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Healing paws: animals in the work-place assisting with stress managementCarstens, Michelle Santos 22 November 2013 (has links)
The importance of stress management is emphasized throughout this study as well as the need to cater stress management programmes to the unique needs of individuals. The possibility of introducing an animal-assisted stress management programme into the work environment is explored by means of a qualitative study in order to test out the feasibility of such an intervention. The positive physical and psychological effects animals have on humans has been extensively researched and reported. Eleven participants were randomly chosen from within the same department by means of purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were held with each participant and thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcribed interviews. Various themes were identified and explored with the most prominent highlighting the need for privacy, respect and connection. Although animals do have positive effects on some employees, there are individual differences that need to be considered. An electronic animal-assisted stress management intervention is recommended. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)
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The strange case of the landed poor : land reform laws, traditional San culture, and the continued poverty of South Africa's ‡Khomani peoplePuckett, Robert Fleming January 2013 (has links)
The ‡Khomani San people received lands in 1999 under the ‘restitution’ arm of South Africa’s land reform programme. Restitution laws, contained in the Restitution of Land Rights Act and the Communal Property Associations (‘CPA’) Act, seek not only to return lands to peoples dispossessed after 1913, but also to inculcate the ideals of South Africa’s dominant agro-pastoral-based society into defined, cohesive land-recipient ‘communities’. These ideals include centralised, hierarchical, representative, democratic leadership and decision-making structures that the West takes for granted. However, these concepts of control are not typically found among foraging or post-foraging peoples, who tend to base their societies on decentralised, small-group, egalitarian social structures that strongly oppose hierarchies, representation, or accumulation. Such social organisation remains intact even after these groups become settled or adopt non-hunting-and-gathering livelihoods, and today’s ‡Khomani self-identify as San, ‘Bushmen’, hunters, and indigenous people, despite their settlement and their adoption of varied livelihood strategies, including stock-farming. Among such groups, externally imposed governance structures tend to be viewed as illegitimate, and instead of the cohesion and order these centrally legislated structures seek to create, they instead engender dissent, conflict, and non-compliance. The ‡Khomani, as both a formerly scattered group of apartheid-era labourers and a cultural group of San people, have struggled with little success to plan and implement ‘development’, infrastructure, and livelihood projects on their lands and have ‘failed’ to operate the Restitution and CPA Acts’ required ‘community’ land-ownership and decision-making structures successfully. Thus, restitution has failed to bring the socio-economic improvements that the new ‡Khomani lands seemed to promise. Since 2008, however, the government has temporarily taken governance and approval authority from the ‡Khomani, which has led to the creation of smaller, behind-the-scenes governing bodies, as the ‡Khomani have begun taking the reins of power in their own ways. Such bodies, including the ‡Khomani Farmers’ Association and the Bushman Raad, have begun achieving some successes on the ‡Khomani farms in part, it is argued, because they allow the ‡Khomani to reproduce the focused, non-hierarchical, small-group structures that are more suitable to them as a non-cohesive group and more culturally appropriate to them as San people. The South African government, with appropriate protections for abuse of power, should provide the space within land reform laws to allow land-recipient groups to make decisions, govern themselves, and manage their lands according to their own community realities and their own conceptions of leadership and social organisation.
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Expanding health care services for poor populations in developing countries : exploring India's RSBY national health insurance programme for low-income groupsVirk, Amrit Kaur January 2013 (has links)
Health is deemed central to a nation’s development. Accordingly, health care reform and expansion are key policy priorities in developing countries. Many such nations are now testing various methods of funding and delivering health care to local disadvantaged populations. Similarly, India launched the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) national health insurance programme for low-income groups in 2008. The RSBY intends preventing catastrophic health-related expenditure by improving recipients’ access to hospital-based care. This thesis is an in-depth qualitative evaluation of the RSBY in Delhi state. It examines the RSBY’s effectiveness in fulfilling its goals and meeting local health care needs. Walt and Gilson’s (1994) actors-content-process-context model informs the research design and an actor-centred “responsive” (Stake 1975) or “constructivist” approach guides data analysis. Three research questions are examined: (i). Why was a health insurance programme launched and why now? Why was this model favoured over alternate methods of service expansion? (ii). Is the RSBY delivered as intended? If not, why? (iii) How does the RSBY affect patients’ access to services? The findings are based on documentary sources, observation of implementation sites and activities and 164 semi-structured interviews with RSBY policymakers, insurers, NGOs, doctors, and patients. The results show improved access to curative and surgical care for RSBY patients. However, RSBY’s focus on hospitalisation and omission of primary and outpatient services had undesired negative effects. The lack of ambulatory facilities led RSBY patients to self-medicate or use dubious quality informal providers. By only allowing inpatient care, the RSBY also seemingly encouraged the substitution of outpatient care with costlier hospitalisations. In effect, the RSBY’s design contributed to cost increases and poor patient outcomes. While more funds and human resources were needed to improve RSBY implementation, the performance of frontline agencies could potentially improve through more stable, longer-term contracts. Similarly, modifying RSBY’s monetary incentives for doctors may lead to better service delivery by them. By evaluating the RSBY’s strong points and shortcomings, this thesis provides key lessons on strengthening policy design and health service delivery in developing countries. Thereby, it makes a broader contribution to understanding the determinants of successful policymaking.
