As abordagens Tradicional e Ágil de gerenciamento de projetos são tidas como antagônicas, porém, há autores defendendo a combinação de práticas oriundas das duas abordagens. Por meio de uma Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática, foram identificadas definições, benefícios esperados, fatores críticos e propostas de combinação, na forma de métodos e frameworks. Conclui-se que até o momento não há um termo comum, as definições são amplas e não auxiliam o desenvolvimento de métodos combinados. Analisou-se qualitativamente dez propostas utilizando os critérios de diferenciação identificadas em Eder et al. (2014). O resultado da análise indicou que as propostas não se diferenciavam da gestão Ágil ou não apresentavam informações para debater a combinação adotada. Identificou-se ainda duas estratégias de combinação: top-down e a bottom-up. Entre essas questões, optou-se por contribuir em duas áreas: a proposição de uma definição de abordagem híbrida ou combinada, e a recomendação de práticas para o uso dessa abordagem. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver um procedimento de planejamento de tempo combinado, baseado em uma definição nova de combinação. A concepção do procedimento utilizou a estratégia top-down e a proposta final é apresentada na forma de fluxo de atividades em um modelo de processos de negócio. Adotou-se o Estudo de Caso como método de investigação. O caso consiste em uma simulação de projeto com alunos da graduação do curso de Gestão de Projetos. Os dados foram coletados em duas dimensões, a primeira consiste na combinação de práticas, baseada nos seis critérios de Eder et al. (2014), e a segunda refere-se a usabilidade do procedimento. O resultado indicou que é viável combinar práticas. A usabilidade do procedimento pode ser considerada satisfatória para o contexto da aplicação, em termos de facilidade de uso e aprendizado. Recomenda-se como trabalhos futuros investigar a integração de outros processos de planejamento, como recursos e stakeholders, e desenvolver um procedimento considerando a estratégia bottom up. / The Traditional and Agile project management approaches are seen as polar opposites. However, the combination of agile and traditional practices could be preferable to the isolated use of either. Through a Systematic Literature Review (RBS), definitions, expected benefits, critical factors and combination proposals, among models, methods and frameworks, were summarized. The conclusion indicates the definitions present wide meaning and do not support the development of combined proposals. A qualitative analysis of ten combination proposals uses the criteria of differentiation of agile and traditional approaches identified in Eder et al. (2014). The result of the analysis indicated the proposals do not differ from Agile or lack of information to discuss the combination adopted. In addition, the analysis identifies two combination strategies: top-down and bottom-up. This dissertation contributes in two main areas: to propose a definition of hybrid or combined approach, and recommended practices for using this approach. The objective of the research was to develop a combined time planning procedure, based on a new definition of combination. The procedure used to design top-down strategy and the final proposal is presented as flow of activities in a business processes model. The research method adopts the case study. The case consists of a project simulation with under-graduate students of project management course. Two dimensions of analysis are used to assess the data, the first is the combination of practices, based on the six criteria of Eder et al. (2014), and the second relates to the procedure usability. The result indicated that it is viable to combine practices, the procedure usability can be considered satisfactory for the application context, in terms of use and learning facility. It is recommended as future work to investigate the integration of other planning processes, as resources and stakeholders, and develop a procedure considering the bottom-up strategy.

<p>Risk Management has emerged during the last decades and is now considered an indispensable component in management of projects. However, no attention has been directed towards Risk management in the bidding context. Uncertainties, but also the opportunities to affect project success, are extremely high during this phase. The purpose of this thesis has been to design a schedule risk analysis method with supporting methodology based on current research and to verify its usefulness in a business environment. We have conducted a case study at the Business Unit Gripen (BUG) subdivision of SAAB Aerospace. BUG produces large and complex offers of defense systems including the Gripen aircraft. Through interviews and participative observation we have gained an understanding of the bidding context and the requirements of risk management in this phase. The case has been used to verify the usefulness of the developed framework. The results of this thesis are a new framework for schedule risk analysis during the pre-project phases and an Excel-based model for estimation and quantification of schedule risks in project networks. The method and methodology developed seems to be able to produce schedules with better precision and quite easy to integrate in the offer process. We believe that the model is applicable to many other contexts, including ongoing projects in diverse industries where it is vital to assess uncertainties in project schedules.</p>

