A modernização é um tema recorrente na literatura contemporânea, sobretudo das ciências sociais, e suas expressões trazem elementos de rápida transformação que influenciam toda a sociedade e também suas organizações. O presente estudo está inserido no tema da modernização das organizações, tendo como seu objeto de pesquisa o recorte dos Parlamentos, organizações do Poder Legislativo com características próprias deste Poder. Deste modo, o estudo contribui para o desenvolvimento do campo da administração parlamentar, área de pesquisa pouco desenvolvida no Brasil e que, embora guarde intrínsecas relações, se distingue dos Estudos Legislativos ou da Gestão de Organizações Públicas. Entre as estruturas criadas para a modernização dos Parlamentos, estão as Escolas do Legislativo, espaços de capacitação e treinamento que emergiram a partir da década de 90 para qualificar o corpo administrativo que se atribuiu às Casas em função dos preceitos da Constituição de 1988. Neste sentido, a presente investigação procura responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como foram criadas e se desenvolveram as Escolas do Legislativo no Parlamento brasileiro? Tendo, como objetivo, explicar o surgimento das Escolas do Legislativo no contexto histórico da modernização do Parlamento. Para isso, desenvolve-se uma pesquisa exploratória de estudo de casos múltiplos com as três primeiras organizações legislativas que criaram suas Escolas: a Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais, a Câmara dos Deputados e o Senado Federal. A relevância destas Escolas, para além de seu pioneirismo, está no fato de constituírem modelos para a referência de outras Casas legislativas que passaram a implementar também suas próprias Escolas. O estudo de casos é adotado em seu tipo histórico-organizacional, utilizando-se de documentos, discursos parlamentares, bibliografia e entrevistas narrativas para a coleta de dados dos casos estudados. Os dados emergidos do campo são organizados e analisados em duas perspectivas. Na perspectiva vertical, cada caso é analisado isoladamente para a construção do contexto histórico de criação e desenvolvimento das Escolas. Na perspectiva horizontal, quatro questões essenciais emergem da pesquisa e são discutidas nos três casos e com base na revisão teórica realizada. O resultado da pesquisa é um quadro analítico que apresenta os elementos de criação de cada uma das Escolas e suas posições em relação às questões transversais discutidas. Por fim, realiza-se uma síntese do trabalho desenvolvido, uma discussão das principais limitações da pesquisa e uma indicação de agenda de pesquisa com outras questões que devem ser exploradas no campo da administração parlamentar / Modernization is a frequent issue in the contemporary literature, especially regarding the social sciences, and whenever it takes place, quick change elements influence the entire society and its organizations. The present study deals with modernization processes inside organizations, and its main research object lies within the Parliaments: legislative organizations with specific characteristics of this law power. Thus, the paper contributes to the development of the researches on parliamentary administration, an area still poorly developed in Brazil that, in spite of its similarities, is different from the Legislative Studies or Public Organizations Management. Among the many structures created which seek the modernization of parliaments, there are the Legislative Schools, places established in the \'90s meant to provide corporative training to the administrative body, role attributed to the Houses due to the principles of the 1988 Constitution. Thus, this study aims at answering the following research problem: How were the Legislative Schools in the Brazilian Parliament created and developed? Its objective is to explain the establishment of Legislative Schools in the historical context of the Parliament modernization. In order to do so, an exploratory multiple-case study was developed, which investigated the three first legislative organizations that created their own Schools: the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais, the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. These schools present such relevance, not only because of being pioneers, but also due to their becoming reference to other Houses which are now implementing their Schools. The case study is carried out under a historical and organizational perspective, and data from the studied cases was collected by gathering documents, parliamentary speeches, literature research and narrative interviews, which were then analyzed vertically and horizontally. In the vertical perspective, each case is reviewed individually to rebuild the historical context of the establishment and development of the Schools. In the horizontal perspective, four key questions emerge from the research and are discussed in the three cases and based on the literature review performed. The research results in an analytic framework that presents elements of the establishment of each School and their positions in relation to the other discussed issues. Finally, find a summary of the study, a discussion of its major limitations and a suggested research agenda with other issues that should be exploited within the field of parliamentary administration