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A phenomenographical study of the qualitative variation of adventure / wilderness programme experiences among adolscent high school participants in the Western CapeZygmont, Conrad Stanislaw 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African adolescents live in a transitional society during a life stage in which they seek to
stabilise their identity. They face a heritage of widespread violence and poverty, the lived impact of
HIV/AIDS and substance abuse, incessant bombardment by media modelling leisure and vice, an
erratic education system, and strained family and social bonds. Noting these challenges South
African psychology seeks to become more socially relevant and provide formalised opportunities
for positive youth development, supporting the growth of strengths and virtues, and making high
human potential actual. Psychologists should seek to provide interventions that can turn the tide of
social degeneration towards individual and community flourishing. Schools provide an optimal
context for such interventions, with adventure programmes providing a valuable mechanisms by
which holistic development, flow, interdependence, competence, and modelling of pro-social values
can be experienced. This study sought to investigate the different ways in which one such school-based
wilderness adventure programme was experienced and the specific aspects of the programme
responsible for variation in outcomes using the methodology of phenomenography.
Phenomenography is a research method used to map the qualitatively different ways in which
people understand, perceive, or experience various aspects of a specific phenomenon. By
understanding the different ways a phenomenon can be experienced, and identifying the critical
aspects responsible for more or less powerful ways of experiencing the phenomenon,
phenomenography provides a powerful tool for improving educational delivery but had yet to be
used as a method to study psychological interventions. Phenomenographic analysis of the
descriptions of the 27 day adventure programme, in which participants covered 360km on foot,
bicycle and canoe, and engaged in group debriefs, journalling, and a 30 hour solo, revealed four
conceptions of the programme: (a) long gruelling school hike, (b) school initiation / rites of passage programme, (c) once-in-a-lifetime group adventure, or (d) multifaceted learning and development
opportunity. These categories of description are structured hierarchically, from least to most
powerful, and are directly related to the perceived outcomes of the programme. At the lowest level,
perceived processes and outcomes are largely physical, whereas at the highest level participants
descriptions are more complex, and focused more on learning and developmental change that was
accrued during the programme and could be transferred to the participant's home and social context.
There are six major dimensions of variations that were identified in the data that help to understand
the hierarchical relationships between the four identified categories of description. These include (a)
the overall characterisation of the programme, (b) the nature of group interactions and processes, (c)
the nature of the interactions and emotional connection participants had with their adult leaders, (d)
the depth with which participants engaged with their experiences on the programme, (e) the
personal relevance that trials, interactions and accomplishments had for participants, and (f) the
type of growth and learning that was perceived to have accrued as a result of the wilderness
adventure programme. These findings have important implications for both adventure programming
design and implementation, and for research on psychological interventions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrikaanse adolessente leef in ‘n oorgang samelewing gedurende ‘n lewensstadium waarin
hulle poog om hul identiteit te stabiliseer. Hulle staar ‘n erfenis van wydverspreide geweld en
armoede in die gesig, die geleefde impak van MIV/VIGS en dwelmverslawing, die aanhoudende
bombardement deur die media wat ontspanning en onsedelikheid modelleer, ‘n wisselvallige
onderwyssisteem, en gespanne gesins- en sosiale verbintenisse. Suid-Afrikaanse sielkunde het
kennis geneem van hierdie uitdagings en poog om meer sosiaal relevant te word, en om
geformaliseerde geleenthede te verskaf vir positiewe jeugontwikkeling wat die ontwikkeling van
sterktes en deugde ondersteun, sowel as om hoë menslike potensiaal te aktualiseer. Sielkundiges
behoort te streef om intervensies te verskaf wat sosiale agteruitgang kan verander in individuele- en
gemeenskapsflorering. Skole verskaf ‘n optimale konteks vir so ‘n intervensie, met avontuur
programme wat ‘n waardevolle meganisme verskaf deur middel waardeur holistiese ontwikkeling,
vloei, interafhanklikheid, bevoegdheid, en die modellering van pro-sosiale waardes ondervind kan
word. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die verskillende maniere te ondersoek van hoe so ‘n skoolgebaseerde
wildernis avontuur program ondervind was, asook die spesifieke aspekte van die
program wat verantwoordelik was vir die variasie in uitkomste deur middel van die gebruik van
fenomenografiese metodologie. Fenomenografie is ‘n navorsingsmetode wat gebruik word om
kwalitatief verskillende maniere te karteer van hoe mense verskillende aspekte van ‘n spesifieke
fenomeen begryp, waarneem, of ondervind. Deur die verskillende maniere te verstaan van hoe ‘n
fenomeen ondervind kan word, en deur die kritiese aspekte te identifiseer wat verantwoordelik is vir
die òf meer òf minder kragtige maniere van hoe die fenomeen ondervind kan word, verskaf
fenomenografie ‘n kragtige instrument wat aangewend kan word vir verbeterde onderwyslewering
alhoewel die metode tot dusver nog nie aangewend is om sielkundige intervensies te bestudeer nie. Fenomenografiese analise van die beskrywings van ‘n 27-dag avontuur program, waarin deelnemers
360 km te voet, per fiets en kanoe gedek het, en deelgeneem het aan groepontlontings, dagboekhou,
en ‘n 30-uur solo, het vier opvattings van die program onthul: (a) ‘n lang, uitmergelende skool
staproete, (b) ‘n skool inwyding- / passasierite program, (c) ‘n eenmalige groep avontuur, of (d) ‘n
veelsydige leer- en ontwikkelingsgeleentheid. Hierdie beskrywingskategorieë is hierargies
gestruktureerd, van die mins tot die mees kragtig, en is direk verwant aan die waargenome
uitkomste van die program. Op die laagste vlak is waargenome prosesse en uitkomste grootliks
fisies, teenoor die hoogste vlak waar die beskrywings van deelnemers meer kompleks is, en meer
gefokus is op leer- en ontwikkelingsverandering wat oploop tydens die program, en oorgedra kan
word tot die deelnemer se huis- en sosiale konteks. Daar is ses hoof variasie dimensies wat
geïdentifiseer is in die data wat lei tot ‘n beter begrip van die hierargiese verhoudings tussen die
vier geïdentifiseerde beskrywingskategorieë. Hierdie sluit in (a) die algehele karakterisering van die
program, (b) die aard van die groep interaksies en prosesse, (c) die aard van die interaksies en
emosionele verband wat deelnemers gehad het met hulle volwasse leiers, (d) die diepte waarmee deelnemers geskakel het met hul ondervindings van die program, (e) die persoonlike relevansie wat
beproewings, interaksies en prestasies gehad het vir die deelnemers, en (f) die tipe groei en leer wat
ervaar is en vermeerder het as gevolg van die wildernis avontuur program. Hierdie bevindings het
belangrike implikasies vir beide die ontwerp van avontuur programmering, die implementering
daarvan, en vir navorsing op sielkundige intervensies.
