In the present thesis we study with-profit policy in life insurance. First we intro- duce general information about profit sharing and basic terms. We shortly look at the life insurance legislation. In the main part of thesis we look at three me- thods of calculation profit sharing and thereafter own method will be suggested. In second part of thesis we describe cash-flow model of life insurance implemented in iWorks Prophet Software. All methods with various economic scenarios and with various parameters settings will be tested in this model. Finally we analyse results of projections, we compare cash-flow for important variables a we describe advantages and disadvantages for every method.

Nous nous proposons de modéliser différents types de mécanismes d'incitation salariale, de déterminer les conditions de leur mise en place et d'analyser leurs effets sur les efforts des salariés, la performance des firmes et le surplus collectif. Ces effets sont étudiés dans des cadres statique et dynamique. Les deux premiers chapitres (2 et 3) s'insèrent dans un cadre d'analyse statique. Dans les trois derniers chapitres (4, 5 et 6), nous intégrons une dimension temporelle dans l'analyse se passant dans un cadre dynamique. Dans le chapitre 2, nous analysons les déterminants de l'actionnariat salarié et évaluons son impact sur le bien être des différents agents économiques. Nous prouvons théoriquement et empiriquement, l'importance de considérer conjointement la désutilité à l'effort des salariés et la taille de l'entreprise pour expliquer l'actionnariat salarié. Nous montrons également que les entreprises assez larges vont distribuer à l'équilibre des parts de capital sous-optimales à leurs salariés. Nous comparons dans le chapitre 3, du point de vue des différents agents économiques, deux scénarios de partage du profit: un premier où la part de profit résulte d'une négociation et un second où cette part est fixée unilatéralement par les capitalistes. Nous montrons que les capitalistes peuvent préférer la négociation alors qu'il est possible pour les salariés de préférer une fixation unilatérale. Nous justifions également la nécessité d'une intervention de l'Etat, les intérêts des deux capitalistes et du planificateur social n'étant jamais convergents. / We aim at modeling various incentive mechanisms, determining the conditions of their implementation and analyzing their effects on employees’ efforts, the firm’s performance and the social welfare. These effects are studied in static and dynamic frameworks. The first two chapters (2 and 3) are parts of the static analysis. In the last three chapters (4, 5 and 6), we take into account a temporal dimension. In the chapter 2, we analyze the factors which determine the employee ownership implementation and estimate its impact on agents’ welfare. We prove the importance to consider jointly the effort disutility and size in the explanation of employee ownership implementation. We also show that large firms are going to distribute sub-optimal capital shares to their employees. We compare in the chapter 3, from the viewpoint of the various economic agents, two scenarios of profit sharing: the first one where the part of profit results from a negotiation and the second where this part is unilaterally fixed by capitalists. We show that those shareholders may prefer bargaining while it is possible for the employees to prefer a unilateral fixing of profit shares. We also justify the necessity of a regulator’s intervention as the interests of both capitalists and social planner never converge. The chapter 4 examines the optimal strategy of divesting actions by the large shareholder in an infinite horizon game where divesting shares allows an increase in the company’s value through its incentive effect on the managers’ efforts.

This thesis deals with efficiency of government expenditures to the non-profit sector. As a subject of probing will be used Czech scouting organization: Junák -- svaz skautů a skautek ČR. This thesis asks whether the government expenditures to Junák constitute costs, or are a certain form of investment. Author use short historical analysis, analysis of incomes and expenditures of Junák, valuation of volunteer work hour and social capital which is related to scouting.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Gründungstrends bei neu gegründeten Vereinen in Österreich von 2006-2017. Vereine haben ihre Anfänge zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Sie sind in Österreich die häufigste Rechtsform für Organisationen im Bereich der Zivilgesellschaft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mithilfe von Text-Mining-Verfahren die Namen neu gegründeter Vereine analysiert. Anschließend werden Kategorien gebildet und anhand der vorkommenden Worthäufigkeiten Trends dargestellt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum diverse Förderungsvereine, Vereine in den Bereichen Kunst und Kultur sowie Sparvereine zu den häufigsten Neugründungen zählten. Zudem wird ersichtlich, dass Neugründungstrends oftmals mit politischen und gesellschaftlichen Vorgängen zusammenhängen. / Series: Working Papers / Institute for Nonprofit Management

