<p>För att ta reda på hur barn tänker om att vara ute på förskolan har jag gjort observationer och intervjuer med barn i ålder 3-5 år, på tre förskolor i en och samma kommun. Utemiljön på förskolorna är likartad, det som skiljer förskolorna åt är den pedagogiska inriktningen. Syftet har varit att ta reda på om det finns skillnader och likheter i barnens sätt att tänka. Hur de förstår årstidsväxlingar och hur der ser på sitt eget lärande. För mig som pedagog är det viktigt att utgå från barnens perspektiv. Genom att lyssna på barnen och sedan använda utemiljön som ett verktyg kan jag skapa bra förutsättningar för barns utveckling och lärande.</p><p>På de tre förskolorna leker barnen i stort sett samma lekar och använder samma redskap. Vid intervjuerna har barnen gett likartade svar och det som skiljer dem åt är barnens erfarenheter i och med deras ålder och utveckling.</p> / <p>I have investigated, through observing and by interviews in three preschools in the same community, what children at the age 3-5 years think about the surroundings at their preschool. The outdoor enviroments at the different preschools are more or less the same but the preschools differ in their pedagogies. The intention with the interviews was to find out if there were any similarity or difference between children how they think about the changes in seasons and how their learning skills progress. For me as a pedagogue it is very important to look at children from their perspective. I have to listen to what children talk about and how the outdoor enviroment is used as a tool to create the necessary conditions for childrens progress and learning.</p><p>At the three preschools the children were playing the same type of games and used the same tools to activate themselves. In the interviews children have given similar answers and the difference them has to do with their own age dependent experiences.</p>

<p>This is a study of how young flutists experience playing their instrument and having music lessons, especially what they think is most enjoyable. 27 flutists between the ages of 8 and 19 years old, from three different municipal schools of music in central Sweden, were interviewed during spring 2000.</p><p>Some of the conclusions are that enjoyment coincides with meaningful when you are in a musical context, and when your progress is confirmed by the teacher.</p><p>The study is to be seen as some examples of different things that young flutists find enjoyable. It is not an enumeration of recommended items in teaching, rather some thoughts about the positive experiences of playing the flute, and how teachers may relate to that.</p>

Opinions, rankings and evaluations of states’ development are proliferating. In the context of the transformation and EU accession of the Baltic States, there were many organizations involved in the scrutiny of their efforts to become accepted as modern and European. This scrutiny directed towards states can be seen as a new practice of transnational regulation. Especially in times of major transformation, as was the case in the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, monitoring and evaluation of achievements can be expected to shape how reforms were prioritized and how problems were perceived. In order to gain a better understanding of these transformations it is necessary to study the practice of organizations that scrutinize the states. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the role of scrutiny as a practice of transnational regulation. By analyzing how international organizations scrutinize states, this thesis adds knowledge to how transforming states are constructed in the everyday practices of scrutiny. A main argument is that by evaluating and reporting on states, international organizations can be seen as ‘auditors’ of transformations in states. The thesis compares three such ‘auditors’ and their respective relations to the states under scrutiny, namely: the European Commission, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the NGO Transparency International. The thesis contributes to discussions about the role of transnational regulation in the transformation of states. By comparing the three cases of scrutiny it is concluded that scrutiny produces both comfort and critique for and about these transforming states. In addition, through processes of scrutinizing, states are constructed as auditable and comparable. Scrutiny also inscribes states into a story about progress, it thus offers hope about reforms and of a better future.

För att ta reda på hur barn tänker om att vara ute på förskolan har jag gjort observationer och intervjuer med barn i ålder 3-5 år, på tre förskolor i en och samma kommun. Utemiljön på förskolorna är likartad, det som skiljer förskolorna åt är den pedagogiska inriktningen. Syftet har varit att ta reda på om det finns skillnader och likheter i barnens sätt att tänka. Hur de förstår årstidsväxlingar och hur der ser på sitt eget lärande. För mig som pedagog är det viktigt att utgå från barnens perspektiv. Genom att lyssna på barnen och sedan använda utemiljön som ett verktyg kan jag skapa bra förutsättningar för barns utveckling och lärande. På de tre förskolorna leker barnen i stort sett samma lekar och använder samma redskap. Vid intervjuerna har barnen gett likartade svar och det som skiljer dem åt är barnens erfarenheter i och med deras ålder och utveckling. / I have investigated, through observing and by interviews in three preschools in the same community, what children at the age 3-5 years think about the surroundings at their preschool. The outdoor enviroments at the different preschools are more or less the same but the preschools differ in their pedagogies. The intention with the interviews was to find out if there were any similarity or difference between children how they think about the changes in seasons and how their learning skills progress. For me as a pedagogue it is very important to look at children from their perspective. I have to listen to what children talk about and how the outdoor enviroment is used as a tool to create the necessary conditions for childrens progress and learning. At the three preschools the children were playing the same type of games and used the same tools to activate themselves. In the interviews children have given similar answers and the difference them has to do with their own age dependent experiences.

