京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13159号 / 論医博第2146号 / 新制||医||1029(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 前川 平, 教授 髙折 晃史 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Mammals cannot re-form heavily damaged bones as in large fracture gaps, whereas zebrafish efficiently regenerate bones even after amputation of appendages. However, the source of osteoblasts that mediate appendage regeneration is controversial. Several studies in zebrafish have shown that osteoblasts are generated by dedifferentiation of existing osteoblasts at injured sites, but other observations suggest that de novo production of osteoblasts also occurs. In this study, we found from cell-lineage tracing and ablation experiments that a group of cells reserved in niches serves as osteoblast progenitor cells (OPCs) and has a significant role in fin ray regeneration. Besides regeneration, OPCs also supply osteoblasts for normal bone maintenance. We further showed that OPCs are derived from embryonic somites, as is the case with embryonic osteoblasts, and are replenished from mesenchymal precursors in adult zebrafish. Our findings reveal that reserved progenitors are a significant and complementary source of osteoblasts for zebrafish bone regeneration.

<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>Lung-homing of bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitor cells is associated with inflammatory and remodeling changes in asthma. Stromal cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is a potent progenitor cell chemoattractant and its local production in the lung promotes lung homing of progenitor cells. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in promoting traffic of progenitor cells to the site of inflammation in asthma has not been investigated. The TH2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, are key regulators of asthma pathology.</p> <p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the role of IL-4 and IL-13 in modulating the trans-migrational responses of hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC).</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>HPC were isolated from cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) and migrational and adhesive responses were assessed using transwell migration assays and adhesion to fibronectin-coated wells, respectively. Responding cells were enumerated by flow cytometry.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>IL-4 and IL-13 had no direct effect on progenitor cell migration. Pre-incubation with each of these cytokines primed SDF-1α stimulated migration of CB and PB-derived HPC (CD34+45+ cells) but not eosinophil-lineage committed progenitors (CD34+45+IL- 5Rα+ cells) or mature eosinophils to SDF-1α. For HPC, priming effects of IL-4 (0.1ng/ml) and IL-13 (0.1ng/ml) were detectable within 1hr and optimal at 18hr post- incubation and IL-4 was the more effective priming agent. Disruption of lipid rafts inhibited IL-4 priming of SDF-1α stimulated migration of HPC indicating that increased incorporation of CXCR4 into membrane lipid rafts mediates the cytokine primed migrational response of HPC. This was confirmed by confocal fluorescent microscopy.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IL-4 and IL-13 prime the migrational response of HPC to SDF-1α by enhancing the incorporation of CXCR4 into lipid rafts. The priming effect of these cytokines is specific to primitive HPC. These data suggest that increased local production of IL-4 and IL-13 within the lungs may promote increased SDF-1α mediated homing of BM-derived HPC to the airways in asthma.</p> / Master of Science in Medical Sciences (MSMS)

[ES] La lesión medular traumática (LM) se refiere a una condición neurológica en la que un insulto mecánico interrumpe la adecuada comunicación de impulsos nerviosos a través del sistema nervioso central (SNC), resultando en la pérdida de función locomotora por debajo del área lesionada. Lamentablemente, en la actualidad aún no existe cura efectiva para restaurar la funcionalidad después de una LM. La búsqueda de un tratamiento eficiente sigue siendo un gran desafío debido a nuestra aún incompleta comprensión de la multitud de procesos biológicos desencadenados por la lesión. La terapia celular destaca como la aproximación más recurrente para el tratamiento de la LM. En las últimas décadas, se han explorado varias estrategias celulares, siendo una de las más prometedoras el trasplante de células progenitoras neurales (CPN). Muchos estudios preclínicos demostrado el potencial del trasplante de CPN para proporcionar una recuperación motora en modelos animales, sin embargo, las mejoras funcionales en ensayos clinicos humanos son limitadas. Por lo tanto, aún se deben realizar esfuerzos para descubrir la cascada precisa de procesos moleculares a lo