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Accuracy and completeness of notification of tuberculosis in two high incident communities in Cape Town, South AfricaDunbar, Rory 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment registers and laboratory records are essential recording
and reporting tools in TB control programmes. Reliable data are essential for any TB control
programme but under-registration of TB cases has been well documented internationally, due to
under-reporting of patients on treatment or failure to initiate treatment. The accuracy and
completeness of routinely collected data are seldom monitored.
Aim: This study used record linking to assess the accuracy and completeness of TB treatment
register data and the feasibility of estimating the completeness of bacteriological confirmed
pulmonary TB registration in two high incident communities in South Africa with capturerecapture
methods.
Methods: All cases of bacteriologically confirmed TB defined as 2 smear-positive results and/or at
least one culture-positive result were included. Record linking was performed between three data
sources: (1) TB treatment registers; and (2) all smear and culture results from (a) the nearest
central laboratory, and (b) the referral hospital laboratory. To estimate the completeness of TB
treatment recording three-source log-linear capture-recapture models were used, with internal
validity analysis.
Results: The TB treatment registers had 435 TB cases recorded of which 204 (47%) were
bacteriologically confirmed cases. An additional 39 cases that were recorded as nonbacteriological
cases in the TB treatment register, were reclassified as bacteriologically confirmed.
In addition, there were 63 bacteriologically confirmed cases identified from the laboratory
databases which were not recorded in the TB treatment register. The final total number of
bacteriologically confirmed TB cases across all 3 databases was 306, an increase of 50% over
what had initially been recorded in the TB treatment register. The log-linear capture-recapture
model estimated the number of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases not found in any of the data
sources at 20, resulting in a total number of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases of 326 (95% CI 314-355). The completeness of registration of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases
was 79% after record linking and 75% after the capture-recapture estimate.
Conclusions: The results presented in this thesis highlighted the concern regarding the accuracy
and completeness of routinely collected TB recording and reporting data. A high percentage of bacteriologically confirmed cases from both laboratories were not recorded in the TB treatment
registers. Capture-recapture can be useful, but not essential, for evaluation of TB control
programmes, also in resource-limited settings, but methodology and results should be carefully
assessed. The present study estimated the extent of the problem of underreporting of TB in South
Africa and identified challenges in the process. Interventions to reduce underreporting of TB are
urgently needed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Registers van tuberkulose (TB) behandeling en laboratoriumrekords is noodsaaklike
instrumente in die dokumentering van en verslagdoening oor TB beheerprogramme. Betroubare
data is onontbeerlik vir enige TB beheerprogram maar onderregistrasie van TB gevalle is
internasionaal goed gedokumenteer. Die akkuraatheid en volledigheid van roetine data word selde gemoniteer. Doel: Hierdie studie het rekordkoppeling gebruik om die akkuraatheid en volledigheid van data in
TB behandelingsregisters te ondersoek. Voorts is die uitvoerbaarheid van die vangshervangsmetodes
vir die beoordeling van die volledigheid van bakteriologies bevestigde
pulmonale TB registrasie in twee hoë-insidensie gemeenskappe ondersoek.
Metodes: Alle gevalle van bakteriologies bevestigde TB, gedefinieer as 2 smeer-positiewe
resultate en/of ten minste een kultuur-positiewe resultaat, is in die studie ingesluit.
Rekordkoppeling is onderneem tussen drie databronne: (1) TB behandelingsregisters; en (2) alle
smeer- en kultuurpositiewe resultate van (a) die naaste sentrale laboratorium, en (b) die
verwysende hospitaallaboratorium. Om die volledigheid van TB behandelingsrekords te ondersoek
is drie-bron log-lineêre vangs-hervangs modelle gebruik met interne geldigheidsontleding.