Nos últimos anos, muitos blogs ganharam notoriedade e se tornaram referências em determinados nichos. Estes blogs atraem tanto a atenção do público assim como de empresas querendo desenvolver ações promocionais junto a esta audiência. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento de serviços de publicidade online permitiu o surgimento de novos pequenos anunciantes, assim como novos pequenos veículos que dispostos a exibir anúncios. O objetivo deste trabalho é, portanto, compreender a profissionalização dos blogs brasileiros a partir de uma investigação sobre as dinâmicas promocionais na blogosfera. A pesquisa busca discutir a relação entre a cultura participativa (Jenkins, 2006b) da Internet, a virtualização da economia e o papel dos blogueiros neste contexto. Para tal, foi conduzido um estudo netnográfico que consistiu em: a) acompanhar os cem blogs brasileiros de maior autoridade do ranking do indexador Blogblogs, onde investigou-se a presença e o gerenciamento de publicidade e buscou-se outros indícios da profissionalização do meio; b) realizar uma observação participante no I Fórum de Mídias Digitais e Sociais FMDS e no BlogCamp Paraná. / In recent years, many blogs have gained notoriety and have become authorities in certain niches. These blogs attract both the attention of the public as well as companies aiming to develop promotional campaigns targeting blogs audience. Moreover, the development of online advertising services allows the emergence of new small advertisers, in addition to new small vehicles willing to display ads. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand the professionalization of Brazilian blogs through an investigation of the promotional dynamics in the blogosphere. The research discusses the relationship between the participatory culture (Jenkins, 2006b) of the Internet, the virtualization of the economy and the role of bloggers in this context. In order to achieve this work's goals, a netnographic study was conducted and it consisted of: a) following the 100 most authoritative Brazilian blogs ranked in the Blogblogs index to investigate the presence and management of advertising and to find other evidences of the professionalization of the medium; b) conducting a participant observation in the I Digital and Social Media Forum (FMDS) and in the BlogCamp Paraná.

Depuis quelques années, la France comme plusieurs pays européens est confrontée à une conjoncture économique rompant avec les discours de mobilité sociale. Les acteurs institutionnels se sont penchés sur la question de la place des immigrés dans la redynamisation de la France en définissant un dispositif de Lutte Contre les discriminations (LCD) dans une période où le pays constate que des individus, des immigrés et des personnes issues de l’immigration sont vraisemblablement discriminés.C’est par le modèle d’intégration français que la gestion des immigrés en France va permettre d'analyser la question de leur développement professionnel. A l’ère du 21ème siècle et de la mondialisation de l’économie, le statut d’immigré permet-il de faire le lien entre leur capital, le monde du travail et l'évolution sociétale ? A travers l’émergence de la question des Noirs en France, de l’image d’un immigré, acteur rationnel alliant thématique de discrimination et de diversité professionnelle, ce travail a permis d’effectuer des enquêtes sur 45 salariés travaillant dans 22 entreprises et 25 entrepreneurs. Le développement professionnel de ces immigrés est analysé par la valorisation de leur capital: d'un côté, en se basant sur le discours managérial des entreprises, l'immigré se positionne sur le marché du travail français en utilisant l’avantage compétitif prôné par les pays industrialisés pour se professionnaliser autrement puisque les immigrés sont caractérisés par leur flexibilité, leur ténacité et la pluralité de leurs compétences. D'un autre côté, l'immigré se sert de la connaissance, de l’inventivité et de l’innovation socioprofessionnelle pour être un acteur transnational de développement sociétal. La France comme pays d'accueil, et l'Afrique comme région de départ trouvent finalement leur compte à travers une nouvelle immigration basée sur un développement professionnel tant national qu'international. / In recent years, France and several European countries is facing an economic break with the social mobility of speech. Based ont the question of immigrants'place, the french political authority defined a new policy of immigration through actions against Discrimina-tion (LCD) when the country observes that individuals, immigrants and people from immigra-tion are likely discriminated. Through the French model of integration the management of immigrants in France will allow to analyze the professional development issue. In the era of the 21st century and globalization of the economy, does immigrant status allow to link their capital, the workplace and societal evolution? Through blacks' issue in France, the image of an immigrant, combining rational actor thematic of discrimination and occupational diversity, this work allows to make differ-ent surveys of 45 employees working in 22 companies and 25 entrepreneurs. Professional development of these immigrants is analyzed by the value of their capital: on one side, based on the managerial discourse of businesses, immigrants will move to the French labor market using the competitive advantage advocated by industrialized countries to professionalize oth-erwise since immigrants are characterized by their flexibility, tenacity and the plurality of their skills. On the other hand, the immigrant uses knowledge, inventiveness and socio-professional innovation to be a transnational actor of societal development. France as the host country, and Africa as a starting region finally find their account through a new immigration based professional development both nationally and internationally.

