Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / This dissertation reviews the construct of projective identification and the ways in which it is used as a powerful form of communication by the patient within the therapeutic relationship. The particular model of projective identification explored in this dissertation is that of Bion (1962)_ who, through his model of containment, brought the subtle interactive processes between the mother and infant into the foreground. This has been used as a metaphor for the therapeutic relationship. Some of the theoretical constructs central to an understanding of projective identification are introduced and discussed. Clinical case material from psychodynamic child psychotherapy is used in an attempt to illustrate the patient's use of and therapist's experience of projective identification. The method used is the single case study and material is drawn from 14 sessions. Through an analysis of the therapist's experiences in the countertransference, with the help of ongoing supervision and personal psychotherapy, it is shown that patient's induce feelings and experiences in the therapist in an attempt to communicate aspects of their internal worlds. Self reflection and retrospective analysis has been highlighted with the hope that this may be useful to future neophyte psychotherapists working psychodynamically.

Thesis--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.78-97).

Thesis (Psy. D.)--Wheaton College, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-135).

Thesis (Psy. D.)--Wheaton College, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-135).

Este trabalho faz uma revisão das principais teorias em psicanálise, fenomenologia, e neurociência na tentativa desenvolver um conceito integral de empatia. Em Freud empatia depende da identificação e dos laços emocionais que decorrem da pulsão de vida; em Klein se apresenta como identificação projetiva benéfica; em Bion relacionase aos vínculos (L, K, H), o Outro é transcendência (O); em Winnicott traduzse em holding e propicia o surgimento do verdadeiro self; na neurociência cognitiva depende de inferências cognitivas (teorias sobre teoria da mente), e de imitação implícita (Gallese); na neuropsicologia da emoção depende de um componente emocional básico, ou das emoções primárias; na neuropsicanálise relacionase com a maturação do hemisfério direito (Allan Shore) e `a identificação projetiva; na fenomenologia de Husserl empatia está relacionada `a intersubjetividade (o outro é outroeu); em Heidegger é a própria abertura do seraí, ou compreensão; Levinas o rosto significa outramente, pressupõe a relação de responsabilidade e a superação do Mesmo. Relacionase ainda com bondade e amor. Pautados nos conceitos destes autores, consideramos que a empatia pertence a duas qualidades de experiência: (1) contágio emocional ou ressonância de afeto pela qual o euoutro perdem suas fronteiras definidas; que não acompanha a idéia do Outro como alteridade (emoções primárias, comunicação inconsciente de afeto, identificação projetiva, compreensão originária do sernomundo) e, (2) identificação que decorre da imagem/representação do corpo por espelhamento e mimetismo. Nosso conceito integral, portanto, considera o psiquismo como uma estrutura psíquica enquadrante (Green) e vazia a ser preenchida pelo cuidado e bons objetos primordiais. A empatia ou comunhão afetiva decorre da preconcepção (Bion) ou de uma abertura originária do ser, de caráter inato e filogenético, de responsabilidade para com o outro como outroeu, que é, também, diferente. Em termos neuroanatomofuncionais se identificam dois sistemas sobrepostos que tem seus epicentros no hemisfério direito sendo o primeiro epicentro o córtex órbitofrontal (relacionado ao sentimento de simesmo); e, o segundo, a área somatosensorial (formador da autoimagem) e suas aferenciaseferências, provindos de àreas motoras e de linguagem (Broca). A empatia (do grego empatheia) pode ser descrita, portanto como duas formas básicas de funcionamento, que nos remete `a sua relação léxica com a palavra grega sympátheia como fator unificador (Plotino). As traduções adequadas a ambos os termos seria sentircom (Mitfühlung) e sentirdentro (Einfühlung) / Text not informed by the author