Resultate: Die TB registers het 435 aangetekende TB gevalle bevat waarvan 204 (47%)
bakteriologies bevestigde gevalle was. 'n Bykomende 39 gevalle wat as nie-bakteriologies
bevestigde gevalle aangeteken was in die TB register is hergeklassifiseer as bakteriologies
bevestig. Daar is ook 63 bakteriologies bevestigde gevalle geïdentifiseer vanuit die laboratorium
databasisse wat nie in die TB register aangeteken was nie. Die finale totale aantal bakteriologies
bevestigede TB gevalle oor al drie databasisse heen was 306, 'n toename van 50% in vergelyking
met wat aanvanklik in die TB register aangeteken was. Die log-lineêre vangs-hervangs model het
die aantal bakteriologies bevestigde gevalle wat nie in enige van die databronne gevind kon word
nie as 20 gevalle geskat, wat gelei het tot 'n totaal van 326 (95% VI 314-355) bakteriologies
bevestigde gevalle. Die volledigheid van registrasie van bakteriologies bevestigde TB gevalle was
79% na rekordkoppeling en 75% na die vangs-hervangs skatting.
Gevolgtrekkings: Die resultate wat in hierdie tesis voorgelê is beklemtoon die besorgdheid oor die
akkuraatheid en volledigheid van die aanmelding en optekening van roetine TB data. 'n Hoë persentasie van bakteriologies bevestigde gevalle van beide laboratoriums is nie in die TB register
opgeteken nie. Vangs-hervangs kan nuttig wees, maar nie noodsaaklik nie, in die evaluasie van TB
beheerprogramme, ook in hulpbron-arm omgewings, maar die metodologie moet omsigtig
beoordeel word. Die huidige studie het die omvang van die probleem van onderrapportering van
TB in Suid-Afrika beraam en uitdagings in die proses geïdentifiseer. Intervensies om
onderrapportering te verminder word dringend benodig.
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Sensation-seeking, locus of control and self-efficacy correlates of adventure-based trainees : a comparative studyLe Roux, Hermias Nel 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There has been an increase in the popularity of adventure programming over the past few years, with the result that the practice of high-risk recreational activities is growing phenomenally. This study examined how students who are enrolled in a full time adventure education programme involving high-risk recreational activities would differ in terms of sensation-seeking, locus of control and self-efficacy when compared to their non-participative peers. The research group devoted a whole year towards an adventure-based gap year programme that utilises high-risk recreational activities as a core aspect of the programme’s curriculum. It was hypothesised that the research group will measure higher in sensation-seeking, locus of control and self-efficacy when compared to the research equivalent group. For this cross- sectional quantitative study, the research group consisted of 25 students participating in the high-risk iALA recreational adventure programme. The research equivalent group consisted of 34 first year university students. The two sample groups were assessed in terms of their attribute differences on Zuckerman’s Sensation-Seeking Scale, Sherer’s General Self-efficacy Scale, and Rotter’s Internal-External Locus of Control Scale.
MANOVA and ANOVA analyses were performed in order to analyse the data. The study indicated that there was a significant difference in sensation-seeking between the two samples. There was, however, no significant difference in levels of locus of control and self-efficacy between the two samples. The study’s significant findings support trends in previous studies concerning greater sensation-seeking among participants of high-risk recreation activities. Important considerations for the results obtained are provided together with implications for further research in this field. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Avontuurprogramme het die afgelope paar jaar in gewildheid toegeneem en het tot gevolg dat daar al hoe meer van hoë-risiko ontspanningsaktiwiteite gebruik gemaak word. Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe studente wat aan hoë-risiko ontspanningsaktiwiteite deelneem, verskil ten opsigte van die soeke na sensasie, lokus van kontrole en self-effektiwiteit in vergelyking met hul niedeelnemende portuurs. Die eksperimentele groep het vir ʼn jaar deelgeneem aan ʼn gapingsjaar-avontuurprogram met hoë-risiko ontspanningsaktiwiteite wat ʼn kernsaspek van die kurrikulum uitmaak. Die hipotese was dat die eksperimentele groep hoër sou meet in die soeke na sensasie, lokus van kontrole en self-effektiwiteit as die kontrolegroep. Vir die doel van hierdie kwantitatiewe studie het die eksperimentele groep uit 25 studente bestaan wat aan hoë-risiko ontspanningsaktiwiteite deelgeneem het gedurende die gapingsjaar-avontuurprogram. Die kontrolegroep het uit 34 eerstejaar universiteitstudente bestaan. Ten einde die verskil tussen die twee groepe te assesseer, is Zuckerman se Sensation-Seeking Scale, Sherer se General self-efficacy scale, en Rotter se Internal external locus of control scale gebruik.
ʼn MANOVA en ANOVA is gebruik om die data te analiseer. Die studie het getoon dat daar ʼn betekenisvolle verskil tussen die twee groepe was ten opsigte van die soeke na sensasie. Daar was egter geen betekenisvolle verskil in die vlakke van lokus van kontrole en self-effektiwiteit tussen die twee groepe nie. Bevindings van die huidige studie oor die soeke na sensasie het bevindings van vorige studies rakende die soeke na sensasie en hoë-risiko ontspanningsaktiwiteite ondersteun. Belangrike afleidings kan gemaak word uit die resultate wat verkry is wat moontlikhede bied vir verdere navorsing in hierdie veld.
