Introduktion: Forskning visar på att regelbunden fysisk aktivitet bland barn och unga har flera positiva effekter på hälsan, både fysiskt och psykiskt. Dock är det allt för få som når upp till rekommendationen om minst en timmes fysisk aktivitet per dag. Barn och unga tillbringar en betydande del av sin tid i skolan och skolan kan därmed vara en bra plats för att främja fysisk aktivitet.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa skolsköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta med att främja fysisk aktivitet hos elever.  Metod: Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturöversikt med en kvalitativ design. Som arbetsprocess användes Polit och Becks niostegsmodell.  Resultat: I studiens resultat framkom tre teman, använder olika metoder för att främja fysisk aktivitet, olika hinder i arbetet för att främja fysisk aktivitet och samarbete krävs för att främja fysisk aktivitet. Det framkom nio undertema. Slutsats: Skolsköterskor använde sig av olika metoder för att främja fysisk aktivitet såsom hälsosamtal, frågeformulär och aktiviteter efter skolan. Skolsköterskor kunde uppleva svårigheter och hinder såsom tidsbrist, avsaknad av kunskap och att deras arbete inte prioriterades av övrig skolpersonal. Resultatet visade också på att samarbete med övrig skolpersonal och föräldrar behövs. / Introduction: Research shows that regular physical activity among children and adolescents has several positive effects on health, both physical and mental. However, too few meet the recommendation of at least one hour of physical activity per day. Children and adolescents spend a significant part of their time in school and the school can therefore be a good place to promote physical activity.  Purpose: The purpose of the study was to highlight school nurses' experience of working to promote physical activity among students.  Method: The study was conducted as a systematic literature review with a qualitative design. Polit and Beck's nine-step model was used as a working process.  Results: In the results, three themes emerged, using different methods to promote physical activity, different difficulties in the work to promote physical activity and cooperation is required to promote physical activity. Nine sub-themes emerged.  Conclusion: School nurses used different methods to promote physical activity such as health conversations, questionnaires and after school activities. School nurses could experience difficulties and barriers such as lack of time, lack of knowledge and that their work was not prioritized by school staff. The results also showed that collaboration with school staff and parents was needed.

Introduktion: Forskning visar på att regelbunden fysisk aktivitet bland barn och unga har flera positiva effekter på hälsan, både fysiskt och psykiskt. Dock är det allt för få som når upp till rekommendationen om minst en timmes fysisk aktivitet per dag. Barn och unga tillbringar en betydande del av sin tid i skolan och skolan kan därmed vara en bra plats för att främja fysisk aktivitet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa skolsköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta med att främja fysisk aktivitet hos elever. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturöversikt med en kvalitativ design. Som arbetsprocess användes Polit och Becks niostegsmodell. Resultat: I studiens resultat framkom tre teman, använder olika metoder för att främja fysisk aktivitet, olika hinder i arbetet för att främja fysisk aktivitet och samarbete krävs för att främja fysisk aktivitet. Det framkom nio undertema. Slutsats: Skolsköterskor använde sig av olika metoder för att främja fysisk aktivitet såsom hälsosamtal, frågeformulär och aktiviteter efter skolan. Skolsköterskor kunde uppleva svårigheter och hinder såsom tidsbrist, avsaknad av kunskap och att deras arbete inte prioriterades av övrig skolpersonal. Resultatet visade också på att samarbete med övrig skolpersonal och föräldrar behövs. / Introduction: Research shows that regular physical activity among children and adolescents has several positive effects on health, both physical and mental. However, too few meet the recommendation of at least one hour of physical activity per day. Children and adolescents spend a significant part of their time in school and the school can therefore be a good place to promote physical activity. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to highlight school nurses' experience of working to promote physical activity among students. Method: The study was conducted as a systematic literature review with a qualitative design. Polit and Beck's nine-step model was used as a working process. Results: In the results, three themes emerged, using different methods to promote physical activity, different difficulties in the work to promote physical activity and cooperation is required to promote physical activity. Nine sub-themes emerged. Conclusion: School nurses used different methods to promote physical activity such as health conversations, questionnaires and after school activities. School nurses could experience difficulties and barriers such as lack of time, lack of knowledge and that their work was not prioritized by school staff. The results also showed that collaboration with school staff and parents was needed.