<p>Naturally occurring arsenic in ground water is currently threatening millions of people’s lives in Bangladesh and has emerged as one of the world’s largest water pollution and environmental disasters. Various studies have been conducted in order to find a solution to the problem and several mitigation projects have been conducted with various results. In many cases the mitigation options provided have failed in terms of sustainability, why there is an impatient drive to find the solution that can solve the problem permanently. Since technical solutions appear to be hard to transform into practical implementation many professionals are advocating the use of public participation in sustainable project planning and implementation in order to make the project successful. This Minor Field Study focuses on how an environmental problem can be managed through social processes. The main aim of this study is to investigate peoples’ experiences of public participation and project planning from two rural pipeline water supply projects and discuss how these experiences relate to how ideas about public participation might be used for sustainable project planning. To do this I have studied three key groups of actors: national development professionals, project professionals and local project beneficiaries. The aim is also to get a deeper understanding of how public participation within water supply management can be used and further developed for project sustainability. The results show that the implementing organisation has used a project implementation plan with a vision that public participation motivated by sustainability and cost-efficiency will lead to a process towards collective action. The objective is that the users, through joint ownership, takes full responsibility for the project and its future planning. To enable this, learning is a prerequisite given that without understanding and knowledge of how to operate the water supply system, the project and the system will fall short. A learning platform has also been found as a prerequisite for maintaining of public participation, and for interest and motivation of being involved at all. The theory argues for the importance of involvement of all for a sustainable project process, nevertheless is this not made possible in reality. Due to socio-cultural traditions where women are not accepted to attend public meetings or be involved in decision-making, the empowering process that public participation might facilitate, have been neglected. Further have those who are incapable of paying regularly for access to fresh drinking water been excluded from the projects. To attain the efficient bottom-up action wanted to achieve project sustainability, empowerment in combination with public participation is necessary. An improved methodology of how public participation can be integrated in project planning is compulsory, why more practical experience and continuous project evaluations is needed.</p>

<p>I de flesta offentliga organisationer arbetas idag i projekt¬arbets¬form. Dessa organisationer måste ta hänsyn till att projekt inte längre är ett undantag och skapa strukturer och metoder för koordination av projektverksamheten. Vid projektplaneringen kan ett antal olika metoder användas för att undvika fel och brister som lätt uppstår när flera personer är inblandade. Fel och brister gynnar inte den inre effektiviteten. Ett likartat arbetssätt, ibland i form av projektmodell, kan användas för ökad kontroll av projektarbetsformen. Projektmodellen medför struktur och rutiner som förbättrar utnyttjandet av projekt¬arbets¬formen.</p><p>Syftet med denna magisteruppsats i industriell projektledning är att undersöka och be¬skriva om projektledarna inom offentliga organisationer använder metoder som bidrar till att öka den inre effektiviteten i projektledarens projektplanering.</p><p>Undersökningsmetoden är av kvalitativ art. Den empiriska datainsamlingen har skett genom telefonintervjuer eller besöksintervjuer med tolv respondenter fördelade på sex av Sveriges länsstyrelser.</p><p>Med utgångspunkt från undersökningen har vi konstaterat att den inre effektiviteten på¬ver¬kas av i vilken mån metoder för projektplanering används. För att öka projektets inre effek¬tivitet och förankringen av projektet bör intressentanalys och kravanalys föregå den över¬enskommelse som resulterar i en tydlig beskrivning av projektets mål.</p><p>Vi har funnit att ansvar och befogenheter måste anges tydligare än vad som är brukligt idag för att öka den inre effektiviteten samt fördelar med att placera projekten utanför den vanliga linjeorganisationen. Beträffande kommunikation behöver fler rapporter skrivas i avsikt att gynna lärandet inom organisationen och finnas tillgängliga i större utsträckning.</p><p>Den inre effektiviteten kan öka om projektledaren förutom kunskap i sakämnen också besitter kunskap i metoder för projektplanering. En generell slutsats är att en projekt¬modell och/eller en väl genomförd och strukturerad planering gynnar den inre effek¬tiviteten eftersom problem och konflikter minimeras när så sker.</p> / <p>The work in most public sectors today is sometimes done in project work form. These organizations have to realize that projects are no longer an exception, but rather the norm, and create structure and methods to coordinate the projects. There are some different methods that can be used during project planning to avoid mistakes and shortcomings, which can easily happen when many people are involved. Mistakes and shortcomings do not improve the efficiency of the organization. A similar way of working, often in the way of a project model, can be used to increase the control of the project. The project model intro¬duces structure and routine which in turn increases the use of the project work form.</p><p>The purpose of this master thesis in Industrial Project Management is to examine and describe if project managers within the public sector use methods of project planning to increase the efficiency of the organization.</p><p>The research method is of qualitative conduction. The empirical data collection has been done through phone interviews and personal interviews with 12 respondents representing six of Sweden’s county ministries.</p><p>Starting with the study, we concluded that the efficiency of an organization depends on which level of methods the organization use for project planning. To increase a project’s efficiency and to attain organizational commitment a stakeholder analyse and analysis of requirements should be done before the agreement of the project result. The agreement must show a detailed description of the project goal.</p><p>We have found that responsibility and duties have to be more clearly specified to increase the efficiency. If the project is organized outside the normal guidelines we have found an improvement of the efficiency. To improve the learning within the organization more reports need to be done and be easily accessible.</p><p>The efficiency of the organization will improve if the project manager not only is know¬ledgeable about the project idea but also has good knowledge about project planning methods. A general conclusion is that problems and conflicts are minimized if the project is well planned and structured or a project model is used. In consequence of those actions the project efficiency will increase.</p>