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A qualitative investigation of previously disadvantaged adult men’s psychological experiences of a sport development programmePenderis, Kirsten 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Considering the growing poverty and unemployment in South Africa, there is clearly an
urgent need for development, particularly among the historically disadvantaged communities
where the level of inequality is the highest. Sport has been viewed by a number of scholars as
a possible vehicle for developing communities. In this regard, involvement in sport and
exercise has been linked to psychological wellbeing, capacity building and skills
development among adolescents, which leads to the empowerment of individuals. This study
investigates the functioning of a Sport Development Academy, which uses canoeing as a
mechanism to improve the quality of lives of people living in a rural community in The
Valley of a Thousand Hills in Kwa-Zulu Natal. This qualitative investigation targeted a group
of seven young men, between the ages of nineteen and twenty-nine years old, who were
interviewed in order to examine their lived experiences as a result of participating in the
Academy and the extent to which the Academy impacted positively on their lives. The
Positive Youth Development Paradigm, Bronfenbrenner’s Eco-Systems Theory and the
Athlete-Coach relationship view, was used as a lens through which the research findings
were examined. The Athletes in the Academy learnt a number of values and skills such as
hard work, determination and respect. They became involved in pro-social behaviors as
opposed to anti-social behaviors due to their participation in the sport development programme. This participation resulted in the gaining of social capital which can lead to
upward social mobility. The capacity of these athletes has also been improved. These above
factors improve the psychological wellbeing of the individuals and equip them with essential
values and skills that make them more employable. The research findings suggest that the
involvement of the seven young men in the Academy produced a number of positive impacts.
Therefore, the results of the research indicate that sport can be used, to a certain extent, as a
vehicle through which development can occur. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groeiende armoede en werkloosheid in Suid-Afrika dui dat daar duidelik 'n dringende
behoefte vir ontwikkeling, veral onder die voorheen-benadeelde gemeenskappe is waar die
vlak van ongelykheid die hoogste is. Sommige navorsers sien sport as 'n moontlike voertuig
vir die ontwikkeling van hierdie gemeenskappe. In hierdie verband word betrokkenheid in
sport en oefening gekoppel aan sielkundige welstand, kapasiteitsbou en die ontwikkeling van
vaardighede onder tieners wat lei tot die bemagtiging van individue. Hierdie studie ondersoek
die funksionering van 'n sportakademie wat gebruik maak van die sport kanovaart as 'n
meganisme om die gehalte van die lewens van mense te verbeter wat woon in die landelike
gemeenskap van die Vallei van 'n Duisend Heuwels in Kwa -Zulu Natal. Hierdie
kwalitatiewe ondersoek van 'n groep van sewe jong mans, tussen die ouderdomme van
negentien en nege-en-twintig jaar oud, het bestaan uit onderhoude wat gevoer is om hul
ondervindinge te ondersoek as 'n gevolg van hul deelname aan die Akademie en die mate
waarin dit ‘n positiewe impak op hul lewens gehad het. Die Positiewe Jeugontwikkeling
Paradigma, Bronfenbrenner se Ekosisteemtoerie en die atleet - afrigter verhouding is gebruik
as 'n lens waardeur die bevindinge ondersoek is. Die atlete in die Akademie het 'n aantal
waardes en vaardighede aangeleer soos harde werk, deursettingsvermoë en respek. Hulle het
betrokke geraak in pro-sosiale gedrag in teenstelling met anti-sosiale gedrag as gevolg van hul deelname in die ontwikkelingsprogram. Dit het gelei tot die toename van hul sosiale
kapitaal wat gelei het tot groter sosiale mobiliteit. Die kapasiteit van hierdie atlete is ook
verbeter. Die bogenoemde faktore het gelei tot die verbetering van hul sielkundige welstand
en om hulle toe te rus met noodsaaklike waardes en vaardighede om hulle meer geskik te
maak vir toekomstige loopbane. Die navorsing dui verder daarop dat die betrokkenheid van
die sewe jong mans in die Akademie 'n aantal positiewe invloede tot gevolg het. Die resultate van die navorsing dui dus daarop dat sport tot ‘n sekere mate gebruik kan word as 'n middel
waardeur ontwikkeling kan plaasvind.
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Experiences of youth workers working in NGOs implementing HIV and Aids preventative peer education programmes at high schoolsScott-Muller, Lionel Richard 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M Social Work (Social Work))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
Young people between the ages of 15 and 24 have been identified as being the most
significant target grouping affected by HIV and AIDS in the world. South Africa has one of
the highest HIV and AIDS prevalence rates and has adopted two broad strategies to curb
the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The first strategy is costly involving anti-retroviral treatment
which the government has only been able to roll-out to a very few HIV positive people.
Currently in a depressing global economy, international donors are finding it difficult to
increase funding for HIV and AIDS, more particularly as the poor countries of Sub-Saharan
Africa, particularly in Southern Africa have been mostly affected by the HIV and AIDS
pandemic.
The second strategy is an HIV and AIDS prevention strategy with the primary aim of
keeping citizens free from contracting the HI virus. Although this strategy is a
comprehensive strategy where governments embark on large-scale campaigns of raising
HIV and AIDS awareness, there is very little scientific evidence that these campaigns have
brought about a significant decrease of HIV and AIDS prevalence amongst young people.
Raising awareness does not necessarily lead to positive behavioural change. Most young
people in South Africa attend high schools where HIV and AIDS life-skills education has
been made as a compulsory component of the life orientation curriculum. In South Africa,
a National Aids Council has been established in South Africa to co-ordinate HIV and AIDS
interventions and develops national HIV and AIDS policies aimed at curbing the spread of
HIV and AIDS at a national level, yet the HIV and AIDS prevalence amongst young people
has not significantly abated.
