Soils have been contaminated with cadmium (Cd) by the use of fertilizers, calcareous, pesticides and industrial and/or domestic effluents. It can be leached to groundwater, as well as be taken up by plants potentially leading to reduce growth and yield. It causes different damages to the cell, generating oxidative stress which is responsible for its toxicity, affecting all living organism. A balance in the redox state of the cell to maintain cellular integrity and metabolism is essential for organism tolerance. Thus, the antioxidant response of bacteria exposed to Cd was studied to understand the tolerance mechanism, and be able to develop a methodology to bioremediate contaminated soils. MDA and hydrogen peroxide contents and different enzymes activity of antioxidant system (SOD, CAT, GR and GST) of two strains from Burkholderia genus, one from a soil contaminated with Cd in high concentrations (strain SCMS54) and the other from soil without Cd (strain SNMS32) in two exposure time (5 and 12 h), were analyzed. Stress measurement (MDA and hydrogen peroxide content) and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GR and GST) increased in almost all treatments in the presence of Cd. These results also indicate that strain SCMS54 (isolated from Cd contaminated soil) presents a higher metabolic diversity and plasticity due the expression of more isoforms of the enzymes SOD, CAT and GR. The strain also accumulates 50% more Cd. We also analyzed the response to Ni of these two strain, observing a similar response to Cd, except for GST enzyme expression, which in strain SCMS54 this enzyme was induced in the presence of Ni, indicating that this enzyme can be essential on Ni tolerance. After that, the strain isolated from Cd contaminated soil (SCMS54) was selected to proceed the studies to evaluate the benefits of tolerant microorganism-tomato plant interaction. The use of plants to remove heavy metals from contaminated soilhas less impact and a lower cost. Soil microorganisms can be able to solubilize or mobilize soil metals acting also as bioremediator. Besides the high tolerance to Cd, the strain SCMS54 can produce indole-acetic acid (IAA), solubilize inorganic phosphate and produce siderophore, revealing its potential in plantmicroorganism mutual and beneficial interaction. When interacting with tomato plants exposed to Cd, this bacterium led to decrease in plant peroxide concentration and chlorosis levels, promoted relative plant growth and reduced the root absorption of Cd resulting in an increase in plant tolerance to this highly toxic heavy metal. Indicating that inoculation of tomato plants with Burkholderia sp. SCMS54 promotes better growth when cultivated in the presence of Cd by a mechanism that appears to decrease Cd concentration in roots as a result of a bacterial-plant root beneficial interaction. / O cádmio (Cd) tem contaminado solos pelo uso de fertilizantes, calcário, agrotóxicos e resíduos industriais e/ou domésticos. Podendo ser lixiviado ao lençol freático ou absorvido pelas plantas,resultando na redução do crescimento e da produtividade. Esse metal afeta todos os organismos vivos e causa diferentes danos às células. A tolerância a esse metal se deve principalmente ao balanço do estado redox da célula para manter a integridade celular e metabolismo.Assim, foram isoladas bactérias de solo contaminado e não contaminado com Cd, selecionando isolados tolerantes a altas concentrações de diferentes metais (Cd, Ni e Zn), em seguida, foi observado a resposta do sistema antioxidante da bactéria na presença do Cd, a fim de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de metodologias para biorremediar solos contaminados. Foi quantificado MDA e peróxido de hidrogênio e a atividade de diferentes enzimas do sistema antioxidante (SOD, CAT, GR e GST) de duas estirpes do gênero Burkholderia tolerantes a todos os metais testados, uma isolada do solo contaminado com altas concentrações de Cd (estirpe SCMS54) e a outra do solo sem Cd (estirpe SNMS32) em dois tempos de exposição (5 e 12 h). Na estirpe SCMS54, as medidas de estresse (peroxidação lipídica e peróxido de hidrogênio) e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, CAT, GR e GST) da maioria dos tratamento com cádmio aumentaram, esta estirpe também expressa mais isoformas de SOD, CAT e GR, além de acumular 50% mais Cd. Esses resultados mostram que a estirpe SCMS54 (isolada do solo contaminado com Cd) apresenta uma maior diversidade metabólica e plasticidade. Foram analisadas também a resposta dessas duas estirpes ao Ni, observando uma resposta semelhante ao Cd, exceto na expressão da enzima GST, que no estirpe SCMS54 foi induzida na presença do Ni, indicando que essa enzima pode ser essencial na tolerância ao Ni. Portanto, a estirpe isoladado solo contaminado com Cd (SCMS54) foi selecionada para prosseguir os estudos e avaliar os benefícios da interação entre microrganismos tolerantes-plantas de tomate na fitorremediação. Essa