This thesis aimed to examine the process of projective identification in the couple relationship by focusing on two areas of investigation: Firstly, how projective identification operates &ldquo / within&rdquo / an individual regarding the associations among early parenting experiences, personality and couple relationship / secondly how projective identification operates between two partners in the couple relationship regarding partners&rsquo / similarities and complementarities have been focused. Initially, several multiple regressions were run to examine the relationships among the parenting, personality and couple relationship. Afterwards, several intra-class partial pairwise correlatons were conducted to reveal similarities and complementarities of the partners regarding their early maladaptive parenting experiences, personality constructs and couple relationship variables. Paulson Daily Living Inventory, Separation-Individuation Inventory and Splitting Scale were translated into Turkish and psychometric studies were conducted. For the main study, 356 participants (178 male and 178 female), who are cohabiting partners to each other, were achieved through snowball sampling method. Early maladaptive parenting experiences of the participants were examined by Young Parenting Inventory. Personality constructs contained &ldquo / separation individuation process&rdquo / and &ldquo / splitting defense&rdquo / as the theoretical correlates of projective identification, and &ldquo / early maladaptive schemas&rdquo / of the individuals. Couple relationship variables were &ldquo / relationship satisfaction&rdquo / , &ldquo / emotional dependency&rdquo / and &ldquo / jealousy&rdquo / . Findings of the study revealed that projective identification has bidirectional relatedness with the personality and couple relationship of the individual. Multiple regression analyses showed theoretically consistent associations among an individual&rsquo / s parenting experiences, personality and couple relationship. Intra-class partial pairwise correlations showed similarities and complementarities between two partners. Findings were discussed in the light of relevant literature.

Este trabalho faz uma revisão das principais teorias em psicanálise, fenomenologia, e neurociência na tentativa desenvolver um conceito integral de empatia. Em Freud empatia depende da identificação e dos laços emocionais que decorrem da pulsão de vida; em Klein se apresenta como identificação projetiva benéfica; em Bion relacionase aos vínculos (L, K, H), o Outro é transcendência (O); em Winnicott traduzse em holding e propicia o surgimento do verdadeiro self; na neurociência cognitiva depende de inferências cognitivas (teorias sobre teoria da mente), e de imitação implícita (Gallese); na neuropsicologia da emoção depende de um componente emocional básico, ou das emoções primárias; na neuropsicanálise relacionase com a maturação do hemisfério direito (Allan Shore) e `a identificação projetiva; na fenomenologia de Husserl empatia está relacionada `a intersubjetividade (o outro é outroeu); em Heidegger é a própria abertura do seraí, ou compreensão; Levinas o rosto significa outramente, pressupõe a relação de responsabilidade e a superação do Mesmo. Relacionase ainda com bondade e amor. Pautados nos conceitos destes autores, consideramos que a empatia pertence a duas qualidades de experiência: (1) contágio emocional ou ressonância de afeto pela qual o euoutro perdem suas fronteiras definidas; que não acompanha a idéia do Outro como alteridade (emoções primárias, comunicação inconsciente de afeto, identificação projetiva, compreensão originária do sernomundo) e, (2) identificação que decorre da imagem/representação do corpo por espelhamento e mimetismo. Nosso conceito integral, portanto, considera o psiquismo como uma estrutura psíquica enquadrante (Green) e vazia a ser preenchida pelo cuidado e bons objetos primordiais. A empatia ou comunhão afetiva decorre da preconcepção (Bion) ou de uma abertura originária do ser, de caráter inato e filogenético, de responsabilidade para com o outro como outroeu, que é, também, diferente. Em termos neuroanatomofuncionais se identificam dois sistemas sobrepostos que tem seus epicentros no hemisfério direito sendo o primeiro epicentro o córtex órbitofrontal (relacionado ao sentimento de simesmo); e, o segundo, a área somatosensorial (formador da autoimagem) e suas aferenciaseferências, provindos de àreas motoras e de linguagem (Broca). A empatia (do grego empatheia) pode ser descrita, portanto como duas formas básicas de funcionamento, que nos remete `a sua relação léxica com a palavra grega sympátheia como fator unificador (Plotino). As traduções adequadas a ambos os termos seria sentircom (Mitfühlung) e sentirdentro (Einfühlung) / Text not informed by the author