largo de la fisiopatología de LM, así como el mecanismo subyacente de los CPN. En ese contexto, el Capítulo 1 del presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo proporcionar una caracterización de los cambios en el perfil transcripcional medular a lo largo de las diferentes etapas temporales de una lesión severa contusiva. Además, hemos descrito el impacto transcripcional del trasplante de CPN en ratas lesionadas. Hemos demostrado que mientras la LM conllevó una fuerte desregulación de varios componentes de señalización de AMPc (entre ellos EPAC2), el trasplante de CPN pudo restaurar estas alteraciones transcripcionales. Para explorar el papel de EPAC2 en el mecanismo terapéutico mediado por CPN, realizamos un experimento de inhibición sostenida de EPAC2 mediante la administración de ESI-05. En comparación con los animales solo trasplantados, los animales CPN +ESI-05 mostraron un aumento en el área de cicatriz, una exacerbación de la polarización de la microglía hacia un perfil inflamatorio y una ampliación de la brecha de neuronas preservadas a lo largo de la lesión, sugiriendo que el trnasplante de CPN en el contexto de LM implican un mecanismo dependiente de EPAC2, reduciendo la neuroinflamación y proporcionando un entorno neuro-permisivo. El Capítulo 2 explora el potencial del AMPc para la regeneración de la LM. Hemos diseñado una estrategia innovadora para inducir AMPc en las neuronas corticoespinales a través de la activación optogenética de un adenilato ciclasa foto-inducible (bPAC). La estimulación optogenética en ratas con una hemisección dorsal torácica promovió una recuperación locomotora en comparación con el grupo control. Además, la estimulación de bPAC aumentó el número de neuronas marcadas retrógradamente desde el segmento lumbar tanto en la corteza motora como en la formación rafe-reticular, pero no en el núcleo rojo.La inmunotinción del tracto rafespinal mostró que la estimulación de bPAC aumenta el ratio de axones serotonérgicos caudales a la lesión correlacionando con una mejora funcional. Por último, la depleción del sistema serotoninérgico mediante la administración de 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamina suprimió la abolió la mejora mediada por bPAC, confirmando la implicación de la vía serotoninérgica en la recuperación de los animales estimulados. En resumen, se han proporcionado nuevos conocimientos sobre los cambios transcripcionales que ocurren a lo largo de la progresión de la LM y tras el trasplante de CPN, con énfasis en la señalización de AMPc. La manipulación optogenética de AMPc en las neuronas corticoespinales después de la LM ha demostrado ser efectiva para la recuperación funcional y permitido descubrir una ruta cortical alternativa a través del tracto descendente serotoninérgico / [CA] Lesió medul·lar traumàtica (LM) es una condició neurològica en la qual un traumatisme interromp la comunicació adequada dels impulsos a través del sistema nerviós central (SNC), amb el resultat de la pèrdua de la funció locomotora per baix de la zona lesionada. Lamentablement, en l'actualitat encara no hi ha una cura efectiva per a restaurar completament la funcionalitat de la medul·la espinal després de la lesió. La recerca d'un tractament eficient per a la LM roman un repte complex a causa de la nostra comprensió encara incompleta de la gran quantitat de processos biològics desencadenats per la lesió primària. La teràpia cel·lular destaca com l'aproximació més recurrent per al tractament de la LM. En les dècades passades, s'ha explorat diverses estratègies basades en cèl·lules i una de les més prometedores és el trasplantament de cèl·lules progenitores neurals (CPN). Molts estudis preclínics han demostrat el potencial del trasplantament de CPN per proporcionar una recuperació motora en models animals, no obstant això, les millores funcionals en pacients humans tractats són limitades. Per tant, encara s'han de fer esforços per a descobrir la cascada precisa de processos moleculars al llarg de la fisiopatologia de la LM, així com el mecanisme subjacent dels CPN. El Capítol 1 del present treball va tindre com a objectiu proporcionar una caracterització dels canvis en el perfil transcripcional espinal al la llarga de les diferents etapes temporals de una lesió contusiva. A més, s'ha descrit l'impacte transcripcional del trasplantament d'CPN en animals lesionats. S'ha demostrat que mentre la LM va causar una forta desregulació de diversos components de senyalització de AMPc (sent EPAC2 el gen més regulat a la baixa), el transplantament de CPN van ser capaç de restaurar les alteracions derivades de la LM. Per a explorar el paper d'EPAC2 en el mecanisme terapèutic mediat per CPN, es va realitzar un experiment de inhibició sostinguda d'EPAC2 degut a l'administració d'ESI en animals lesionats. En comparació amb els animals només