This study focuses on the development of press freedom and professional journalism in Cameroon since the country's transition to democracy in the 1990s. More precisely, it examines how press freedom and professionalism have become formalized through processes of legislation and institutionalization. To realize this, this study uses a broad literature review and documentary analysis to gain an overview of the evolution of press freedom and the professionalization of journalism in Cameroon. It also incorporates survey, in-depth interviews and newsroom observation to gain additional insights into how Cameroonian journalists go about their daily routines and the extent to which they feel free and autonomous to do so, as well as to better understand both the relationship between the roles of individual journalists and the organizational and societal contexts in which they operate. I contend that it is only through blending the survey, interview and newsroom observation that we can have a broader picture of the gap between role perception and performance in journalism.The study draws from the political economy approach to inform its discussions. It argues that journalism is a socially constructed activity within a specific political, economic, legal and regulatory context. It also draws from the sociology of the professions to analyse the professionalization of journalism in Cameroon, the role perception theory to underpin the journalistic role perceptions of Cameroonian journalists and the role perception and performance gap theory to explain and understand the gap between the various roles Cameroonian journalists believe the media should fulfil and the extent to which they perform these roles in daily practice.The hierarchical news environment includes not only reporters but also editors and directors of news publications, whose job involves ensuring that information reaching the public is ethically sound. From within the Cameroonian newsrooms, the role of editors and directors of news publications as gatekeepers, commercial and economic pressures, the interests of owners may undermine the efforts of journalists in performing their roles in actual practice. From outside the news organization, state interference in the media, the use of repressive press laws, sources, advertisers, political elites and the prevalence of gombo may limit the freedom and autonomy of journalists to live up to their ideals. When combined, these factors are likely to create a gap between journalists' ideals and practice. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’objet de cette recherche est de comprendre la nature de la critique portée par les journalistes de l’environnement en Chine et d’analyser comment leur activité peut se déployer dans un régime autoritaire qui s’appuie sur le progrès et l’idéologie de la modernisation pour asseoir sa légitimité. Paradoxalement, cette forme de journalisme, qui contient un fort potentiel critique face à la quête effrénée de croissance économique promue par le PCC, est née d’une impulsion interne à l’administration et au Parti dés les années 1970-1980. Cette origine fait peser un doute constant sur la finalité de la critique environnementale, et expose les journalistes à l’accusation de faire le jeu du pouvoir en dénonçant des abus locaux. Par une étude historique et sociologique de la pratique et des questionnements des journalistes de l’environnement chinois sur leur activité, j’analyse comment ils prennent en charge la tension inhérente à une critique qui ne peut jamais se placer en extériorité complète par rapport à un système de pouvoir susceptible à tout moment de la réduire au silence. Si elle est limitée par les conditions de son exercice, je soutiens que cette critique contient néanmoins une puissance réelle de changement, et j’essaie de mettre au jour l’évolution des moyens par lesquels les différents acteurs (journalistes, cadres, associations) contribuent au maintien de l’édifice tout en cherchant à le déséquilibrer en leur faveur. Je montre que la recherche d’autonomisation du journalisme environnemental a d’abord conduit à l’émergence d’un journalisme militant, puis, par réaction, à l’affirmation d’une forme de professionnalisation qui valorise le modèle de l’expert objectif, mais complique le rapport à l’engagement qui reste