Bakgrund: Alla barn och ungdomar har rätt till en god sexuell hälsa och utveckling. Med pornografins ökade tillgänglighet finns risker för deras fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Genom en insyn och förståelse för elevernas livsvärld har skolsköterskan i sitt hälsofrämjande uppdrag stora möjligheter att påverka elevers kunskaper kring pornografi. I och med införandet av den nya läroplanen kan skolsköterskans insatser inom ämnet stärkas ytterligare.  Syfte: Att beskriva skolsköterskors uppfattningar om det hälsofrämjande arbetet kring elevers bruk av pornografi. Metod: En fenomenografisk metod med induktiv ansats valdes. Tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer med skolsköterskor genomfördes och analyserades enligt fenomenografi.  Resultat: Analysen mynnade ut i fem beskrivningskategorier som rangordnades i ett utfallsrum vilka beskriver skolsköterskornas uppfattningar: Organisatoriska möjligheter och hinder; Internt samarbete utifrån nya läroplanen; Externt samarbete utifrån nya läroplanen; Hälsobesökets möjligheter och hinder samt Pornografins ökade tillgänglighet och påverkan.  Konklusion: Pornografins ökade tillgänglighet påverkar eleverna på många plan, såsom språkbruk, sociala interaktioner och bilden av sex och relationer. Skolans övergripande hälsofrämjande insatser är inte anpassade efter den snabba utvecklingen. Hälsobesöket behöver dimensioneras utifrån nuvarande behov. Faktorer som påverkar arbetet är tid, kompetens och samarbete. Intresset finns hos elever att samtala om ämnet, men vuxna behöver verktyg för att kunna bemöta detta. / Background: Children have the right to a good sexual health. With the increased availability of pornography their physical and mental health are at risk. Through an understanding of the students' life-world the school nurse has opportunities to influence students' knowledge about pornography. The subject can be further strengthened through the new curriculum. Aim: To describe school nurses' perceptions of the health promoting work regardingstudents' use of pornography. Method: A phenomenographic method with an inductive approach. Twelve semi-structured interviews with school nurses were conducted and analyzed. Result: The analysis resulted in five description categories: Organizational opportunities and obstacles; Internal collaboration based on the new curriculum; External collaboration based on the new curriculum; The possibilities and obstacles of the health visit and The increased accessibility and impact of pornography. Conclusion: The increased availability of pornography affects students on many levels, such as language use, social interactions and the image of sex. The school's overall health promoting efforts are not adapted to the rapid development. The health visit needs to be dimensioned based on current needs. Factors that affect the work are time, competence and cooperation. Students show interest in the subject, but adults need tools to be able to respond to them.

Bakgrund: Sömn är ett grundbehov och människan sover en tredjedel av sitt liv. Det är under sömnen som den fysiska och psykiska återhämtningen sker. Dålig sömnkvalitet är ett vanligt förekommande problem hos patienter. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka effekt av omvårdande interventioner med ett fokus på att förbättra sömnkvalitet hos vuxna patienter inom heldygnsvård i sjukhusmiljö. Metod: Litteraturstudien består av 12 empiriska artiklar med kvantitativ metod. Artiklarna har granskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Databaserna som användes i sökningen av artiklarna var Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Visade att interventionerna öronproppar och ögonmask, musik, aromaterapi, progressiv muskelavslappning, stödjande undervisning, virtual reality teknik, akupressur, honungsmjölk, kognitiv beteendeterapi och andnings avslappningsövningar förbättrar sömnkvalité för patienter på sjukhus. Konklusion: Litteraturstudien visar att interventionerna har en positiv inverkan på sömnkvaliteten. Det finns ett behov av att utföra liknande studier inom svensk sjukvård då förutsättningar och vårdmiljö skiljer sig åt mellan olika länder. Studierna bör även utföras på olika typer av patientgrupper och att eventuella könsmässiga skillnader bör studeras vidare. / Background: Sleep is a fundamental need and a human sleeps a third of his life. It's during sleep that the physical and mental recovery takes place. Poor sleep quality is a common issue for inpatients. Aim: of the study was to investigate the effect of caring interventions with a focus on improving sleep quality for adult inpatients during hospitalization. Methods: The literature study consists of empirical articles with a quantitative method, The articles have been reviewed, analyzed and compiled. The databases used in the search for the articles were Cinahl and PubMed. Results: The results of the study indicate that the interventions of earplugs and eye mask, music, aromatherapy, progressive muscle relaxation, nurse led intervention, virtual reality technology, acupressure, milk-honey mixture, cognitive therapy combined with relaxing breathing improve sleep quality for inpatiens. Conclusion: The literature study shows that the interventions have a positive impact on sleep quality. There is a need to carry out similar studies in Swedish healthcare as conditions and care environments differ between different countries. The studies should also be performed on different types of patient groups and that any gender differences should be studied further.

Pender’s health promotion model guided this descriptive/correlational study exploring the relationship between religiosity and health-promoting behaviors of pregnant women at Pregnancy Resource Centers (PRCs). A consecutive sample included women who knew they were pregnant at least 2 months, could read/write English, and visited PRCs in eastern Pennsylvania. Participants completed self-report surveys that examined religiosity, demographics, pregnancy-related variables, services received at PRCs, and health-promoting behaviors. Women reported they “sometimes” or “often” engaged in health-promoting behaviors, Hispanic women reported fewer health-promoting behaviors than non-Hispanic women, and women who attended classes at the centers reported more frequent health-promoting behaviors than those who did not attend classes. In separate multiple linear regressions, organized, non-organized, and intrinsic religiosity and satisfaction with surrender to God explained additional variance in health-promoting behaviors above and beyond what Hispanic ethnicity and attending classes at the PRCs explained in pregnant women at PRCs.