trasplantats, els animals CPN+ESI-05 van mostrar un augment de l'àrea de cicatriu, una exacerbació de la polarització de les micròglies cap a un perfil inflamatori i una ampliació de la bretxa de neurones preservades a través de la lesió.Aquests resultats suggereixen que el trasplantament de CPN en el context de la LM involucren un mecanisme depenent d'EPAC2, reduint la neuroinflamació i proporcionant un entorn més neuropermissiu. El Capítol 2 va tindre com objectiu explotar el potencial de regeneració de AMPc dissenyant una nova estratègia per a les induccions artificials de AMPc en les neurones corticoespinals mitjançant l'activació optogenètica d'una adenilat ciclasa fotoinduïble (bPAC). L'estimulació diària de AMPc en rates que pateixen una hemisècció dorsal toràcica va promoure una recuperació en comparació amb els control. L'estimulació de bPAC va augmentar el nombre de neurones marcades retrògradament des del segment lumbar, tant a l'escorça motora com a la formació rafe-reticular, però no al nucli roig. A més, la immunotinció del tracte rafespinal va mostrar que l'estimulació de bPAC va augmentar la ràtio d'axons serotoninèrgic cabals a la lesió, cosa que es va correlacionar significativament amb una millora dels paràmetres funcionals. Finalment, la depleció del sistema serotoninèrgic mitjançant l'administració de 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamina va abolir la millora mediada per bPAC, confirmant la implicació de la via serotoninèrgica en la recuperació. En resum, la investigació ha proporcionat coneixements sobre els canvis transcripcionals que tenen lloc a la llarga de la progressió de la LM i després del trasplantament de CPN, amb un èmfasi especial en la senyalització d'AMPc. La manipulació optogenètica d'AMPc a les neurones corticoespinals després de la LM ha demostrat ser efectiva per a la recuperació funcional i ha permès descobrir una ruta cortical alternativa a través del tracte descendent serotoninèrg / [EN] Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to a neurological condition in which a mechanic insult disrupts the proper communication of the impulses through the central nervous system (CNS), resulting on the loss of locomotor function below the injured area. Unfortunately, nowadays there is still no effective cure to completely restore the functionality of the spinal cord after the injury. Cell therapy is the most recurring approach for SCI treatment. In the past decades several cell-based strategies have been explored, being one of the most promising the transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Many pre-clinical studies evidenced the potential of the NPCs transplantation to provide a substantial motor recovery in animal models, yet functional improvements in clinical trials have been limited. Therefore, efforts still need to be made in disclosing the precise cascade of molecular processes along SCI pathophysiology as well as the NPCs underlying mechanism. In that context, Chapter 1 of the present work aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the spinal transcriptional changes along the different temporal stages of rats suffering a severe contusive injury. Additionally, we have described the transcriptional impact of acute and subacute NPCs transplantation in injured animals. Interestingly we have shown that while SCI caused a strong dysregulation of several cAMP-signaling components (being EPAC2 the most downregulated gene), NPCs was able to restore SCI-derived alterations over this pathway with EPAC2 significant upregulation. In order to further explore EPAC2 role in NPCs-mediated therapeutical mechanism we performed a loss-of-function experiment by sustained EPAC2 inhibition via ESI-05 administration along with NPCs transplantation after SCI. Compared with only transplanted animals, NPCs+ESI-05 animals showed increased scar area, exacerbated microglia polarization into an inflammatory profile and widened gaps of preserved neurons across the lesion. Overall, these results suggest that NPC therapeutic mechanisms in the context of SCI involve an EPAC2-dependent mechanism, reducing neuroinflammation and providing a neuro-permissive environment. Chapter 2 aimed to further explore cAMP potential for SCI regeneration. We designed a novel strategy for artificial cAMP inductions in corticospinal neurons via optogenetic activation of a photoinducible adenylyl cyclase (bPAC). Daily optogenetic cAMP stimulation in rats suffering a thoracic dorsal hemisection, which completely disrupt the dorsal aspect of the corticospinal tract (CST), promoted and early and sustained locomotor recovery compared to non-treated control animals. We have shown that bPAC stimulation increased the number of retrograde traced neurons from the lumbar segment both in the motor cortex and the raphe-reticular formation, but not in the red