técnica é usada remover para metais pesados do solo com um menor impacto e baixos custos. Os microrganismos do solo podem solubilizar e mobilizar metais do solo, atuando como biorremediador. Além da alta tolerância ao Cd, a estirpe SCMS54 produz ácido indol acético (AIA), solubiliza fosfato inorgânico e produz sideroforo, mostrando seu potencial na interação benéfica planta-microorganismo. Quando interagindo com as plantas de tomate expostas ao Cd, essa bactéria diminui a concentração de peróxido da planta e a clorose ocasionado pelo Cd,e reduz a absorção de Cd pela raiz resultando em um aumento da tolerância da planta ao metal pesado altamente tóxico. Assim, a inoculação de plantas de tomate com Burkholderia sp. SCMS54 promove crescimento da planta na presença de Cd, desencadeando um mecanismo que diminui a concentração de Cd nas raízes devido a essa interação benéfica bactéria-raiz da planta.

O desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas que visem aumentar a disponibilidade e eficiência do uso dos recursos minerais para as plantas aparecem como importante medida para se alcançar um crescimento sustentável da agricultura. Neste contexto, o suprimento de nitrogênio por meios biológicos, utilizando micro-organismos diazotróficos, dos quais os mais estudados são os rizóbios associados simbioticamente às leguminosas, é uma importante alternativa. Porém o sucesso atingido com essa simbiose em leguminosas ainda não foi alcançado em outras famílias de plantas, principalmente por limitações associadas à otimização das combinações planta-bactéria. Em gramíneas, diazotróficos endofíticos têm sido usados como inoculante, com resultados controversos. No entanto, é possível que micro-organismos diazotróficos epifíticos possam apresentar maior vantagem adaptativa devido à menor especificidade em sua relação com a planta, e serem mais eficientes em plantas não-leguminosas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um inoculante produzido a partir de bactérias diazotróficas isoladas da filosfera no crescimento de milho e tomateiro. Ensaios foram realizados em condições de casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se três diferentes isolados de bactérias diazotróficas encapsuladas em esferas de alginato sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada. A eficiência dos isolados em fixar nitrogênio foi avaliada através da atividade da nitrogenase. As populações de diazotróficos na rizosfera foram determinadas através da técnica do número mais provável (NMP) ao final do ensaio. Além disso, parâmetros como biomassa da parte aérea e das raízes foram analisados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias das variáveis comparadas pelo teste Duncan (p<0,05), utilizando-se o programa estatístico R. Plantas de milho, aos 60 dias após a inoculação com o isolado J8L, apresentaram matéria seca da raiz e atividade da nitrogenase 26 e 50 % superior ao controle não-inoculado, respectivamente. Plantas de tomateiro, 30 dias após a inoculação com o isolado E5L, apresentaram matéria seca da parte aérea e matéria seca da raiz 39 e 31 % superior ao controle não-inoculado, respectivamente. Parte dos efeitos observados no milho e tomateiro podem ser explicados pela atividade de fixação biológica de nitrogênio e produção de fitormônios, como auxina. A atividade da nitrogenase na rizosfera do milho, 60 dias após a inoculação foi maior no solo sem adição de N. O NMP não apresentou diferenças significativas e nos ensaios com milho e tomateiro, entre plantas inoculadas e não inoculadas, mostrando uma provável influência da comunidade diazotrófica nativa sobre a população final de diazotróficas analisada. De uma maneira geral, os isolados J8L e E5L proporcionaram ganhos significativos para as culturas do milho e tomateiro, mostrando potencial para uso como biofertilizantes. / The development of alternative technologies to increasing availability and use efficiency of mineral resources for plants is an important step for sustainable agricultural production. In this context, the supply of nitrogen by biological means, using diazotrophic microorganisms, of which the most studied are rhizobia symbiotically associated with legumes, is an important alternative. However, the efficiency of rhizobium-legume symbioses has not yet been achieved in other plant families, mainly due to limitations associated with the optimization of plant-bacterial combinations. In grasses, endophytic diazotrophs have been used as inoculant, with controversial results. However, it is possible that epiphytic diazotrophic microorganisms may have adaptive advantages over endophytes, due to the lower specificity in their associations with plants, and be more efficient in non-leguminous plants. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of an inoculant produced with diazotrophic bacteria isolated from the phyllosphere on the growth of maize and tomato. Assays were carried out under greenhouse conditions using three isolates of diazotrophic bacteria encapsulated in alginate beads under different levels of nitrogen fertilization. The efficiency of the isolates in fixing nitrogen was evaluated determining nitrogenase activities. The populations of diazotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere were determined by the most probable number (MPN) technique at the end of the experiment. In addition, parameters such as shoot and root biomass were analyzed. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Duncan test (p<0.05), using the statistical program R. Maize plants at 60 days after inoculation with the J8L isolate presented root dry weight and nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere 26 and 50% higher than the uninoculated control, respectively. Tomato plants, 30 days after inoculation with the E5L isolate, presented shoot and root dry weight 39 and 31% higher than the uninoculated control, respectively. Part of the effects observed in maize and tomato can be explained by the nitrogen fixation activity and auxin production. Nitrogenase activity in the maize rhizosphere, 60 days after inoculation was higher in the soil without N supply. The population of diazothrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere of inoculated and non-inoculated maize and tomato plants were not significantly different, showing a probable influence of the native diazotrophic community on the total diazotrophic population. In general, isolates J8L and E5L promoted growth of maize and tomato, showing potential for use as biofertilizers.

O desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas que visem aumentar a disponibilidade e eficiência do uso dos recursos minerais para as plantas aparecem como importante medida para se alcançar um crescimento sustentável da agricultura. Neste contexto, o suprimento de nitrogênio por meios biológicos, utilizando micro-organismos diazotróficos, dos quais os mais estudados são os rizóbios associados simbioticamente às leguminosas, é uma importante alternativa. Porém o sucesso atingido com essa simbiose em leguminosas ainda não foi alcançado em outras famílias de plantas, principalmente por limitações associadas à otimização das combinações planta-bactéria. Em gramíneas, diazotróficos endofíticos têm sido usados como inoculante, com resultados controversos. No entanto, é possível que micro-organismos diazotróficos epifíticos possam apresentar maior vantagem adaptativa devido à menor especificidade em sua relação com a planta, e serem mais eficientes em plantas não-leguminosas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um inoculante produzido a partir de bactérias diazotróficas isoladas da filosfera no crescimento de milho e tomateiro. Ensaios foram realizados em condições de casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se três diferentes isolados de bactérias diazotróficas encapsuladas em esferas de alginato sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada. A eficiência dos isolados em fixar nitrogênio foi avaliada através da atividade da nitrogenase. As populações de diazotróficos na rizosfera foram determinadas através da técnica do número mais provável (NMP) ao final do ensaio. Além disso, parâmetros como biomassa da parte aérea e das raízes foram analisados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias das variáveis comparadas pelo teste Duncan (p<0,05), utilizando-se o programa estatístico R. Plantas de milho, aos 60 dias após a inoculação com o isolado J8L, apresentaram matéria seca da raiz e atividade da nitrogenase 26 e 50 % superior ao controle não-inoculado, respectivamente. Plantas de tomateiro, 30 dias após a inoculação com o isolado E5L, apresentaram matéria seca da parte aérea e matéria seca da raiz 39 e 31 % superior ao controle não-inoculado, respectivamente. Parte dos efeitos observados no milho e tomateiro podem ser explicados pela atividade de fixação biológica de nitrogênio e produção de fitormônios, como auxina. A atividade da nitrogenase na rizosfera do milho, 60 dias após a inoculação foi maior no solo sem adição de N. O NMP não apresentou diferenças significativas e nos ensaios com milho e tomateiro, entre plantas inoculadas e não inoculadas, mostrando uma provável influência da comunidade diazotrófica nativa sobre a população final de diazotróficas analisada. De uma maneira geral, os isolados J8L e E5L proporcionaram ganhos significativos para as culturas do milho e tomateiro, mostrando potencial para uso como biofertilizantes. / The development of alternative technologies to increasing availability and use efficiency of mineral resources for plants is an important step for sustainable agricultural production. In this context, the supply of nitrogen by biological means, using diazotrophic microorganisms, of which the most studied are rhizobia symbiotically associated with legumes, is an important alternative. However, the efficiency of rhizobium-legume symbioses has not yet been achieved in other plant families, mainly due to limitations associated with the optimization of plant-bacterial combinations. In grasses, endophytic diazotrophs have been used as inoculant, with controversial results. However, it is possible that epiphytic diazotrophic microorganisms may have adaptive advantages over endophytes, due to the lower specificity in their associations with plants, and be more efficient in non-leguminous plants. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of an inoculant produced with diazotrophic bacteria isolated from the phyllosphere on the growth of maize and tomato. Assays were carried out under greenhouse conditions using three isolates of diazotrophic bacteria encapsulated in alginate beads under different levels of nitrogen fertilization. The efficiency of the isolates in fixing nitrogen was evaluated determining nitrogenase activities. The populations of diazotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere were determined by the most probable number (MPN) technique at the end of the experiment. In addition, parameters such as shoot and root biomass were analyzed. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Duncan test (p<0.05), using the statistical program R. Maize plants at 60 days after inoculation with the J8L isolate presented root dry weight and nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere 26 and 50% higher than the uninoculated control, respectively. Tomato plants, 30 days after inoculation with the E5L isolate, presented shoot and root dry weight 39 and 31% higher than the uninoculated control, respectively. Part of the effects observed in maize and tomato can be explained by the nitrogen fixation activity and auxin production. Nitrogenase activity in the maize rhizosphere, 60 days after inoculation was higher in the soil without N supply. The population of diazothrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere of inoculated and non-inoculated maize and tomato plants were not significantly different, showing a probable influence of the native diazotrophic community on the total diazotrophic population. In general, isolates J8L and E5L promoted growth of maize and tomato, showing potential for use as biofertilizers.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T12:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Maria Andre Gomes.pdf: 1093534 bytes, checksum: b089cef12b68df384d0aec41d274408e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T12:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Maria Andre Gomes.pdf: 1093534 bytes, checksum: b089cef12b68df384d0aec41d274408e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-14 / Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world. In spite of the importance of this crop in Pernambuco Brazil, there are no studies on the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for production of organic transplants, as well as a diagrammatic scale for evaluating the severity of Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora longissima) in epidemiological surveys. Epiphytic and endophytic bacterial strains applied through simultaneous bacterization on seedlings and plants were tested in greenhouse using cv. Verônica. In field the strains C25 (Bacillus thuringiensis subvar. kenyae) and C116 (Bacillus pumilus) were tested separately and in mixture using cvs. Verdinha and Verônica. Seedlings treated with C116 showed significant increase in relation to controls for root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and total fresh weight as well as those treated with C25 for root fresh weight and total fresh weight. The strain C25 also significantly increased the level of foliar N. Aiming tostandardize methods to quantify the severity of Cercospora leaf spot of lettuce, a diagrammatic scale was developed with 1, 3, 6, 11, 20, 34, 51 and 68% diseased leaf areas. The diagrammatic scale was validated by 10 raters using 50 leaves with different levels of severity, previously measured by the software AutoCAD® R14 for Windows. There were performed two evaluations with a 7-day interval in which different sequences of the same leaves were visually estimated by the same raters. The accuracy and precision of each rater was determined through simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity. The scale proportioned good levels of accuracy and precision, and despite severity tended to be underestimated, the absolute errors were around 10%. Generally the raters showed good repeatability of estimative. Surveys ofCercospora leaf spot severity were performed in commercial plantations, including conventional and organic systems, in Mata and Agreste of Pernambuco, in two planting seasons. Disease prevalence in conventional systems ranged from 92 to 100% and in organic systems from 88 to 100%. In conventional plantings the severity significantly varied from 0.84 to 16.86 in January-April and 0.00 to 2.44 in June-September. In this system significant differences