Efficient project planning and project management is crucial to complete the software projects in expected time and requirements. The most critical stage in project planning is estimation of the software size, time and budget. In this stage, effort data is used for benchmarking data sets, effort estimation, project monitoring and controlling. However, there are some problems related to effort data collection in the software industry. In this thesis, a pilot study and survey study are conducted to observe common practices and problems in effort data collection in the industry and results are analyzed. These problems are explained in terms of tool, process and people factors and solution suggestions are presented according to these problems. In accordance with the findings, a method and a tool which can facilitates to provide more accurate data are developed. A case study is performed in order to validate the method and applicability of the tool in the industry.

Risk Management has emerged during the last decades and is now considered an indispensable component in management of projects. However, no attention has been directed towards Risk management in the bidding context. Uncertainties, but also the opportunities to affect project success, are extremely high during this phase. The purpose of this thesis has been to design a schedule risk analysis method with supporting methodology based on current research and to verify its usefulness in a business environment. We have conducted a case study at the Business Unit Gripen (BUG) subdivision of SAAB Aerospace. BUG produces large and complex offers of defense systems including the Gripen aircraft. Through interviews and participative observation we have gained an understanding of the bidding context and the requirements of risk management in this phase. The case has been used to verify the usefulness of the developed framework. The results of this thesis are a new framework for schedule risk analysis during the pre-project phases and an Excel-based model for estimation and quantification of schedule risks in project networks. The method and methodology developed seems to be able to produce schedules with better precision and quite easy to integrate in the offer process. We believe that the model is applicable to many other contexts, including ongoing projects in diverse industries where it is vital to assess uncertainties in project schedules.

In 2014-2015 a large-scale Ebola epidemic occurred in West Africa. The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency was given the order to conduct the Swedish response. The purpose of this case study was to investigate the impact on project planning of the three factors: the nature of the crisis, political initiative and developing countries. In this case study the crisis was an epidemic, and the project was initiated by the Swedish Government and conducted in two developing countries. The results were intended to contribute to developed understanding and recommendations for future project managers in similar projects. The data collected came from six qualitative interviews, where all respondents were directly involved in the project planning. The project managers suggest that the three external factors had significant effects on project planning. The nature of the crisis led to impaired recruitment processes and personnel safety, and that it was difficult to predict the development of the epidemic, which led to frequent replanning. The political initialization generated pressure on project managers and executives, as well as an increased workload as more reports had to be compiled and presented. Developing countries have a less developed infrastructure, and political and economic aspects, that contributed to a complicated planning process. Many project managers had previous knowledge of the influencing factors but did not have sufficient routines for how to handle them. The study's main conclusion is therefore that project organizations increasingly need to learn from past experiences. / Mellan åren 2014 och 2015 pågick det en storskalig ebolaepidemi i Västafrika. Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap fick uppdraget att genomföra Sveriges respons. Syftet med denna fallstudie var att undersöka hur de tre faktorerna krisens karaktär, politisk initiering och utvecklingsland påverkade planeringsfasen i detta storskaliga krishanteringsprojekt. I det aktuella fallet var krisen en epidemi, projektet initierat av Sveriges regering samt utfört i två utvecklingsländer. Resultaten ämnade bidra med förståelse och rekommendationer för framtida projektledare vid liknande projekt. Den insamlade datan i studien kommer från sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer, där samtliga respondenter var direkt involverade i fallstudiens projektplanering. Projektledarna upplevde att de valda påverkansfaktorerna hade betydande influenser på projektplaneringen. Krisens karaktär medförde försvårad rekryteringsprocess och personalsäkerhet, samt att det var svårt att förutspå epidemins utveckling vilket ledde till frekvent omplanering. Den politiska initieringen skapade press på projektledare och chefer, samt ökade arbetsbördan då fler rapporter skulle sammanställas, men gav samtidigt bättre samarbetsmöjligheter med övriga aktörer och en ledande roll i dessa relationer. Utvecklingsländer har en mindre utvecklad infrastruktur samt politiska och ekonomiska aspekter vilket bidrog till att planeringen komplicerades. Många av dessa påverkansfaktorer hade projektledarna kunskap om sedan innan men inte tillräckliga rutiner för hur de skulle hanteras. Studiens främsta slutsats är att projektorganisationer i större utsträckning måste ta lärdom av tidigare erfarenheter.