nuclei. Moreover, immunolabelling of the raphespinal tract by 5-HT showed that bPAC stimulation increased the ratio of descending serotoninergic axons caudal to the injury which significantly correlated with improved functional parameters. Our results from corticobulbar projection study, WGA trans-synaptic tracing, and P-CREB analysis suggest that bPAC modulation of cortico-serotonergic pathway might occurs at the brainstem level. Lastly, the serotonergic system depletion by 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine administration suppressed bPAC-mediated recovery, confirming the implication of the serotonergic tract in the recovery of stimulated animals. In summary, our research has provided new insights into the transcriptional changes that occur along SCI progression and after NPCs transplantation with a special emphasis on cAMP signaling. Optogenetic cAMP manipulation in corticospinal neurons after SCI has proven to be effective for functional recovery and allowed to unveil a cortical rerouting pathway through the serotonergic descending tract. / This research was funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación [RTI2018-095872-BC21/ERDF]. Part of the equipment employed in this work was funded by Generalitat Valenciana and cofinanced with ERDF funds (OP ERDF of Comunitat Valenciana 2014– 2020) and the UE; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) incluido en el Programa Operativo FEDER de la Comunidad Valenciana 2014-2020. B. MartinezRojas was supported by a grant from the Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana and the European Social Fundation ACIF/2019/120. / Martínez Rojas, B. (2024). Transcriptional Insights for Spinal Cord Injury and Neural Precursor Cell Therapy: Toward a Novel Optogenetics-Based Treatment for cAMP Neuronal Induction [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202972

Es wurde Zellneubildung im erwachsenen cerebralen Cortex der Maus in Abhängigkeit von Umweltbedingungen und Aktivitätsgrad untersucht. Es war bekannt, dass eine reizreiche Umgebung und körperliche Aktivität die Neubildung von Nervenzellen im erwachsenen Hippokampus steigern. Als Zellproliferationsmarker wurde BrdU appliziert und BrdU-inkorporierende Zellen 1 Tag und 4 Wochen nach BrdU-Gabe unter Verwendung immunhistochemischer Methoden zur Detektion BrdU-inkorporierender Zellen in verschiedenen kortikalen Regionen und Schichten quantifiziert. Die phänotypische Charakterisierung BrdU+ Zellen wurde durch kombinierte Verwendung immunhistochemischer Methoden und konfokaler Mikroskopie vorgenommen. Die im adulten murinen cerebralen Cortex proliferierenden Zellen differenzierten weit überwiegend glial. Keine der kortikalen BrdU+ Zellen zeigte zweifelsfreie Zeichen einer neuronalen Differenzierung. Damit scheint die adulte Nervenzellneubildung unter physiologischen Bedingungen eine regionale Spezialität des Hippokampus und anderer Strukturen zu sein. Weder körperliche Aktivität (RUN) noch eine reizreiche Umgebung (ENR) führten 1 Tag oder 4 Wochen nach BrdU zu einem signifikanten Unterschied zur Kontrollgruppe (CTR), was die Anzahl BrdU+ Zellen im gesamten Cortex zusamengefaßt betrifft. Dagegen konnten die vorbeschriebenen Effekte von RUN und ENR auf hippokampale BrdU-inkorporierende Zellen repliziert werden. Dies ist ein starker Hinweis darauf, dass die Verstärkung adulter Neurogenese durch RUN und ENR im Gyrus dentatus des Hippokampus eine hippokampus-spezifische Reaktion und nicht etwa Teil einer generalisierten zentralnervösen Reaktion ist. Jedoch konnte gezeigt werden, dass körperliche Aktivität und eine reizreiche Umgebung zur lokalen Beeinflussung kortikaler Zellneubildung in bestimmten Schichten und Regionen führten. So konnten bei RUN-Tieren signifikant mehr BrdU+ Zellen in Schicht I des cingulären, motorischen und visuellen Cortex als bei CTR-Tieren gefunden werden. ENR-Tiere hatten 4 Wochen nach BrdU signifikant mehr BrdU+ Zellen in Schicht II/III des visuellen Cortex als CTR-Tiere. Die Phänotypisierung BrdU+ Zellen in diesen kortikalen Bereichen ergab, dass RUN zu einer lokalen, deutlich ausgeprägten Verstärkung der Neubildung von Mikroglia führte, während ENR tendentiell lokal kortikale Astrozytogenese verstärkte (signifikant in Schicht I des motorischen Cortex 4 Wochen nach BrdU). Damit konnte erstmals berichtet werden, dass körperliche Aktivität zelltypspezifisch die Neubildung kortikaler Mikroglia stimuliert. Dieses Ergebnis ist zunächst überraschend, da mikrogliale Proliferation und Aktivierung klassischweise im Zusammenhang mit Schadenszuständen des ZNS gesehen werden. In der Tat ist dies einer der ersten Befunde, der eine mikrogliale Reaktion mit nicht-pathologischen, vollkommen physiologischen Bedingungen in Verbindung bringt. Dies könnte einen neuen Blickwinkel auf mikrogliale Funktionen eröffnen. / The effect