were observed among the counties Chã Grande (4.99) and Vitória de Santo Antão (9.14), only in January-April. Still in the conventional farming, there were no significant differences of disease severity among groups, cultivars of lettuce and number of fungicide applications within each season. In the organic system disease severity varied significantly from 0.07 to 22.53 in January-April and from 0.00 to 15.18 in June-September. In this system there were no significant differences fordisease severity averages in Bom Jardim, Chã Grande, Glória de Goitá and Gravatá, within each season. In January-April, but not in June-September, the average of Cercospora leaf spot severity significantly differed among groups and cultivars of lettuce. The group Lisa cv. Verdinha (0,68), showed significantly less severity than the groups Crespa cv. Verônica (10.61) and Americana cv. Lucy Brown (7.71). The Pearson test did not find significant correlations for severity between the studied seasons in both conventional and organic systems. The Kruskall-Wallis test did not detected significant differences for severity among the conventional and organic systems in each period. However there was significant difference for severity between the two seasons in each system. / A alface (Lactuca sativa L.) é uma das hortaliças mais consumidas no mundo. Apesar da importância desta cultura em Pernambuco, inexistem estudos sobre o uso de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas para a produção de mudas orgânicas bem como de uma escala diagramática para a avaliação da severidade da cercosporiose (Cercospora longissima) em levantamentos epidemiológicos. Isolados bacterianos epifíticos e endofíticos, aplicados por bacterização simultânea nas sementes e substrato, foram testados em estufa utilizando a cultivar Verônica. Em campo, foram testados os isolados C25 (Bacillus thuringiensis subvar. kenyae) e C116 (Bacillus pumilus), separadamente e em mistura, nas cultivares Verdinha e Verônica. As mudas apresentaram aumento significativo para matéria fresca da raiz, da parte aérea e totalutilizando o isolado C116 e para matéria fresca da raiz e total utilizando-se o C25. O isolado C25 elevou significativamente o teor foliar de N. Para padronizar métodos de quantificação da severidade da cercosporiose, foi desenvolvida uma escala diagramática com os níveis 1, 3, 6, 11, 20, 34, 51 e 68% de área foliar lesionada. A escala diagramática foi validada por 10 avaliadores que utilizaram 50 folhas com sintomas da doença em diferentes níveis de severidade, mensuradas pelo programa AutoCAD® R14 for Windows. Realizou-se duas avaliações com intervalo de sete dias, onde seqüências diferentes das mesmas folhas foram estimadas visualmente pelos mesmos avaliadores. A acurácia e a precisão de cada avaliador foram determinadas por regressão linear simples, entre a severidade real e a estimada. A escala proporcionou bons níveis de acurácia e precisão e, apesar de evidenciar tendência a subestimativa, os erros absolutosconcentraram-se na faixa de 10%. Em geral, os avaliadores demonstraram boarepetibilidade nas estimativas. Foram efetuados levantamentos da severidade da doença em áreas de cultivo convencional e orgânico da Zona da Mata e Agreste de Pernambuco, em dois períodos de plantio. Foi registrada prevalência da doença em cultivo convencional variando de 92 a 100% e em orgânico, de 88 a 100%. No cultivo convencional, a severidade variou significativamente entre 0,84 a 16,86 no período janeiro-abril e 0,00 a 2,44 no período junho-setembro. Nesse cultivo, foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os municípios Chã Grande (4,99) e Vitória de Santo Antão (9,14), apenas no período de janeiro-abril. Ainda no cultivo convencional, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas da severidade da cercosporiose entre grupos e cultivares de alface e, entre número de aplicações de fungicidas, dentro de cada período. No cultivo orgânico, verificou-se diferença significativa na severidade da doença em janeiro-abril variando de 0,07 a 22,53 e em junho-setembro variando de 0,00 a 15,18. Nesse cultivo não foram constadas diferenças significativas para médias de severidade nos plantios de Bom Jardim, Chã Grande, Glória de Goitá e Gravatá, dentro de cada período. No período janeiro-abril, mas não em junho-setembro, as médias de severidade da cercosporiose diferiram significativamente entre grupos e cultivares de alface. O grupo Lisa, cv. Verdinha (0,68), diferiu, significativamente dos grupos Crespa cv. Verônica (10,61) e Americana cv. Lucy Brown (7,71). Não foram constatadas correlações significativas para a severidade entre os períodos estudados, tanto no cultivo convencional quanto no orgânico. Pelo teste de Kruskall-Wallis, não houve diferença significativa para a severidade entre os cultivos convencional e orgânico, nos dois períodos. Por outro lado, houve diferença significativa para a severidade entre os dois períodos nos dois tipos de cultivo.

