Introdução: Os prejuízos causados, aos fumantes e não fumantes, pelo efeito dos componentes presentes no tabaco aparecem unânimes nos discursos de pesquisadores de todo o mundo. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) afirma que o tabagismo é a maior causa isolada evitável de doença e de morte. No cenário mundial, os Objetivos para o Desenvolvimento do Milênio propõem aos países a inclusão do controle do tabagismo como importante aspecto de desenvolvimento social. No Brasil o tabagismo é apontado como sendo o 2º fator mais importante de risco de óbito com 200 mil mortes anuais. Estudos científicos confirmam que 90% dos fumantes adquirem o vício na adolescência. Por ser a escola local de permanência constante do jovem nesta faixa etária, para ampliar o olhar sobre uma ação educativa pode estar o professor propiciando reflexões sobre o hábito de fumar em seu ambiente de trabalho. Objetivo: O presente trabalho pretende construir os Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo que expressam as representações sociais de professores, frente à implantação de programas de controle do tabagismo nas escolas. A partir destes discursos, busca propor ações que poderão servir de apoio à proposta educativa de controle do tabagismo desenvolvida no ambiente escolar. Metodologia: A metodologia empregada, com base qualiquantitativa, esteve apoiada na técnica de análise dos depoimentos e montagem dos Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo, proposta inicialmente por Lefèvre e colaboradores (2000). Resultados: Os depoimentos de 39 professores pertencentes a duas escolas públicas estaduais do município de São Paulo permitiram a compreensão das representações sociais desse público alvo pesquisado. As idéias centrais obtidas a partir da aplicação do questionário revelaram que, entre as funções delegadas aos professores pela sociedade e poder público, 90% dos profissionais desta pesquisa expressaram aceitação em trabalhar com o tema nas escolas. Para os professores, os projetos sobre tabagismo na escola requerem atitudes inovadoras, além de estarem apoiados em materiais e profissionais especializados. Conclusão: Para que este profissional encontre espaço para adotar esta prática é necessária a sensibilização do poder público oferecendo melhores condições de trabalho e remuneração aos docentes, de tal forma que permita sua participação em grupos de reflexão e implementação do controle do tabagismo no ambiente escolar. O fortalecimento da Educação, permitindo que o público freqüente nas escolas se conscientize dos prejuízos causados pelo cigarro, promoverá e implementará medidas destacadas no Artigo 12 da Convenção Quadro para o Controle do Tabagismo isto é, promover amplo acesso a programas eficazes e integrais de educação e conscientização do público sobre os riscos que acarretam à saúde, o consumo e a exposição do tabaco, incluídas suas propriedades aditivas / Introduction: The damage caused to both smoker and non-smoker by the effects of tobaccos compounds seems to be unanimous on the researchers speeches all over the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) claims tobacco is the most intense evitable cause of disease and death, therefore the health promotion can contribute as a new paradigm about health-disease issues in society. In World scenario, the Millennium Development Goals propose to the countries the inclusion of tobacco control as an important social development aspect. In Brazil tobacco is the second most important factor the risk of death totalizing 200 thousand deaths per year, just standing behind the hypertension. Scientific studies confirm that 90% of the smokers get addicted in adolescence. Due to the fact of school to be the most constant place where people this age spend time, professors have to promote reflections about the habit of smoking inside their work environment. The concerning on recognizing this professionals speeches as a way of reaching the tobacco theme in school offers an initial step for dealing with prevent programs implementation and getting school aware about the actions of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Objectives: The present proposal works with the Collective Subject Speeches which express the professors social representations, related to the tobacco control programs implementation in schools. Using these speeches as a beginning, this work proposes ideas to serve as a support on educative actions developed inside the school. Methodology: The quantitative and qualitative methodology was supported by statement analytical techniques and the use of Collective Subject Speeches, first established by Lefèvre et al. (2000).Results: The 39 São Paulo public high school professors statement allowed the common sense comprehension. The main ideas, obtained throughout the applications of the questionnaire revealed that among the professors functions, which are settled by society and public power, 90% of the professionals who have participated of this research accept to work with this theme inside the schools. Concerning professors, working with tobacco projects in schools requires innovative attitudes besides being supported by appropriated materials and professionals. Conclusion: In order to find a good way for adopting these techniques the professional has to be sensitive to the public power and offer them better conditions of work and salary, in a way to have free time to participate of support groups and implement the tobacco control inside the schools. The enhancement of educational, communicational and the inside school public awareness will promote and implement issues contained on the 12a Framework Convention for Tobacco Control Article, as it says, Promoting wide access to efficient programs and educational centers and public awareness about the problems related to the consumption and exposition to tobacco, including addictives properties

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the development of health literacy of pupils attending primary schools. In the theoretical part, it focuses on defining the concept of the health literacy, its importance for society, the importance of its development and the consequences of its lack. A literate person is characterized in here, the factors influencing health literacy and the assessment tools, how it could be measured. It also deals with health promotion and health education at primary schools, which are closely related to health literacy. It focuses on the influence on educational system on health literacy of pupils and on health promotion programs at school facilities. It deals with school age, its division, and the pupil's personality in common. At the end of the theoretical part, we discuss how the health literacy can influence nurses. The empirical part of the thesis is aimed at pupils of 7th and 9th grade of elementary schools, who have been inquired about their ability to look up and evaluate healthcare information. The aim has been to determine the level of health literacy of boys and girls and try to find out differences in their level of health literacy depending on the age and size of the city they are live in. A quantitative research survey has been selected to address this issue and identify the objectives set. The data was obtained using the abridged version of the standardized European Health Literacy Questionnaire HLS-EU-Q, namely the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire. The research was attended by 208 pupils from two primary schools in Prague and one from Karlovy Vary.