of physical activity and enriched environment on cell genesis in the cerebral cortex of adult mice were investigated. It is well known that living under the conditions of an enriched environment and physical activity both enhance the generation of new neurons in the adult murine hippocampus. To label proliferating cells mice were injected with bromodesoxyuridine (BrdU). The number of BrdU incorporating cells in different regions and layers of the cerebral cortex was determined 1 day and 4 weeks after BrdU administration. To characterize cortical BrdU+ cells phenotypically immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used. Adult-generated cortical cells were glial cells. None of all the examined cortical BrdU+ cells showed immunoreactivity for NeuN (expressed in mature neurons) unambiguously indicating that the generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a speciality of the hippocampus and other brain structures. Physical activity (RUN) and enriched environment (ENR) did not affect the number of BrdU+ cells in all cortical regions taken together compared to control animals (CTR), both 1 day and 4 weeks after BrdU. However, the known effects of RUN and ENR on hippocampal cell genesis were replicated suggesting that the enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by RUN and ENR is a hippocampus-specific reaction and not part of a generalized reaction of the adult cns. It was shown that physical activity and enriched environment had effects on cell genesis in distinct cortical layers and regions. RUN-animals had significantly more BrdU+ cells in layer I of the cingulate, motor and visual cortex than CTR. ENR-animals had significantly more BrdU+ cells in layer II/III of the visual cortex than CTR 4 weeks after BrdU. Phenotyping of BrdU+ cells in these cortical parts revealed that RUN led to a marked increase of the generation of microglia. ENR tended to enhance astrocytogenesis in several cortical parts (reaching significance in layer I of the motor cortex 4 weeks after BrdU). This is the first report that physical activity stimulates the generation of cortical microglia in a cell-type-specific and to some degree region-specific manner. This result is surprising because microglial proliferation and activation are generally thought to occur under conditions involving damage to the nervous system. In fact, this is one of the first reports linking a microglial reaction with an entirely physiological condition. This might shed a new light on microglial function.

EINLEITUNG: Eine Trachealrekonstruktion bedingt Komplikationen wie z.B. Infektionen und Stenosierungen durch Granulationsgewebe. Diese werden durch ein differenziertes respiratorisches Epithel, das eine mukoziliäre Clearance ermöglicht, deutlich reduziert. Die Basalzellen gelten als die Vorläuferzellen des humanen respiratorischen Epithels (HRE), d.h. sie können sich teilen und besitzen das Potenzial zur Differenzierung. Durch die magnetische Zellseparation (MACS) sollen Vorläuferzellen aus dem HRE angereichert und anschließend kultiviert werden. METHODEN: Die Conchae nasales inferiores von 80 Patienten (mittleres Alter 40 ± 14 Jahre) dienen als Zellquelle für HRE-Zellen, die mittels enzymatischen Verdaus mit Dispase II (2,4 U/ml) aus dem Gewebeverband isoliert werden. Die Kultivierung der HRE-Zellen erfolgt auf Kollagen-A-beschichteten Kulturgefäßen in serumfreiem AECG-Medium. Die Bindungsspezifität von verschiedenen extrazellulären Zellmarkern wie GSA I B4, CD44S und CD44v6 wird immunhistochemisch überprüft. Dabei erweist sich nur CD44v6 als spezifisch für Basalzellen. Die Vorläuferzellen aus dem HRE-Zellgemisch werden durch monoklonale Antikörper gegen CD44v6 und Goat-Anti-Mouse-Microbeads magnetisch konjugiert. Anschließend werden sie mittels MACS positiv selektiert. ERGEBNISSE: Die Präparation der Nasenmuscheln ergibt Einzelzellsuspensionen aus vitalen HRE-Zellen (Vitalität > 80%, n = 30). Eine Beschichtung der Kulturgefäße mit Kollagen A steigert die Adhärenz der HRE-Zellen signifikant (p < 0,0145, n = 5). Die Proliferationskinetik der HRE-Zellkulturen lässt sich durch die Populationsverdoppelungszeit charakterisieren (tPD = 23 ± 3h, n = 3). Während eines Monats wird die Proliferationskapazität der HRE-Zellen durch Zellvermehrung (383fach, n = 6) ermittelt. Die magnetische Separation ergibt eine Zellfraktion (20 ± 2%, n = 5), die sich positiv zu CD44v6 verhält. Anschließend werden die separierten Zellen eine Woche auf Kollagen A kultiviert, wobei sie alle ein adäquates Proliferationsverhalten aufweisen. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass CD44v6 ein spezifischer Marker für Basalzellen ist, der sich für die Anreicherung einer positiven Zellfraktion mittels MACS eignet. In weiteren Studien muss überprüft werden, inwiefern eine solche magnetisch separierte Population aus Basalzellen die Besiedelung eines Trachealersatzes mit einem differenzierten respiratorischen Epithel ermöglicht. / OBJECTIVE: Common problems affecting patients with tracheal replacement are infections and stenosis caused by granulation tissue. These complications can be minimized by establishing a differentiated respiratory epithelium, which facilitates mucocilliary clearance. The basal cells are regarded as the progenitor cells of the human respiratory epithelium (HRE). They are known to divide and possess the ability to differentiate. These cells can be enriched by means of magnetic cell sorting (MACS) for the purpose of cultivation. METHODS: The inferior nasal turbinates of 80 patients (mean age 40 ± 14 years) are used as cell source. The HRE-cells are isolated by a standard preparation using an enzymatic digestion with Dispase II (2,4 U/ml). The HRE-cells are plated on culture dishes coated with Collagen A in serum-free AECG-Medium. Several extracellular cell markers including GSA I B4, CD44S and CD44v6 are tested by immunohistochemistry. Only CD44v6 shows specific staining of basal cells. The progenitor cells of mixed single cell suspensions of HRE-cells are marked with monoclonal antibodies against CD44v6 and are conjugated with Goat-Anti-Mouse-Microbeads. Enrichment of progenitor cells is achieved by MACS using a positive selection protocol. RESULTS: The preparation of the nasal turbinates yields viable single cell suspensions of HRE-cells (viability > 80%, n = 30). Adhesion of HRE-cells is enhanced significantly (p < 0,0145, n = 5) by coating the culture dishes with Collagen A. The kinetics of proliferation of HRE-cell-cultures can be characterized by the population doubling time (tPD = 23 ± 3h, n = 3). In the course of one month the capacity of proliferation is approximated by cell expansion (383fold, n = 6). Magnetic cell sorting results in a cell fraction (20 ± 2%, n = 5) positive for CD44v6. The separated cells are cultured on Collagen A for one week, where they all show adequate proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that CD44v6 is a specific marker for basal cells and enables the enrichment of a positive cell fraction via application of MACS. Further studies will be required to investigate the potential of such a magnetically separated population of basal cells to generate a differentiated respiratory epithelium on a tracheal prosthesis.

Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system believed to arise from glial cells. Invasive growth and inherent propensity for malignant progression make gliomas incurable despite extensive treatment. I have developed a life-like orthotopic glioma model and used this and other in vivo models to study basic mechanisms of glioma development and treatment. Previous studies had indicated that experimental gliomas could arise from glial stem cells and astrocytes. The present thesis describes the making and characterization of a novel mouse model, Ctv-a, where gliomas are induced from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Our study shows that OPCs have the capacity to give rise to gliomas and suggests in light of previous data that the differentiation state of the cell of origin affects tumor malignancy. CDKN2A encodes p16INK4a and p14ARF (p19Arf in mouse) commonly inactivated in malignant glioma. Their roles in experimental glioma have been extensively studied and both proteins have tumor suppressor functions in glial stem cells and astrocytes. Here, we demonstrate that p19Arf only could suppress gliomagenesis in OPCs while p16Ink4a had no tumor suppressive effect. Functional DNA repair is pivotal for maintaining genome integrity, eliminating unsalvageable cells and inhibiting tumorigenesis. We have studied how RAD51, a central protein of homology-directed repair, affected experimental glioma development and have found that expression of RAD51 may protect against genomic instability and tumor development. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is a central feature of malignant progression in glioma. Antiangiogenic treatment by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling is used in the clinic for treatment of some cancers. We have investigated the effect of an alternative antiangiogenic protein, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), on glioma development and found that HRG could inhibit the formation of malignant gliomas and completely prevent the formation of glioblastoma.