A Health Promoting School (HPS) approach is now widely accepted internationally, with a focus on children’s health, the school curriculum, and whole school environment. In Thailand, the health and well-being of children is a fundamental value. HPS programmes have been implemented in schools as a strategy to focus on young people’s health. A number of barriers to successful HPS have been identified. While there is international evidence to show the steps and the key factors in creating successful HPS, little is known about successful HPS in the Thai context, in particular, in Northeastern Thailand which has been classified the poorest region. Ethnographic methods were used to examine what understanding of the meaning of HPS is necessary for a successful school, and how all those involved acted from the adoption of the HPS programmes by the local school until it achieved HPS status. A rural school which was successful in a HPS programme was selected, in Mahasarakham province, Northeastern Thailand. The data were obtained through participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and ethnographic records, and data analysis took place simultaneously with data collection. In this study, Lofland’s strategy for the analysis of the structure of human interaction was used. A variety of techniques for improving and documenting the credibility of the study such as prolonged engagement, persistent observation, and triangulation were used. This research revealed that the informants’ views reflected diverse understandings of the meaning of HPS. Those views were based on their experiences of HPS which differed according to the degree of participation, different levels of knowledge about HPS, and in the roles they played in the implementation of HPS in the school. Thai culture and school ethos influenced the success of HPS. Community participation was also crucial in supporting the school’s achievement. Key factors that underpinned success are identified. Implications of the findings for the HPS programme, health professionals, the school and community are discussed.

Our thesis is that operating systems should manage the on-chip shared caches of multicore processors for the purposes of achieving performance gains. Consequently, this dissertation demonstrates how the operating system can profitably manage these shared caches. Two shared-cache management principles are investigated: (1) promoting shared use of the shared cache, demonstrated by an automated online thread clustering technique, and (2) providing cache space isolation, demonstrated by a software-based cache partitioning technique. In support of providing isolation, cache provisioning is also investigated, demonstrated by an automated online technique called RapidMRC. We show how these software-based techniques are feasible on existing multicore systems with the help of their hardware performance monitoring units and their associated hardware performance counters. On a 2-chip IBM POWER5 multicore system, promoting sharing reduced processor pipeline stalls caused by cross-chip cache accesses by up to 70%, resulting in performance improvements of up to 7%. On a larger 8-chip IBM POWER5+ multicore system, the potential for up to 14% performance improvement was measured. Providing isolation improved performance by up to 50%, using an exhaustive offline search method to determine optimal partition size. On the other hand, up to 27% performance improvement was extracted from the corresponding workload using an automated online approximation technique, made possible by RapidMRC.

Our thesis is that operating systems should manage the on-chip shared caches of multicore processors for the purposes of achieving performance gains. Consequently, this dissertation demonstrates how the operating system can profitably manage these shared caches. Two shared-cache management principles are investigated: (1) promoting shared use of the shared cache, demonstrated by an automated online thread clustering technique, and (2) providing cache space isolation, demonstrated by a software-based cache partitioning technique. In support of providing isolation, cache provisioning is also investigated, demonstrated by an automated online technique called RapidMRC. We show how these software-based techniques are feasible on existing multicore systems with the help of their hardware performance monitoring units and their associated hardware performance counters. On a 2-chip IBM POWER5 multicore system, promoting sharing reduced processor pipeline stalls caused by cross-chip cache accesses by up to 70%, resulting in performance improvements of up to 7%. On a larger 8-chip IBM POWER5+ multicore system, the potential for up to 14% performance improvement was measured. Providing isolation improved performance by up to 50%, using an exhaustive offline search method to determine optimal partition size. On the other hand, up to 27% performance improvement was extracted from the corresponding workload using an automated online approximation technique, made possible by RapidMRC.