Den svenska idrottsrörelsen har gått över från att vara en amatör- och folkrörelsebaserad verksamhet till en mer kommersiell och professionell verksamhet. Det finns ett ökat fokus på arbetet med att förbättra redovisningen hos ideella föreningar, därför att det finns en ökad oro kring kvalitén. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur de ekonomiansvariga i de ideella idrottsföreningarna upplever arbetet med den ekonomiska redovisningen och utifrån detta diskutera möjliga orsaker till varför ideella idrottsföreningars redovisning varierar i kvalité. För att uppfylla syftet genomfördes åtta kvalitativa intervjuer. Representanter från sex idrottsföreningar som är anslutna till Riksidrottsförbundet deltog i studien. Dessutom intervjuades två anställda på ett distriktsidrottsförbund. Våra resultat tyder på att de ekonomiansvariga upplever att arbetet med att upprätta den ideella idrottsföreningens redovisning tar mycket tid. Detta kan vara ett tecken på att redovisningen har vuxit i omfattning. Vidare kan denna ökade omfattning leda till tidsbrist som möjligen kan påverka redovisningens kvalité. Tidsbristen kan möjligen göra att redovisningen som en ideell idrottsförening producerar inte kan uppfylla de kvalitetsförbättrande kriterierna som finns gällande redovisning. / The Swedish sports movement has developed from sporting among common folks and amateurs to a more commercial and professional movement. The work of improving nonprofit accounting has been focused on since there are rising concerns about the quality of the accounting. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the bookkeepers experience working with the accounting, and on this basis, discuss possible causes as to why non-profit sports organizations’ accounting varies in quality. The study has been conducted through eight qualitative interviews. The participants were six representatives from non-profit sports organizations and two representatives of a District Federation from the Swedish Sport Confederation. Our study indicates that the bookkeepers find the accounting time consuming. This could be a sign that the scope of this kind of accounting has grown. This growth might further affect the quality of the accounting due to an increasing lack of time, which in turn could possibly lead to the accounting produced by a non-profit sports association not fulfilling the qualitative characteristics.

Diploma project is based on deferred tax and didactical theory and methods of teaching deferred tax. Project is interested in the essence of deferred income tax and in the principle of its recognition. Part of the project put mind to the timing differences and to the income tax rate. The assesment of the deferred tax liabilities or deferred tax assets took part of the project as well. Then the didactical principles are mentioned and the didactical analysis are accomplished. Also the analysis of the course books are done.

Title: Legal and economic aspects of management of non-profit sports organizations in the Czech Republic compared to other country Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to compare the important legal and economic aspects of management of non-profit sport organizations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The subsidiary objective is to describe the current state of functioning of selected non-profit sports organizations in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic Methods: In order to achieve the objectives the method of document analysis and the comparison method is used in this thesis. The method of document analysis is applied to describe the current form of legal and economic aspects of management of non-profit sports organizations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The comparative method is used through selected comparative criterias to draw a comparison between the situation of non-profit sports organizations in both countries. Results: In the final part of the thesis the similarities and differences between non-profit sport organizations of the type of association in the Czech Republic and type of civic association in the Slovak Republik are described from the point of view of legal and economic aspects of management. The results of the final thesis consist of defining the strengths of the...