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease that results in increased pulmonary vasculature resistance, causing right ventricular (RV) remodeling, which eventually progresses into right heart failure and mortality. New and emerging therapeutic strategies involve regenerative approaches to repair the underlying vascular pathology using regenerative cell therapy and methods to alleviate RV dysfunction in the setting of fixed RV afterload. In the first section of the thesis, we investigated the role of EPC paracrine mechanisms in the treatment of PAH. We characterized the paracrine function of EPCs by demonstrating that EPC conditioned medium enhances endothelial cell migration, survival and angiogenesis in vitro. We further examined the role of secreted extracellular vesicles in the paracrine function of EPCs, which played a minor role in promoting wound healing. However, using the monocrotaline rat model of PAH, we did not demonstrate a consistent benefit on RV pressures or remodeling with EPCs or EPC conditioned medium. The lack of effect may be related to the advanced phenotype observed in our model of PAH. Survival in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is related to the ability of the right ventricle (RV) to adapt to increased afterload. Therefore, we explored the effect of genetic background on right ventricular adaptation and survival in a rat model of severe (PAH). Compared to the conventional Sprague-Dawley rat strain, we observed high mortality in the Fischer SUHx model of severe PAH. This was related to a strain-dependent failure of RV adaptation, as evidenced by RV dilatation, RV contractile dysfunction, decreased cardiac ouptut and decreased exercise capacity. Further analysis by gene expression microarrays and fluorescence microangiography demonstrate that failure of RV adaptation is due at least in part due to lack of adequate microvascular angiogenesis in the hypertrophied RV. This work lays the foundation for the section on RV-specific therapy that follows. Using the Fischer model of maladaptive RV remodeling, we tested whether cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a pro-angiogenic and cardioprotective cytokine, could improve RV adaptation. We demonstrated that as a rescue treatment, CT-1 reduced RV dilatation and function without influencing RV afterload, which suggests improved RV adaptation. These changes were associated with an increase in RV capillary density. As an early-stage preventative treatment, in addition to improving RV remodeling, CT-1 also reduced pulmonary pressures. These hemodynamic changes suggest that CT-1 may also have a direct impact on vascular tone or the underlying pulmonary vascular pathology.

L'atteinte vasculaire cérébrale est une complication grave et fréquente chez les enfants drépanocytaires, car elle impacte leur pronostic, en termes de morbidité (handicap) et de mortalité. L’accélération des vitesses mesurées par le doppler transcrânien (DTC) est prédictive du risque d'infarctus cérébral et implique une modification de la prise en charge thérapeutique. Chez l’enfant drépanocytaire, l'infarctus cérébral est d'origine multifactorielle, lié à la vasculopathie cérébrale sténotique ainsi qu'à une hypercoagulabilité et une activation cellulaire. Nous avons étudié de manière prospective l'association de marqueurs biologiques au DTC chez 108 enfants porteurs de syndrome drépanocytaire majeur et recherché des éléments prédictifs d'événement vasculaire périphérique ou cérébral. Nous avons ainsi réalisé une analyse approfondie de la fonction endothéliale, de l’activation de l’hémostase primaire et de la coagulation, de l'activation cellulaire et de la mécanique artérielle. L’atteinte vasculaire cérébrale a été estimée en considérant les données du DTC comme une variable continue plutôt que catégorielle. Le principal résultat est le rôle prédictif du nombre des cellules souches hématopoïétiques CD34+ pour la survenue d'événements cliniques vasculaires. Nous avons également mis en évidence un profil particulier de coagulation chez les enfants drépanocytaires présentant des céphalées récurrentes ou des accès migraineux. Ceci supporte l'hypothèse que les céphalées chez l'enfant drépanocytaire, et notamment celles répondant aux critères de la migraine, peuvent être le reflet d'événements ischémiques cérébraux ultra-transitoires. Elles représentent donc peut-être un indicateur indirect de risque ischémique cérébral. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que le risque hémorragique cérébral chez les enfants drépanocytaires restait proportionnellement stable par rapport au risque ischémique, malgré l'utilisation en routine de stratégies de prévention du risque ischémique. L'observation de lésions sténotiques et d'anévrismes permet de supposer que ces atteintes vasculaires cérébrales procèdent de mécanismes physiopathologiques communs. L'amélioration de la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques des complications neurovasculaires et la mise en évidence de facteurs prédictifs d'événements cliniques est un pas supplémentaire vers l'amélioration de la sensibilité diagnostique de la vasculopathie cérébrale drépanocytaire, de la compréhension des mécanismes