On their own, governments cannot address all the socio-economic needs of their citizens.
Partnership need to be formed with Non-government organisations and a broader range of
stakeholders to address the spread of HIV and AIDS. Youth workers from NGOs currently
implement HIV and AIDS preventative peer education programmes at high schools as part
of the South African government’s broad strategy of HIV and AIDS prevention amongst
young people.
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of youth workers
who were employed at NGOs implementing HIV and AIDS preventative peer education programmes at high schools. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative
approaches in the research design. A literature review was conducted to research aspects
of the study such as the features of NGOs, high schools as a setting and the role youth
workers played when implementing HIV and AIDS preventative peer education
programmes. Books, articles, journals, the internet and peer education manuals of NGOs
all produced relevant information pertaining to the subject of HIV and AIDS prevention
amongst young people.
Twenty youth workers from three NGOs that is currently implementing HIV and AIDS
preventative peer education programmes was purposively sampled, to be primary
respondents of an empirical study. The researcher conceptualised and constructed an
interview schedule with pertinent qualitative and quantitative questions based on the
literature review. After the questionnaire was piloted with three youth workers, the
interviewing process ensued. A considerable amount of time was spent on analysing and
interpreting the data. Various themes emerged pertaining to different aspects of the
programme. An empirical investigation was concluded with various results. Some of the
research findings were in accordance with the literature review which supported the view
of several authors that peer education programmes were an effective strategy for HIV and
AIDS prevention amongst young people. Based on the literature study and the empirical
study, various recommendations were made to improve the implementation of the HIV and
AIDS preventative peer education programmes at high schools.
One of the most significant revelations of the empirical study was how important the proper
selection and recruitment of peer educators were to the success of the peer education
programme. The research findings point to a strategy that encourages the nominations of
learners from each classroom so that they could represent their classes and deliver
lessons in a much more practical way than is currently being done.
Another equally important finding was the management role that NGOs need to play in
enabling the appropriate resourcing, monitoring, evaluating and improvement of the
sustainability of the organisation and subsequently enriching the experience of youth
workers who implement effective HIV and AIDS preventative peer education programmes
at high schools as part of a broad strategy for HIV and AIDS prevention amongst young
people in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Jong mense tussen die ouderdom van 15 en 24 is geïdentifiseer as die belangrikste groep
wat deur MIV en VIGS geraak word. Suid-Afrika het een van die hoogste voorkomskoerse
van MIV en VIGS en gebruik twee breë strategieë om die MIV en VIGS-pandemie te
beteuel. Die eerste strategie is duur en behels teenretrovirale behandeling, wat die
regering nog net aan klein aantal MIV-positiewe mense kon verskaf. In die huidige slegte
globale ekonomie word dit vir internasionale skenkers toenemend moeilik om befondsing
vir MIV en VIGS-behandeling te verhoog, veral omdat dit die arm lande van besuide die
Sahara en veral Suidelike Afrika is wat die meeste deur die MIV en VIGS-pandemie
geraak word.
Die tweede strategie is MIV en VIGS-voorkoming, met die primêre doel om te keer dat
landsburgers die HI-virus kry. Hoewel hierdie omvangryke strategie is waarvolgens
regerings grootskaalse veldtogte onderneem om bewussyn van MIV en VIGS te verhoog,
is daar min wetenskaplike bewyse daarvoor dat hierdie veldtogte tot noemenswaardige
vermindering in die voorkoms van MIV en VIGS onder jong mense lei nie. ‘n Verhoogde
bewussyn lei nie noodwendig tot positiewe verandering in gedrag nie. Verder is die
meeste jong mense in hoërskole waar opvoeding in MIV en VIGS-lewensvaardighede
verpligte komponent van die lewensoriënteringskurrikulum is. In Suid-Afrika is ‘n Nasionale
Vigsraad geskep om MIV en VIGS-bekampingsprogramme te koördineer en om nasionale
MIV en VIGS-beleide te ontwikkel wat gemik is op die bekamping van die verspreiding van
MIV en VIGS op nasionale vlak. Nietemin het die voorkoms van MIV en VIGS onder jong
mense nie noemenswaardig afgeneem nie.
Regerings kan nie op hulle eie al die sosio-ekonomiese behoeftes van hulle burgers vervul
nie. Vennootskappe met nieregeringsorganisasies (NRO’s) en ‘n breë reeks
belanghebbers word benodig om die verspreiding van MIV en VIGS aan te spreek.
Jeugwerkers van NRO’s implementeer tans voorkomende portuuropvoedingsprogramme
by hoërskole as deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se breë strategie van MIV en VIGSbekamping
onder jong mense.
Die doel van hierdie studie was om die ervaringe van jeugwerkers betrokke by NRO wat
MIV en VIGS-voorkomende portuuropvoedingsprogramme in hoërskole implementeer, te
ondersoek en te beskryf. Die navorser het kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe benaderings in
die navorsingsontwerp gebruik. Literatuurstudie is onderneem om aspekte van die studie
na te vors, soos die kenmerke van NRO’s, hoërskole as ligging en die rol van
jeugwerkers in die implementering van MIV en VIGS-voorkomende
portuuropvoedingsprogramme. Boeke, artikels, tydskrifte, die internet en
portuuropvoedingsriglyne van NRO’s het almal relevante inligting verskaf oor die
onderwerp van die voorkoming van MIV en VIGS onder jong mense.