Swedish school law stipulates that the work of student health teams in schools should be mainly health promoting. However, earlier scientific studies and reports from authorities show that most schools work aren’t. The aim of this study is to investigate how principals in five upper secondary schools organize and lead the health promoting work and what challenges they experience in their leadership with regards to health promoting work. The study is qualitative, based on a content analysis of semi-structured interviews with five upper secondary principals in Sweden. The results of the study show that even though the principals have access to interprofessional health teams and good organizational structures the student health work in four out of five schools mainly focus on remedial work and that more must be done in order develop their health promoting work. More focus must be appointed to developing teaching and teachers and student health team personnel must work closely together. In addition, principals must integrate their health promoting work in the systematic quality work of the school.

Läraryrket är en viktig komponent i ett fungerande samhälle, men det råder lärarbrist vilket ökar arbetsbördan för verksamma. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka gymnasielärares upplevda hälsa i arbetslivet ur ett salutogent perspektiv (dvs hälsofrämjande) genom att undersöka vilka generella och specifika motståndsresurser gymnasielärare upplever i sitt arbete. Följande frågeställningar undersöktes: vilka faktorer upplever gymnasielärare påverkar deras hälsa och välbefinnande positivt? och vilka faktorer anser gymnasielärare har hjälpt dem att hantera stressfulla situationer? Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys, som resulterade i fem friskfaktorer: (1) förmågan att avgränsa, (2) goda relationer till kollegor, elever och skolledning, (3)kompetensutveckling, (4) personlighetsfaktorer och (5) erfarenhet. De slutsatser som kan dras är att lärare i läraryrket behöver vissa generella och specifika motståndsresurser för att kunna hantera den stressfyllda miljön. Men för att bättre förbereda lärare i yrkeslivet kan simuleringsspel, att försöka återskapa verkligheten i en kontrollerad miljö, användas.

Active disease resistance in plants is induced during the pathogen infection process that triggers multiple defense-related genes to establish broad-spectrum resistance. Several biotic and abiotic agents can mimic natural induced resistance (IR), categorized as systemic acquired (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR). IR, triggered by acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), was evaluated on two-to-three types of tobacco in greenhouse and field studies. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) local lesion assays monitored induction and maintenance of ASM-induced SAR over a 21 day period via proportional reduction in the number of TMV local lesions between an untreated control and ASM-treated plants. Intraspecific variation in SAR was found among tobacco types; burley and flue-cured tobaccos responded by day 3, while oriental tobacco responded between day 3 and 6. The SAR signal was greatest between 6 and 15 days following ASM application, but IR was slightly evident even at 21 days after ASM application in all three tobacco types. Bottom and middle leaves responded similarly on all sample dates, but top leaves showed the weakest SAR response. Tobacco cyst nematode (TCN; Globodera tabacum solanacearum) is one of the most destructive pathogens of tobacco in Virginia. Among four PGPR combinations tested, a mixture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a (GB99) and B. subtilis A13 (GB122) most consistently suppressed TCN reproduction in flue-cured and oriental tobacco. Application of ASM similarly reduced final numbers of TCN cysts, but also resulted in chlorosis, stunting, and lower plant fresh weight. GB99+GB122 also suppressed TCN development and reproduction in susceptible and resistant flue-cured cultivars, but reductions by ASM were less consistent. In a split-root trial, soil amendment with GB99+GB122 in one half of an oriental tobacco root system lowered final numbers of TCN more than did ASM. ASM exhibited undesirable effects in phytotoxicity trials in flue-cured and oriental tobacco, but GB99+GB122 was not phytotoxic. When oriental tobacco seedlings were grown in a GB99+GB122-treated soil-less media, a single application of 200 mg ASM/L one week after transplanting significantly suppressed TCN reproduction in the field without phytotoxicity. Further field research is needed to confirm this effect in flue-cured tobacco. / Ph. D.

Climate change will most likely increase the frequency of weather extremes in the future. Events such as heat waves may occur more often and proceed for longer time. Heat can have a huge impact on people’s health and higher mortality rates during heat waves are seen all over the world. In Sweden the local municipality has the responsibility for both healthcare of elder and community functions like drinking water. This study aimed to investigate how local Swedish municipalities work proactive against heat waves and if that differs between various geographic parts of the country. A survey was sent out to all local municipalities and got a response rate of 43%, 129 answers of 290. The result showed that nearly 83% of the respondents worked proactive against heat waves in some sort. Actions that they reported was mainly about developing routines and buying air conditions. Focus was to locate these actions in facilities like eldercare and healthcare for vulnerable groups. The proactive work was evenly distributed over the country and no geographic variations could be detected. The most prominent way to prevent health issues during heat waves is to be prepared and work with action plans before the heat occurs. This study indicates that proactive work against heat waves is something that a majority of the local Swedish municipalities work with. That can be seen as positive indication of the preparedness for future heat waves.

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