des accidents vasculaires cérébraux de ces enfants et probablement de leur pronostic neurologique en permettant une prise en charge thérapeutique adaptée plus précoce. / Cerbrovascular involvement is frequent in children with sickle-cell disease (SCD). It is severe in terms of morbidity (handicap) and mortality. Accelerated intracranial arterial blood flow velocity measured by transcranial doppler (TCD) is predictive for stroke occurrence and leads to therapeutic modifications. In SCD children, ischemic stroke results from stenotic cerebral vasculopathy associated with hypercoagulability, and cell activation. We prospectively addressed associations between biological markers and TCD velocity in 108 children with sickle-cell anemia (HbSS or HbSβ°) and looked for predictive factors for vascular peripheral or cerebral events. We performed extensive work-up of endothelial function, coagulation activation, cell activation, and arterial wall mechanics. Cerebral vasculopathy was defined using TCD velocity (continuous data) rather than the classical category classification. The main result is the demonstration of the role of hematopoietic stem cell CD34+ for the prediction of clinical vascular event occurrence. We also demonstrated an imbalanced coagulation profile in SCD children with recurrent cephalalgia or migraine. This finding supports the hypothesis that recurrent cephalalgia, especially migraine, could be a symptom of ultra-transient ischemic cerebrovascular events in SCD children. Therefore, this symptom may also indicate increased cerebrovascular ischemic risk. We demonstrated that the ratio cerebral hemorrhagic risk / cerebral ischemic risk in SCD children remains stable, despite the routine use of strategies aiming at reducing ischemic stroke risk. The concurrent observation of intracranial arterial stenotic lesions and aneurysm suggests common pathophyiological mechanisms. Improving pathophysiological understanding of cerebrovascular complications and demonstrating predictive risk factors for clinical events may help clinicians to improve early diagnosis of SCD-associated cerebral vasculopathy, to better understand stroke mechanism in this population, and probably to improve neurological outcome with earlier and more adapted management

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are routinely used to reconstitute hematopoiesis after myeloablation; however, transplantation efficacy and multilineage reconstitution can be limited by inadequate HSC number, or poor homing, engraftment or self-renewal. We have demonstrated that mouse and human HSC express prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors, and that short-term ex vivo exposure of HSC to PGE2 enhances their homing, survival and proliferation, resulting in increased long-term repopulating cell and competitive repopulating unit (CRU) frequency. HSC pulsed with PGE2 are more competitive, as determined by head-to-head comparison in a competitive transplantation model. Enhanced HSC frequency and competitive advantage is stable and maintained upon multiple serial transplantations, with full multi-lineage reconstitution. PGE2 increases HSC CXCR4 mRNA and surface expression and enhances their migration to SDF-1α in vitro and homing to bone marrow in vivo and stimulates HSC entry into and progression through cell cycle. In addition, PGE2 enhances HSC survival, associated with an increase in Survivin mRNA and protein expression and reduction in intracellular active caspase-3. While PGE2 pulse of HSC promotes HSC self-renewal, blockade of PGE2 biosynthesis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) results in expansion of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). We co-administered NSAIDs along with the mobilizing agent granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and evaluations of limiting dilution transplants, assays monitoring neutrophil and platelet recoveries, and secondary transplantations, clearly indicate that NSAIDs facilitate mobilization of a hematopoietic graft with superior functional activity compared to the graft mobilized by G-CSF alone. Enhanced mobilization has also been confirmed in baboons mobilized with G-CSF and a NSAID. Increases in mobilization are the result of a reduction of signaling through the PGE2 receptor EP4, which results in marrow expansion and reduction in the osteoblastic HSC niche. We also identify a new role for cannabinoids, an eicosanoid with opposing functions to PGE2, in hematopoietic mobilization. Additionally, we demonstrate increased survival in lethally irradiated mice treated with PGE2, NSAIDs, or the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride. Our results define novel mechanisms of action whereby eicosanoids regulate HSC and HPC function, and characterize novel translational strategies for hematopoietic therapies.