Support for the use of progress monitoring results for high-stakes decisions is emerging in the literature, but few studies support the reliability of the measures for this level of decision-making. What little research exists is limited to oral reading fluency measures, and their reliability for progress monitoring (PM) is not supported. This dissertation explored methods rarely applied in the literature for summarizing and analyzing progress monitoring results for medium- to high-stakes decisions. The study was conducted using extant data from 92 "low performing" third graders who were progress monitored using mathematics concept and application measures. The results for the participants in this study identified 1) the number of weeks needed to reliably assess growth on the measure; 2) if slopes differed when results were analyzed with parametric or nonparametric analyses; 3) the reliability of growth; and 4) the extent to which the group did or did not meet parametric assumptions inherent in the ordinary least square regression model. The results indicate reliable growth from static scores can be obtained in as few as 10 weeks of progress monitoring. It was also found that within this dataset, growth through parametric and nonparametric analyses was similar. These findings are limited to the dataset analyzed in this study but provide promising methods not widely known among practitioners and rarely applied in the PM literature.

SammanfattningArbetsterapeuten arbetar holistiskt med individen i centrum, utifrån individens egna förmågor i relation till aktivitet. Arbetsterapi som profession står med sin breda kompetens och breda förståelseperspektiv inför nya utmaningar. Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeu-ters uppfattningar om att arbeta som coach respektive behandlare. Kvalitativ metod med ett målinriktat urval kombinerat med nätverksurval användes. Två fokusgruppsdiskussioner genomfördes. Deltagarantalet var nio kvinnliga yrkesverksamma arbetsterapeuter från varie-rande verksamhetsområden. Dataanalysen genomfördes genom att olika kategorier definiera-des utifrån syftet. Arbetsterapeuterna anser sig kombinera rollerna som behandlare respektive coach i sitt arbete med olika individer. Vilka uppdragsgivare arbetsterapeuten har och vilken verksamhet han/hon arbetar i är avgörande för tillvägagångssätt. Ekonomi, politiska faktorer och fokus för verksamheten styr. Beroende på verksamhet och fokus har individen varierande ansvar för sin behandling/rehabilitering. Arbetsterapeututbildningen genererar en gemensam terminologi och ett aktivitetsperspektiv som skapar en gemensam grund. Den traditionella yrkesrollen har blivit omarbetad, frågan blir om coach är ett modeord och behandlare mer traditionellt? Det är av vikt att yrket har en klar profilering och idag söker arbetsterapeuter samma tjänster som andra yrkesprofessioner. Slutsatsen blir att arbetsterapeutyrket är mång-facetterat med en gemensam grund. Verksamhet och den enskilde individen styr arbetstera-peutens tillvägagångssätt och angreppssätt i rehabiliteringen/behandlingen / SummaryTitle: Occupational therapists as a coach or paramedicOccupational therapists have a holistic view and works with each individual in focus, based on individuals abilities in relation to activity. The occupational therapy profession with its broad expertise and broad perspective of understanding is facing new challenges. The purpose of this study was to describe occupational therapists perception of working as a coach or as a paramedic. A qualitative method with a purposive sampling combined with a net-work sam-pling were used. Two focus group discussions were conducted. The number of participants were nine female working occupational therapists from a various scope of practice. The data-analysis was conducted through individual and group analysis and different categories were defined in accordance with the purpose. The occupational therapists combine the two roles as coach and paramedic in their work with different individuals. What employer and work area the occupational therapists work in, is essential for what approach they have. Economics, po-litical factors and the focus of the work influences. Depending on work area and focus, the individual has varying responsibility in their rehabilitation/treatment. The occupational thera-py education generates a joint terminology and an activity perspective that forms a common basis. The traditional professional roles has been revised, the question is whether coach is a buzz-word and paramedic more traditional? It’s essential that the profession has a clear profile and today occupational therapists apply for the same posts as other professions. In conclusion the occupational therapy profession is multifaceted with a common ground. Work area and the individual are essential for the occupational therapists approach in the rehabilita-tion/treatment.