Plants often live in association with growth-promoting bacteria, which provide them with several benefits. One such benefit is the lowering of plant ethylene levels through the action of the bacterial enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase that cleaves the immediate biosynthetic precursor of ethylene, ACC. The plant hormone ethylene is responsible for many aspects of plant growth and development but under stressful conditions ethylene exacerbates stress symptoms. The ACC deaminase-containing bacterium Pseudomonas putida UW4, isolated from the rhizosphere of reeds, is a potent plant growth-promoting strain and as such was used, along with an ACC deaminase minus mutant of this strain, to study the role of ACC deaminase in plant growth-promotion. Also, transgenic plants expressing a bacterial ACC deaminase gene were used to study the role of this enzyme in plant growth and stress tolerance in the presence and absence of nickel. Transcriptional changes occurring within plant tissues were investigated with the use of an Arabidopsis oligonucleotide microarray. The results showed that transcription of genes involved in hormone regulation, secondary metabolism and the stress response changed in all treatments. In particular, the presence of ACC deaminase caused genes for auxin response factors to be up-regulated in plant tissues suggesting a de-repression of auxin signaling in the absence of high levels of ethylene. Also, transgenic plants had longer roots and grew faster than the non-transformed plants and genes involved in the stress response and secondary metabolism were up-regulated. Plants inoculated with bacteria had lower levels of secondary metabolism gene expression and slightly higher stress response gene expression than uninoculated plants. Yet, inoculation with the ACC deaminase-expressing bacterium caused less up-regulation of plant genes involved in stress and defense responses and the down-regulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in comparison to plants inoculated with the ACC deaminase minus mutant. Nickel stress caused the down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation and the up-regulation of genes involved in stress responses, and amino acid and lipid breakdown suggesting energy starvation. When transgenic plants expressing ACC deaminase in the roots were exposed to nickel stress, plant stress symptoms were significantly lower and biomass was significantly higher suggesting that lowering the level of ethylene relieved many of the stress symptoms. In fact, genes involved in photosynthesis, secondary metabolism and nitrate assimilation were up-regulated in transgenic plants compared with non-transformed plants in the presence of nickel, suggesting that ACC deaminase is effective at reducing the severe effects of this metal stress.

Plants often live in association with growth-promoting bacteria, which provide them with several benefits. One such benefit is the lowering of plant ethylene levels through the action of the bacterial enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase that cleaves the immediate biosynthetic precursor of ethylene, ACC. The plant hormone ethylene is responsible for many aspects of plant growth and development but under stressful conditions ethylene exacerbates stress symptoms. The ACC deaminase-containing bacterium Pseudomonas putida UW4, isolated from the rhizosphere of reeds, is a potent plant growth-promoting strain and as such was used, along with an ACC deaminase minus mutant of this strain, to study the role of ACC deaminase in plant growth-promotion. Also, transgenic plants expressing a bacterial ACC deaminase gene were used to study the role of this enzyme in plant growth and stress tolerance in the presence and absence of nickel. Transcriptional changes occurring within plant tissues were investigated with the use of an Arabidopsis oligonucleotide microarray. The results showed that transcription of genes involved in hormone regulation, secondary metabolism and the stress response changed in all treatments. In particular, the presence of ACC deaminase caused genes for auxin response factors to be up-regulated in plant tissues suggesting a de-repression of auxin signaling in the absence of high levels of ethylene. Also, transgenic plants had longer roots and grew faster than the non-transformed plants and genes involved in the stress response and secondary metabolism were up-regulated. Plants inoculated with bacteria had lower levels of secondary metabolism gene expression and slightly higher stress response gene expression than uninoculated plants. Yet, inoculation with the ACC deaminase-expressing bacterium caused less up-regulation of plant genes involved in stress and defense responses and the down-regulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in comparison to plants inoculated with the ACC deaminase minus mutant. Nickel stress caused the down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation and the up-regulation of genes involved in stress responses, and amino acid and lipid breakdown suggesting energy starvation. When transgenic plants expressing ACC deaminase in the roots were exposed to nickel stress, plant stress symptoms were significantly lower and biomass was significantly higher suggesting that lowering the level of ethylene relieved many of the stress symptoms. In fact, genes involved in photosynthesis, secondary metabolism and nitrate assimilation were up-regulated in transgenic plants compared with non-transformed plants in the presence of nickel, suggesting that ACC deaminase is effective at reducing the severe effects of this metal stress.

