą ir jų teisinį reglamentavimą Lietuvoje. 2. Išanalizuoti teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius sportinę karjerą baigusių sportininkų socialinio aprūpinimą Lietuvoje. 3. Palyginti teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius sportinę karjerą baigusių sportininkų socialinį aprūpinimą su Europos šalių patirtimi. 4. Įvertinti sportinę karjerą baigusių Lietuvos profesionalių ir didelio meistriškumo sportininkų nuomonę apie jiems teikiamas socialines garantijas. Tyrimo metodai. 1. Literatūros šaltinių analizė. 2. Dokumentų analizė. 3. Interviu. Tyrimo rezultatai. Profesionalusis sportininkas apibrėžiamas kaip sportininkas, kurio pagrindinis pragyvenimo šaltinis ir darbas yra sportavimas. Didelio meistriškumo sportininkas apibrėžiamas kaip atletas, atstovaujamos sporto šakos vienas geriausių sportininkų. Profesionalus ir didelio meistriškumo sportininko teisinis statusas reglamentuojamas LR Kūno kultūros ir sporto įstatyme. Literatūros šaltinių ir dokumentų analizė parodė, kad karjerą baigusių sportininkų socialinis aprūpinimas Lietuvoje yra reglamentuojamas LR valstybinio socialinio draudimo įstatymu, LR valstybinių socialinio draudimo pensijų įstatymu bei naująja LR kūno kultūros ir sporto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work object: Peculiarities of social provision of former athletes in Lithuania Work objectives: to analyze the peculiarities of social provision of former athletes in Lithuania Work objectives: 1. To discus the conception and juridical regulation of professional and top level athlete in Lithuania. 2. To analyze juridical documents that regulates social provision of retired athletes in Lithuania 3. To compare juridical documents, that regulates social provision of retired athletes in Lithuania with present experience of European countries. 4. To evaluate opinion of retired professional and top level athletes about present social guaranties that is provided. Work Methods. 1. Analysis of literature sources. 2. Document analysis. 3. Interview. Conclusions. Professional athlete is defined as a person who receives payment for his performance and earns for living in that way. Whereas Top level athlete can be described as an athlete that competes at the highest level, represents country during international events. The status of Professional and Top Level Athlete is regulated by the Law of Sport and Physical Education. Literature and Documents analysis proved that Social Provision of retired athletes in Lithuania is regulated by the Lithuanian Republic Law of Social Security, LR National Law of Social Provision and by the Law of Sport and Physical Education. Retired athletes can attain social guaranties if they succeed during the active career to become a medallist of one oft top... [to full text]

In this thesis, I examine the use of Twitter by NHL athletes to determine how and in what ways professional hockey players’ personal and professional identities are shaped by their use of this medium. I explore the current cultural moment surrounding the lives of NHL athletes, focusing on the increasingly blurred line between their private and professional identities. By grounding my analysis of their Twitter use in a new labour context that is academically situated betwixt the literatures on media studies, celebrity culture and identity presentation, I show that participation in this medium allows both athletes and fans to actively reshape their own and each others’ identities, constructing a new set of standards for professional hockey players that takes into consideration the heightened demand for access to the behind-the-scenes of their lives. The ability of professional hockey players to interact with fans and media on Twitter is also creating new types relationships and producing new discourses for the typical hockey player identity, and the labour this career involves. Finally, through interviews with NHL players, I draw out their motives for using Twitter, their understanding of the impact of their interaction with fans on the perceptions those fans have of their professional identity, and their desire for work-life balance as their professional and personal identities seemingly merge on Twitter in a postmodern labour context fuelled by heightened celebrity culture. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2014-04-27 14:50:32.902

The thesis deals with the accounting and tax legislation with focus on professional sport not only from the perspective of sport clubs but also of individual sportsmen. The aim of the thesis is to identify accounting and tax specificities of professional sport, including the definition of differences in keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities, and to analyse the current state of the income taxation of professional sportsmen in selected countries of the EU and in the Czech Republic. Significant differences were found not only in the keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities but also in the area of the income taxation of professional sportsmen. In the Czech Republic professional sportsmen are considered to be an independent profession while in the other selected countries of the European Union they are classic employees. The thesis is based on legislation valid on 1st January 2016.

Exercise testings are widely used to estimate current functional state of athletes and reveal their pros and cons in particular cases. The aim of the proposed research was to evaluate eligibility, validity and informativity of various methods of exercise testing for control of athletes’ physical performance. Thirty qualified athletes aged 14 to 35 years and their level of exercise performance were studied, effective method of functional testing for control of training process was developed. We justified use of exercise testing by means of RAMP-protocol cycle spiroergometry for evaluation of aerobic capacity and exercise performance in elite and amateur athletes. Practical outcome is development of effective protocols of exercise testing for adequate and reproductible estimation of aerobic capacity and exercise performance of athletes of all qualification level and specialization. / Проведение проб с дозированной физической нагрузкой позволяет объективно оценивать текущее функциональное состояние организма, выявлять недостатки и преимущества атлетов в отдельных конкретных случаях. Цель – оценить целесообразность, валидность и информативность различных методов нагрузочного тестирования для контроля физической подготовленности спортсменов. В результате исследования были изучены методики нагрузочного тестирования 30 квалифицированных спортсменов от 14 до 35 лет, оценен уровень общей физической работоспособности, разработана эффективная методика функционального тестирования для управления тренировочным процессом. Научная новизна исследования состоит в обосновании использования нагрузочного тестирования методом велоэргоспирометрии по протоколу с непрерывно возрастающей нагрузкой для оценки аэробной производительности и функциональной готовности как элитных спортсменов, так и спортсменов-любителей. Практическая значимость работы заключается в разработке эффективных протоколов нагрузочного тестирования для адекватной и воспроизводимой оценки аэробной производительности и функциональной готовности спортсменов всех уровней квалификации и специализации.