The depression of the 1930s had an early effect on the state of Oregon. A decline in timber and agricultural production resulted in severe unemployment in the late 1920s. State and local charitable organizations attempted to care for the unemployed but they did not have the financial resources to do so. Although President Herbert Hoover was worried about the effects of the growing economic crisis on the business community, he continued to believe that the depression would be short lived despite the worsening social conditions. When Franklin Roosevelt was elected president he initiated a series of measures aimed at ending the depression and bringing people back into the work force. Among those measures was the Works Progress Administration (WPA). In Oregon the WPA built upon earlier state relief organizations. However, unlike the earlier Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the WPA was a federal organization staffed with federal employees. Its programs were run according to federal guidelines and regulations and much of its funding came from the federal government. Those guidelines often worked against the state programs. The means test, quota systems, and the need to refer programs to Washington D.C. prevented the Oregon program from being as effective as it could be. In addition, the Oregon legislature and governor acted against the program by not providing adequate funding to support it. However, even though Oregonians did not always accept the WPA, they were dramatically changed by its programs. The most obvious change was in the physical appearance of the state - new roads and highways, more bridges, expanded parks, additional airports, and many new services. The state was altered politically because by World War II, the federal government had permanently insinuated itself into the life of most Oregonians. / Graduation date: 1991

This is a study of how young flutists experience playing their instrument and having music lessons, especially what they think is most enjoyable. 27 flutists between the ages of 8 and 19 years old, from three different municipal schools of music in central Sweden, were interviewed during spring 2000. Some of the conclusions are that enjoyment coincides with meaningful when you are in a musical context, and when your progress is confirmed by the teacher. The study is to be seen as some examples of different things that young flutists find enjoyable. It is not an enumeration of recommended items in teaching, rather some thoughts about the positive experiences of playing the flute, and how teachers may relate to that.

This is a study of changes in Chinese kindergarten education in the era of the post-Mao four modernisations. Based on fieldwork carried out in China in 1997, this thesis examined the changes of Chinese kindergarten education at two levels — changes in system (structural change) and changes in educational activities (curriculum and ideological change), especially for the period of the 1990s. Changes are described and discussed in a historical context, in which both changes in policy and in practice are examined. Changes in education are closely linked to the social, political, economic and cultural context. The content, process and outcomes of reform in early childhood education in China have been affected by the national goals of reform, the social context of early educational institutions, their organizational characteristics, family structure, family policy, and the specific professional culture of teaching and learning. Recent structural reforms in early childhood education have been shaped by the foremost task of the nation - economic development. The previous welfare model of kindergarten, which was regarded as one of the outcomes of a socialist system, is being transformed into a new market competitive model to meet a political demand for the marketisation of society. The curricula of early educational program, teachers' attitudes to children, and their professional activities, therefore, have been re-shaped according to new ideas about the needs and abilities of children, new conceptions of child development and, not least, the new modernisation "knowledge" that gained ascendancy in China during the 1990s. / digitalisering@umu

As global markets transcend nationalities in search for key advantages in cost,quality and flexibility, the once unbridgeable limit of geographical location isovercome by faster Internet speed lines, online services and tools that allowindividuals and businesses to interact regardless of space and time. This thesis studies the transition from traditional project management to virtualenvironments and the impact that this new paradigm has over dispersed teamsand their interactions among themselves and the project manager. The focus of the study lays on the concept of motivation within virtual projectmanagement and the role of the project manager to overcome the specificchallenges of this new working scenario. Additionally, parallels are drawn on themotivation features that virtual project management systems offer to projectmanagers as well as team members. This study shows the importance of bridging the difficulties of motivatingdispersed teams and how traditional techniques of motivation have a muchlesser impact on team members. The idea of progress and self accomplishmentare brought forth as the strongest motivators for dispersed teams. Finally, this study exposes the shortcomings of current projectware as a tool tomotivate teams and explores the idea of applying gamification techniques tothese software packages to lift the motivation responsibilities off the shoulders ofproject managers.