Twintig jeugwerkers van NRO wat tans MIV en VIGS-voorkomende
portuuropvoedingsprogramme aanbied is deur doelgerigte steekproefneming vir
empiriese ondersoek geselekteer. Die navorser het ‘n onderhoudskedule
gekonseptualiseer en opgestel met pertinente kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe vrae wat op
die literatuurstudie gebaseer is. Die vraelys is op drie jeugwerkers getoets, waarna daar
met die onderhoudvoering voortgegaan is.
Baie tyd is gebruik om die data te analiseer en interpreteer. Verskeie temas het na vore
gekom wat met verskillende aspekte van die program verband hou. Empiriese
ondersoek is onderneem, met verskillende resultate. Sommige van die
navorsingsbevindings was in lyn met die literatuurstudie, wat die siening van verskeie
skrywers ondersteun het dat portuuropvoedingsprogramme effektiewe strategie is vir die
voorkoming van MIV en VIGS onder jong mense. Op die basis van die literatuurstudie en
die empiriese studie is verskeie aanbevelings gemaak om die implementering van MIV en
VIGS-voorkomende portuuropvoedingsprogramme in hoërskole te verbeter.
Een van die belangrikste bevindings van die empiriese studie was hoe belangrik die
behoorlike seleksie en werwing van portuuropvoeders in die sukses van
portuuropvoedingsprogram is. Die navorsingsbevindings wys ook op strategie wat die
nominasie van leerders in elke klaskamer aanmoedig sodat hulle die klasse kan
verteenwoordig en lesse op baie meer praktiese manier aanbied as wat tans die geval
is.
Ewe belangrike bevinding was die bestuursrol wat NRO’s in die instaatstelling van
gepaste hulpbronne moet speel, asook in die monitering, evaluering en verbetering van
die volhoubaarheid van die organisasie en in die verryking van die ervarings van
jeugwerkers soos hulle voortgaan om effektiewe MIV en VIGS-voorkomende
portuuropvoedingsprogramme in hoërskole aan te bied as strategie vir die voorkoming
van MIV en VIGS onder jongmense in Suid-Afrika.
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749 |
'n Evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme vir die versorging van ouer persone in residensiele fasiliteiteVan der Merwe, William Charles 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSocialWork) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since 1988 it became practice for welfare organisations to submit an evaluation of
their welfare programme as part of their application for state funding for the next year.
Included in this evaluation is a section on the cost efficiency of the programme. After
the first democratic election in 1994 a number of processes were started to develop
new welfare policies for the country. In all of these processes cost efficiency is seen
as a principle, but in spite of this, so it seems from the documents, is the evaluation
of cost efficiency still a problem. The question therefore arises: What is the present
status of the evaluation of the cost efficiency of social services after twelve years of
program evaluation?
Only a few studies on the methodology of the evaluation of cost efficiency within the
South African context were found through the literature study. An exploratory study
was therefore undertaken to determine what the reasons could be why so little
progress was made with cost effiency evaluation. The empirical study focussed on
residential facilities for older persons and was done within one welfare organisation
in the Western- and Southern Cape. A sample of twenty managers was randomly
selected and fifteen respondents returned the questionaire. It is a potential danger
that managers of residential facilities for older persons could see the evaluation of the
services rendered as just another administrative task, because of the very strong link
between evaluation and the application for state funding. The researcher therefore
wanted to ascertain what the attitude of the managers is towards the evaluation of their
services, and especially the evaluation of the cost-efficiency thereof.
It was found that the managers are positive towards program evaluation and the
evaluation of cost efficiency, but the majority of them responded that the lack of
guidelines and manuals is a deficiency. The lack of proper measuring instruments
was also stressed. The research also shown that the managers conceptualize cost
efficiency mainly in terms of costs and not as a relation between the outcomes of the
programme and the costs thereof. The managers of residential facilities uses the evaluation document that was send out
by the department, because it forms part of the application for state funding. This
means that the level of program evaluation is actually determined by the department.
It was found that this document focused mainly on the measuring of inputs and outputs
and not so much of the evaluation of the outcomes of the programme. Based on the
results of the study the researcher proposed guidelines to promote the evaluation of
the cost efficiency of social services. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is sedert 1988 praktyk dat vrywillige welsynsorganisasies jaarliks 'n evaluering van
hulle maatskaplikewelsynsprogram moet indien as deel van die aansoek om
staatsubsidie vir die volgende jaar. By hierdie evaluering van die maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme
is die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van die program
ingesluit.
Na die eerste demokratiese verkiesing in 1994 het verskeie prosesse aan die gang
gekom om nuwe maatskaplikewelsynsbeleid vir Suid-Afrika te ontwikkel. In al die
dokumente wat deur die prosesse ontwikkel is, word die kostedoeltreffendheid van
maatskaplikewelsynsdienste as 'n belangrike beginsel gestel. Tog blyk dit, uit die
verslae van sommige van die prosesse, dat die evaluering van kostedoeltreffendheid
'n probleem blyk te wees. Die vraag ontstaan dan tereg: Wat is die huidige stand
van die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme
twaalf jaar sedert die implementering van programevaluering?
Uit die literatuurstudie het dit geblyk dat daar min studies in Suid-Afrika bestaan wat
handel oor die metodiek van kostedoeltreffendheidsevaluering van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme.