This study is an investigation into the use of an African indigenous narrative game, Masekitlana, which I used as a therapeutic medium for four children, aged eight to 12 years. The participants are of Zulu origin and culture and were affected and orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS. The game involved the participants in activities, such as hitting stones together or arranging them at will, that they felt familiar with and that enabled freer verbal expression from them. I employed a single-system research design that consisted of mixed methods approaches in the form of a qualitative thematic analysis and a quantitative graphic presentation of the results. The research design was a time series design that involved using, at four different times along the process of therapy, the measure of the Roberts-2 test (ethnic version). Therapy consisted of three sessions of standard of care therapy (therapy that was routinely being used in the psychology clinic) and three intervention therapy sessions of Masekitlana. I found the mixed-methods approach to be a practice-friendly form of research as it helped to describe the concerns of the participants in depth and enabled a concrete, quantitative conclusion about the efficacy of Masekitlana as an intervention. Syncretism of both approaches meant that qualitative data helped to clarify and confirm the findings of quantitative data and vice versa. Qualitative analysis showed how Masekitlana helped participants to express their traditional African beliefs, such as belief in the guidance of their ancestors, in the influence of bewitchment in their lives, and in the animation of the natural world. Thematic analysis also revealed the anger that participants felt resulting from the sense of disempowerment they experienced in Children’s Homes and from their separation from their biological families, and their need to sublimate this anger into future careers in the police force or alternatively to resort to crime. Thematic analysis also revealed the strategies employed by participants for coping with peer conflict in the Children’s Homes, and the challenges they face with schooling difficulties. Quantitative analysis revealed how participants progressed to complex forms of adaptive functioning and explanation of situations in their lives as a result of Masekitlana therapy. Recommendations arising out of this study are that psychologists strive to use forms of therapy that are familiar to the cultural backgrounds of indigenous children, and that training psychologists learn about the cultural beliefs of their patients and be exposed to the rituals used in traditional environments in order to understand indigenous clients. Psychologists should also be aware of the fact that, with the effects of television on children, and with present globalization and ease of international travel, children of African origin and culture are a mixture of traditional African and modern Western values. Therefore an integration of Western and indigenous forms of psychology might be considered. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

La thèse traite des arrêts non éclairés de cure psychothérapeutique, c'est-à-dire des interruptions définitives à l'initiative exclusive du patient ou de la patiente, sans discussion avec le clinicien ou la clinicienne. Pour la première fois, une telle étude est basée sur des témoignages de patient(e)s, recueillis lors d'entretiens cliniques après consentement éclairé. Au plan théorique, l'étude s'appuie sur une approche métapsychologique informationnelle originale de la psyché comme organe de modélisation du monde par la réalité psychique, inspirée par un historique de l'évolution des notions de projection et d'identification projective en psychanalyse. Pour l'ensemble du panel clinique de l'étude, les arrêts non éclairés de cure résultent systématiquement de la perte de confiance du patient en raison d'un trait disqualifiant imputé au clinicien par transfert objectal ou par identification projective, avec une conviction remarquablement forte, inébranlable et durable que le trait en question appartient effectivement à la personne du clinicien. Au terme de l'étude, il apparaît que les personnes ayant traversé des expériences traumatiques relationnelles dans leur enfance (rupture de continuité relationnelle avec l'environnement parental) pourraient être particulièrement exposées aux risques d'arrêts non éclairés lorsqu'elles entreprennent une psychanalyse ou une psychothérapie. En conséquence, l'étude propose des mesures de métacommunication préventive et curative visant à réduire un tel risque. Ces conclusions nécessiteraient d'être affinées par une recherche ultérieure plus large incluant notamment une comparaison avec une population témoin de patient(e)s n'ayant pas connu d'arrêts non éclairés dans leur(s) cure(s), afin de préciser davantage les spécificités des patient(e)s qui en provoquent et de mieux caractériser les traumatismes relationnels précoces dont ces dernier(e)s ont pu faire l'expérience. / This work is about unilateral treatment abortions by the patient, occurring without preliminary discussion with the therapist. For the first time, such a research is based upon testimonies from patients collected during clinical interviews with their informed consent. Theoretically, the study relies on an original informational approach of the psyche as an organ which models the outside world by the psychical reality, approach inspired by an historical survey of projection and projective identification psychoanalytical concepts evolutions. For the entire study sample, unilateral treatment abortion by the patient always derives from loss of confidence in the therapist caused by the attribution to him or her of a disqualifying feature through object transference or projective identification channel, with a remarkably strong, unwavering and long-lasting conviction that the disqualifying feature truly belongs to the therapist. At the end of the study, it appears that the persons who have had relational traumatic experiences during childhood (breaks in the continuity of relations with parental environment) would be particularly prone to unilateral treatment abortions during a psychoanalysis or a psychotherapy. Consequently, the study proposes preventive and curatives measures of metacommunication in order to reduce risk of treatment abortion. The conclusions of this study would require further wider research, involving particularly a control population of patients who never experimented unilateral treatment abortion during their psychoanalysis/psychotherapy, in order to more clearly identify the specificities of the patients who provoke such treatment abortions and the exact nature of the relational trauma which they may have experimented during childhood.

No description available.