This thesis focuses on the development of a distributed software project planning tool that enables more than one participant to prepare the different parts of the project scope, schedule and task assignment by allowing to utilize the predefined organizational level processes. For this purpose, we discuss the need for a distributed software project planning tool, identify tool requirements and compare available tools with respect to the requirements. In addition, we evaluate the tool based on two criteria: first one is the tool&rsquo / s adequacy to meet the identified functional attributes and the second one is the validation of the tool by utilizing the data of the project schedule of a real project. This tool enables preparation of project scope, schedule and task assignments in a more effective, accurate and seamless way.

abstract: Front end planning (FEP) is an essential and valuable process that helps identify risks early in the capital project planning phases. With effective FEP, risks can potentially be mitigated through development of detailed scope definition and subsequent efficient project resource use. The thesis describes the FEP process that has been developed over the past twenty years by the Construction Industry Institute (CII). Specifically, it details the FEP tools developed for early project planning and the data gathered to analyze the tools used within the CII community. Data from a March 2011 survey are given showing the tools commonly used, how those tools are used and the common barriers faced that prohibit successful FEP implementation. The findings from in-depth interviews are also shared in the thesis. The interviews were used to gather detail responses from organizations on the implementation of their FEP processes. In total, out of the 116 CII organizations, 59 completed the survey and over 75 percent of the respondents used at least one CII tool in their front end planning processes. Of the 59 survey respondents, 12 organizations participated in the in-depth interviews. The thesis concludes that CII organizations continue to find value in CII FEP tools due to the increase tool usage. Also the thesis concludes that organizations must have strong management commitment, smart succession planning and a standardized planning process to increase the likelihood of successful FEP strategies. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Construction 2012

Naturally occurring arsenic in ground water is currently threatening millions of people’s lives in Bangladesh and has emerged as one of the world’s largest water pollution and environmental disasters. Various studies have been conducted in order to find a solution to the problem and several mitigation projects have been conducted with various results. In many cases the mitigation options provided have failed in terms of sustainability, why there is an impatient drive to find the solution that can solve the problem permanently. Since technical solutions appear to be hard to transform into practical implementation many professionals are advocating the use of public participation in sustainable project planning and implementation in order to make the project successful. This Minor Field Study focuses on how an environmental problem can be managed through social processes. The main aim of this study is to investigate peoples’ experiences of public participation and project planning from two rural pipeline water supply projects and discuss how these experiences relate to how ideas about public participation might be used for sustainable project planning. To do this I have studied three key groups of actors: national development professionals, project professionals and local project beneficiaries. The aim is also to get a deeper understanding of how public participation within water supply management can be used and further developed for project sustainability. The results show that the implementing organisation has used a project implementation plan with a vision that public participation motivated by sustainability and cost-efficiency will lead to a process towards collective action. The objective is that the users, through joint ownership, takes full responsibility for the project and its future planning. To enable this, learning is a prerequisite given that without understanding and knowledge of how to operate the water supply system, the project and the system will fall short. A learning platform has also been found as a prerequisite for maintaining of public participation, and for interest and motivation of being involved at all. The theory argues for the importance of involvement of all for a sustainable project process, nevertheless is this not made possible in reality. Due to socio-cultural traditions where women are not accepted to attend public meetings or be involved in decision-making, the empowering process that public participation might facilitate, have been neglected. Further have those who are incapable of paying regularly for access to fresh drinking water been excluded from the projects. To attain the efficient bottom-up action wanted to achieve project sustainability, empowerment in combination with public participation is necessary. An improved methodology of how public participation can be integrated in project planning is compulsory, why more practical experience and continuous project evaluations is needed.