Background: There are future challenges for public health and health care in meeting the needs of a growing and ageing population. Today there are evidence of how arts can contribute to health development and of the connections between arts, health, treating and rehabilitating measures. To be able to meet the future challenges there is a need for new methods, perspectives and views about how to stay healthy, enjoy our existence and for wellbeing. Health care has an important role in rehabilitation through the broad contact with the population. The background of the essay is the pilot project Arts on Prescription that was carried out in order to try a new way of rehabilitation with arts as a factor. The concepts, the results and the discussion from the project connect the pathogenic perspective with the salutogenic perspective. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examinate possibilities and obstacles to use arts as a part of a complementary method of rehabilitation in primary care. Method: The study is qualitative, and the empirical material is interviews with five individuals responsible for rehabilitation in primary care and a pilot interview. The method is based on a descriptive, ideation approach with a reflexive frame. Results: In the result appear a complex of possibilities and obstacles of using arts in primary care. Possibilities are formed by knowledge, understanding and scientific proof of arts intrinsic possibilities to promote health. Obstacles are formed by historical, economical, organizational and personal connections. Conclusion: The possibilities and obstacles of the study together constitute various dilemmas. The conclusion is that arts advantageously can be used in a number of ways in primary care (and other areas) to promote health, but with account taken to organizational, valuable and normative fields. / Bakgrund: Folkhälsoarbetet och hälso- och sjukvården står inför framtida utmaningar meatt kunna möta hälso- och vårdbehovet hos en både växande och åldrande befolkning. Definns idag forskning som visar att kultur kan bidra till hälsoutveckling och att det finns samband mellan kultur, hälsa och behandlande och rehabiliterande åtgärder. För att möta framtida utmaningarna krävs nya metoder, perspektiv och synsätt på hur vi ska hålla oss friska, trivas med tillvaron och uppleva välbefinnande. Primärvården har en viktig roll inorehabilitering genom sin breda kontakt med befolkningen. Bakgrund till uppsatsen är Kulpå Recept som genomfördes som pilotprojekt i ett försök att testa en annorlunda rehabilitemed kultur som påverkansfaktor.  Konceptet, resultaten och resonemangen kopplar ihop depatogena och de salutogena perspektiven. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka möjligheter och hinder att använda konst och kultur som komplementär rehabiliterande metod inom primärvården. Metod: Undersökningen är kvalitativ där det empiriska materialet utgörs av intervjuer mefem personer som är ansvariga för rehabilitering inom primärvården och en pilotintervju. Metoden utgörs av en deskriptiv, idéskapande ansats med en reflexiv ram. Resultat: I resultatet framträder ett komplex av möjligheter och hinder för att använda kooch kultur inom primärvården. Möjligheterna utgörs av kunskap, förståelse och vetenskapförankring i konst och kulturaktiviteters inneboende möjligheter att främja hälsa. Hinder utgörs av historiska, ekonomiska, organisatoriska och personliga sammanhang. Slutsats: De möjligheter och hinder studien påvisar utgör tillsammans olika dilemman. Slutsats är att konst och kultur med fördel kan användas på olika sätt inom primärvården andra områden) för att verka hälsofrämjande, men att det finns organisatoriska, värdemäsoch normativa områden som måste beaktas.