Distribution of profit and other capital in commercial capital company Abstract The right to receive dividends is one of the fundamental rights of each shareholder of a capital company. Even though it stems from the very nature of a capital company that its shareholders will often wish to exercise solely their right to receive dividends, and not their right to participate in the management of the company, it is obvious that even capital companies may be established for purposes other than that of achieving profit alone. At the same time, companies, which were established solely for the purpose of achieving profit may wish to postpone the realization of profit for various reasons. Therefore, it is important for the law to be flexible enough to accommodate these needs while still providing adequate protection to creditors and minority shareholders of the company. Generally speaking, the Czech legal regulations governing the distribution of profit and other capital strike the balance between these competing interests fairly well. On the other hand, the rules contained in the Business Corporations Act are surrounded by a number of interpretational problems and uncertainties, e.g. because the applicability of the Czech Supreme Court jurisprudence issued in relation to the former Commercial Code has been called...

Lean together with Toyota shocked the world when it came out. It turned a devastated company into the top car manufacturer. Ever since, the concept of lean has been implemented in companies outside of Toyota, industries outside of the car manufacturing industry and even in the public sector. The non-profit sector suffers problems of inexperienced leaders and economic problems according to theory which is hoped to be solved using lean. It has yet to be properly been introduced into non-profit organizations which this study aims to do. Previous research regarding an implementation of lean in an NPO is almost non-existing. Few instances where specific problems were solved using lean exist but nothing more. Implementing lean as it currently is does not fit well with the nature of non-profit organizations. Therefore, lean must be translated. To make up for a lack of previous research, the study collected qualitative data in the form of semi-structured interviews of eleven people within NPOs. Information regarding lean was gathered through a literature review. The study discovered that the problem regarding uneducated leaders was existent in most interviewed organizations while the economic problems wasn’t equally apparent. NPOs struggled with wastes due to lack of standardization since unpaid employees mostly help out during their spare time and leaders did not feel they could implement standardization and demands upon them. This and other conclusions constitute the answer to the research question with hopes to be a stepping stone to future research. Further research should focus on how to implement standardization while motivating unpaid employees.

This thesis examines decision making at executive level in Australian private hospitals as a social phenomenon, since individuals draw meaning from their own biographical and social environmental experiences. The researcher interpreted the constructed realities of the factors influencing executives' decisions within the context of private hospitals - a field that is rarely examined through the lens of social research. Using an Interpretivist research paradigm, the researcher conducted semi- structured and in-depth interviews with sixteen executive members who are experts in their field and represent both sectors of the private hospital industry: private for-profit and private not-for-profit. The data generated was transformed into technical accounts using an abductive research strategy and adopting Schütz's notion of first-order and second-order constructs. Using Giddens' Structuration Theory, that stressed the fundamental role of the human agent, the structure and their mutual dependence, the researcher moved beyond the interpretation of individuals' meanings, to incorporate the structure as an entity that can be formed and reformed. The researcher interpreted social actors' constructed meanings of these social phenomena in their work environment to form the elements of a two-dimensional decision making model at organisational level, incorporating the present with the future and the internal with the external factors. On an individual level, three different approaches to decision making were identified, based on whether executives perceived the decision making phenomenon as intuition, as a reasoned process or as an expected outcome. While being from a limited research sample, the findings of this study suggest that the paradox of mission / economic decisions restrained executives in the not-for-profit sector from strengthening their hospitals' financial performance, putting at risk, therefore, their ability to achieve social dividends as a way to proclaim their mission. On the other hand, in the for-profit sector, shareholders' dividends appeared to be a strong catalyst for attaining profit maximisation when making decisions. In both settings, the findings suggest that the role of stakeholder theory is questionable, particularly when executives remained hesitant to involve medical specialists, whom they considered to be major stakeholders and profit generators for private hospitals. This attitude appeared to be constant, despite the changes identified in executives' individual approaches to decision making. However, early signs of shifts towards adopting more commercially and socially accountable decisions were apparent in not-for-p rofit and for-profit sectors respectively. The thesis sets out recommendations to assist executives in managing the different factors that interplay to form executives' decisions. The importance of having a mission in business longevity and the integration, as opposed to alignment, of strategic goals with business operations when making executive decisions in private hospitals was highlighted. The implications for both sectors are described and recommendations for further research are suggested.