pourtant déterminante dans leur pratique. / The object of this research is to understand the nature of the criticism expressed in environmental journalism and to examine how this journalistic domain can spread under an authoritarian regime leaning on the progress and the ideology of modernization to establish its legitimacy. Paradoxically, this journalism, which contains a high critical potential regarding the economic growth promoted by the PCC, arose from an internal impulse within the administration and the Party since the 1970’s-1980’s. This origin sheds a constant doubt on the final end of this criticism and it exposes the journalists to the accusation of helping the Party by denouncing local abuses. Through a historic and sociological study of the practice of environmental journalists and their questioning of their own activity, I analyze how they deal with the tension inherent to a criticism that can never take place in complete exteriority to a system of power prone to silence them at any time. If this criticism is limited by the conditions of its exercise, I argue that it contains nevertheless a real power of change. I try to bring to light the evolution of how the various actors (journalists, officials, associations) contribute to the preservation of the system while trying to destabilize it in their own interest. I show that the search for empowerment of environmental journalism led at first to the emergence of militant journalism, then, in reaction, in the assertion of a form of professionalization which values the model of objective experts, which complicates the relationship to their own practice and makes their commitment difficult. Yet, it remains one of their deepest aspiration.

Due to changes within the public library profession and a lack of previous research regarding its societal role, this essay explores this phenomenon. The objective of this empirical study is to explore the societal role of public library professionals in Canada through the analyzation of semi-structured interview transcripts and a guideline document for professionals. The results were analyzed and sensitized through the theoretical frameworks of Abbott’s professionalization theory (1988) and Bourdieu’s praxeology theory (1986; 1992). Through grounded theorization, the study found that the role of professionals has changed, and is changing, due to not only external but also internal factors in the form of a conflict. This conflict was conceptualized through sensitization of Bourdieu’s framework as challenging and enabling ideas of the doxa of the profession. This conceptualization was understood further through the lens of Abbott’s system of professions where claims of expertise, which is viewed as a crucial part of professionalization, was theorized as an important part of that conflict.

Poison has been a problem for doctors for a very long time. During the 19th centuary forensic medicine started to establish themself as their own institution. This essay includes three parts. The first part investigates how poison exist in many different forms, and how doctors during the 19th centuary defined and classified them. Both the definition aswell as the classification of poison varied from doctor to doctor. But with time both the definition and classification started to become standardized, and played a part with the professionalization of poison. The second part investigate the poison in the body, and what kind of methods doctors used in order to prove it was poisoning. Many of the methods used was deemed uncertain, and couldn’t always be used as proof. The methods used towards the begining of the 19th centuary was used a couple decades later, even if the result from them were uncertain. A common problem for the doctors was that the symptoms from the poison shared similarities with different diseases. The third part investigate the doctors role in the forensic medicine field. The doctors towards the begining of the 19th centuary had a problem with their oaths. They were split between two different oaths, that made them sometimes unable to perform their duties a neutral party. Towards the 1830’s there were many reforms that was passed in the medicla field, and with thoes reforms the doctor ended up with only one oath to follow. Which made them able to stay as a neutral party.

Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på hur gamla landslagsspelarna i Danmark, Sverige och Norge, över de senaste tre mästerskapskvalen, var när de flyttade till en utländsk klubb för första gången. Arbetet grundar sig i debatten kring när unga svenska fotbollsspelare är redo för och bör flytta till en utländsk klubb. Undersökningen har gjorts med teorierna om globalisering, professionalisering och specialisering som grund. Empirin har insamlats genom en kvantitativ metod där vi först tog reda på vilka spelare som representerat de tre landslagen i kval- och mästerskapsmatcher från och med hösten 2012 till och med hösten 2017. Därefter gick vi igenom spelare för spelare och tog reda på hur gamla de var första gången de flyttade till en utländsk klubb respektive en icke-skandinavisk klubb. Med den empirin insamlad började vi sedan att analysera datan och jämföra mönstren de olika länderna emellan. Det hela ledde till ett resultat som visade att majoriteten av spelarna lämnade sina hemländer i åldersspannet 21–23. En femtedel av spelarna flyttade utomlands innan de fyllt 20 år. En förkrossande majoritet flyttade till utländska klubbar någon gång under karriären. Betydligt fler norska spelare stannade i Skandinavien hela karriären än de danska och svenska spelarna, och de norrmän som lämnade tenderade att göra detta senare än danskarna och svenskarna. Slutsatsen man kan dra av vårt arbete är att i förhållande till hur många av de svenska ungdomslandslagsspelarna som har utländska klubbadresser ligger antalet spelare i landslaget som flyttat utomlands senast i 19-årsåldern i fas eller till och med lite i överkant. / The study ”Tendencies of moving abroad among Scandinavian internationals in football” wants to examine when Scandinavian internationals in football moves abroad for the first time in their career. Today it’s an ongoing debate in Sweden whether young football players should stay and develop their football skills in their home country or strive for success abroad. With theories about globalization, professionalization and specialization we hope to provide you with the background info needed to understand the examined area. The material has been collected with a quantitative method and our results has been presented with diagrams, numbers and text. The result shows that there is a connection between representing your country (Sweden, Norway and Denmark) and a move abroad sometime in your career. One out of every five player in our examination moved to a foreign club before they turned 20 which is consistent with the share of players in the Swedish youth national teams that play abroad. This indicates that it’s not necessarily a bad move to go abroad in a young age.

The purpose of this research was to collect and analyze information from massage therapists on how they construct their identities. It is meant to be a starting point in giving voice to a group of alternative health practitioners who have been marginalized and misunderstood. It also helps us to understand what it means (to them) to be massage therapists and practitioners of "alternative medicine." This study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with five licensed massage therapists in two metropolitan areas in Florida. Massage therapists work at the micro level to boost the image of themselves and their form of "alternative" medicine. They do this by pulling professionalizing tactics from general business practices and from biomedicine. They also pull from "alternative" belief systems, balancing the two in a bid to construct their practice as legitimate and "alternative" professional health care.

This study examines the relationship between government funding and faith-based nonprofit organizational development and professionalization. By conducting an online survey of 1,632 executive directors at Habitat for Humanity affiliates in the United States, followed by telephone and email interviews with selected leaders from the organization, this mixed-method case study examined the organizational tensions, opportunities, bureaucratization, and professionalization of a religiously-based nonprofit as it transitioned from primarily private funding to broad acceptance of public monies. Habitat for Humanity provided an excellent prospect for this research, as the organization announced one year before the study began that its 27-year tradition of not seeking or accepting government funding (with the exception of grants for infrastructure) would change in July 2006. The study utilized Barry Dym and Harry Hutson's stages of organizational development, particularly their concept of professionalization, as an analytical framework for the study, with particular emphasis on the potential effects government funding may have on Habitat's organizational structure. The study suggested a close relationship between increasing professionalization at the organization's national office and the decision of national leadership to allow local affiliates to pursue government funding for construction. In addition, survey and interview data indicated that this change has been accompanied by a corresponding decrease in emphasis on religious mission, or at least a less conservative (and in some cases more pluralistic) approach to religious aims, than was evident in a 1995 International Partner training session in which the researcher participated. / Ph. D.