Verkennende navorsing is onderneem om vas te stel waarom
daar oënskynlik min vordering gemaak is met die evaluering van kostedoeltreffendheid
van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme. Die empiriese studie het gefokus op
residensiële fasiliteite vir ouer persone en die navorsing is uitgevoer by een
welsynsorganisasie in die Wes- en Suid-Kaap. 'n Steekproef van twintig bestuurders
is op ewekansige wyse geselekteer en vyftien respondente het die vraelys
teruggestuur. Die gevaar bestaan dat, vanweë die sterk verband tussen die
evaluering van die program en die aansoek vir subsidie, die evaluering van die
maatskaplikewelsynsprogram bloot net as nog 'n administratiewe taak gesien kan
word. Daarom wou die navorser vasstel wat die bestuurders van residensiële
versorgingsprogramme vir ouer persone se houding jeens programevaluering en die
evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van die program is. In die studie is bevind dat die bestuurders positief jeens programevaluering en die
evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van die programme is, maar die oorgrote
meerderheid bestuurders het aangedui dat hulle dit as 'n leemte sien dat daar min
riglyne of handleidings bestaan. Die gebrek aan meetinstrumente is ook beklemtoon.
Uit die studie het dit verder geblyk dat die bestuurders die konsep kostedoeltreffendheid
hoofsaaklik in terme van koste verstaan, en nie in terme van 'n
verhouding van die uitkomste van die program tot die koste daarvan nie.
Die bestuurders van residensiële fasiliteite voltooi jaarliks die evalueringsdokument
van die betrokke staatsdepartement, omdat dit deel vorm van die
aansoekprosedure vir staatsubsidie. Hierdie dokument bepaal derhalwe die vlak van
programevaluering. Dit het uit die studie geblyk dat die dokument wat gebruik word
grootliks fokus op die meting van insette en uitsette en nie soseer op die uitkomste
van die welsynsprogramme nie.
Gebaseer op die bevindinge van die navorsing is riglyne voorgestel wat sal meewerk
om die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplike dienste te
bevorder.
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750 |
A case study of the effects of school management programmes on school effectivenessMasemola, Sente Thandy 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Republic of South Africa has a population made up of different racial groups. The
differences are far reaching. There are differences with regard to the geographic location,
wealth, educational levels and quality etc. amongst the racial groups. This has been the
case for many years.
A new democratic government came into being in South Africa in 1994. The advent of
the democratic rule brought along a number of changes. The big change has been the
observed concerted effort by the government to improve on the quality of life of the lot of
the previously disadvantaged people of South Africa. This effort is observable in almost
all spheres of government. One of the areas where such attempts are being made is in
education. Several programmes have been put in place to improve the educational level
and quality of the majority of the previously disadvantaged people. Much money, effort,
time and energy are put into these programmes. The main question is whether these
programmes are yielding the results that were intended.
In this study, I tried to evaluate the impact of one such programme. I chose the TOPS
school management programme as an example of these programmes. The programme
was operational in eight areas of the Republic of South Africa. Its activities ended in
1996. I chose the case study approach in this study. The evaluation is summative in
nature. One school which participated in the programme was chosen, to see what impact
the programme had on its effectiveness. A second school that had not participated in the
programme was brought into the study for purposes of comparison.
The conclusion I reached is that school management programmes have a significant
impact on the effectiveness of the schools that participate in such programmes. This
became very clear in the study. The school that participated in the TOPS management
programme was found to be very effective. The school met quite a number of
requirements for effectiveness. The performance of the programme school was found to
be much better than that of the comparison school. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die populasie van Suid Afrika bestaan uit 'n verskeidenheid van rasse wat nog verder
verskil as gevolg van geografiese ligging, welvaart, opvoeding ens. Dit was die geval in
baie jare.
Sedert 1994 het 'n nuwe demokratiese regering die bewind orrgeneem. Sedertdien het
daar baie veranderinge plaasgevind. Die grootste hiervan is dat die regering 'n poging
daarvan maak om die lewenskwaliteit van die vorige minderbevooregte lede van die
samelewing te verbeter. Die verandering is opmerklik in aIle afdelings van die regering.
Onderwys is seker die afdeling wat die meeste aadag gegee word ten opsig van
verbetering. Verskeie programme word aangebied. Hierin word baie geld, arbeid en
energie in geploeg. Die groot vraag egle is word die regte resultate ontvang?
In hierdie ondrsoek poog ek om die inpak van hierdie programme te evalueer. Ek het die
TOPS sckool bestuur program uit gekies om te evalueer. Hierdie program was in agt
streke van die Republiek aangebied; tot en met 1996. In hierdie opsig het ek die gevalle
studie metode toe gepas, en die evaluasie is opsommend van aard. 'n Skool wat
deelgeneem het aan die program is uit gekies om te bepaal watter inpak die program op
sy efektiwiteit gehad het. 'n Ander skool wat nie deelgeneem het aan die program nie is
gebruik om as vergelykend op te tree.
Die resultate toon aan dat die skool wat deelgeneem het aan die program baie verbeter
het. Dit is 'n bewys dat skool bestuur programme 'n beduidende en waardevolle inpak op
efektiwiteit het. Die skool wat deelgeneem het aan die TOPS skool bestuur program was
baie meer effektief en het verskeie vereiste standaarde maklik gehaal. Die resultate van
die skool wat aan die program deelgeneem het was beduidend beter as die vergelykende
skool
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