The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Grades 10 to 12 (Schools), implemented from 2006, led to changes in promotion requirements and assessment practices. The investigation aimed at acquiring information about the extent to which the differences in the promotion requirements and assessment practices contributed to the high retention rate of learners in the FET Band. An explanatory mixed method strategy was followed to obtain reliable and valid results in this research. Quantitative research consisted of questionnaires and a survey to investigate OBE, assessment practices, the Grade 12 examinations and the impact of changes in promotion requirements since 2006. Qualitative research consisted of an interview with an official from the National Department of Education that contributed to a better understanding of policy changes. Based on the findings of the research, recommendations were constructed to improve assessment practices and to provide scientific data on the consequences of policy changes on the promotion of learners. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

Thesis (MEd) -- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In December 1998 the Assessment Policy in the General Education and Training Band, grades R to 9 and ABET was introduced by the Department of Education. According tot the principles of Outcomes Based Education (OBE) the previous system of mainly test-based summative evaluations was replaced by a number of cumulative assessments. The principle of automatic promotion, which stipulates that a learner should ideally progress with his or her age cohort, is endorsed by this policy. Despite various other promotion and progression policies which have been implemented since then, this principle of automatic promotion still stands. In this study I explore some of the implications of the present promotion policy, the National Policy on Assessment and Qualifications for Schools in the GET Band for epistemological access to quality education. In my literature study I put the development of the promotion policy in historical perspective. Making use of the interpretive framework, I conduct a qualitative study and I interview three educators in an attempt to get an understanding of their experience of the implications of the policy. I also study the promotion schedules of one school in order to estimate the number of learners who have been automatically promoted and to investigate the degree in which they answer to the demands of the curriculum. I will argue that the National Policy on Assessment and Qualifications for Schools in the GET Band does not necessarily contribute to the vision of the Education Department of “equal access to lifelong education and training opportunities which will contribute towards improving the quality of life and build a peaceful, prosperous and democratic society” as stated in the South African Schools Act of 1996. The principles of equity, access and redress are not necessarily supported by the promotion policy. I reach the conclusion that, despite the advantages it holds for formal access to education, the National Policy on Assessment and Qualifications for Schools experiences some difficulty in delivering quality education in the GET phase. It is often contradictory to the strive for quality education due to the lack of epistemological access it provides, not only for learners who repeat or who were automatically promoted, but also for the more advanced learner. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Desember 1998 is die Assessment Policy in the General Education and Training Band, grades R to 9 and ABET, deur die Departement van Onderwys bekend gestel. In lyn met die beginsels van Uitkomsgebaseerde Onderwys (UGO) is „n stelsel van deurlopende assessering ingestel wat die plek moes inneem van hoofsaaklik summatiewe toetsgebaseerde assessering. Die beginsel van outomatiese bevordering waarvolgens leerders hoofsaaklik volgens hul ouderdomskohort moet vorder, is ook hierin vervat. Sedertdien is hierdie bevorderingsbeleid vervang deur verskeie ander, maar die beginsel van outomatiese bevordering tot en met graad 8 bly „n kernelement van al hierdie bevorderingsbeleide. In hierdie studie ondersoek ek enkele implikasies wat die huidige bevorderingsbeleid, die Nasionale Beleid op Assesserings en Kwalifikasies vir Skole in die Algemene Onderwys- en Opleidingsband (NBAK) inhou vir epistemologiese toegang tot kwaliteit onderrig. In my literatuurstudie plaas ek die ontwikkeling van die bevorderingsbeleid in historiese perspektief. Binne die interpretiewe raamwerk doen ek „n kwalitatiewe ondersoek en voer onderhoude met drie onderwysers om hul ervaring van die implikasies van die beleid te verstaan. Ek ondersoek ook die bevorderingskedules van een skool om sodoende „n idee van die omvang van leerders wat outomaties bevorder word, asook die mate waartoe hulle bybly by die eise van die kurrikulum, te bepaal. Ek argumenteer dat die NBAK nie noodwendig bydra tot die onderwysdepartement se visie van “equal access to lifelong education and training opportunities which will contribute towards improving the quality of life and build a peaceful, prosperous and democratic society” soos vervat in die Suid-Afrikaanse Skolewet van 1996 nie. Die beginsels van geregtigheid (equity), toegang (access) en herstel (redress) word nie noodwendig deur die NBAK ondersteun nie en ek kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, ten spyte van die voordele wat die NBAK vir formele toegang tot onderwys inhou, die NBAK probleme het met die lewering van kwaliteit onderrig in die AOO-band. Inteendeel, dit is dikwels teenstrydig met die strewe na die lewering van kwaliteit onderrig as gevolg van die gebrekkige epistemologiese toegang wat dit voorsien, nie net vir herhalers en vir leerders wat outomaties bevorder is nie, maar ook vir die skrander leerders.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Grades 10 to 12 (Schools), implemented from 2006, led to changes in promotion requirements and assessment practices. The investigation aimed at acquiring information about the extent to which the differences in the promotion requirements and assessment practices contributed to the high retention rate of learners in the FET Band. An explanatory mixed method strategy was followed to obtain reliable and valid results in this research. Quantitative research consisted of questionnaires and a survey to investigate OBE, assessment practices, the Grade 12 examinations and the impact of changes in promotion requirements since 2006. Qualitative research consisted of an interview with an official from the National Department of Education that contributed to a better understanding of policy changes. Based on the findings of the research, recommendations were constructed to improve assessment practices and to provide scientific data on the consequences of policy changes on the promotion of learners. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Management)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om die ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke oorsake van leermislukking met spesifieke verwysing na skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied te bepaal en om aanbevelings te doen hoe om leermislukking teen te werk. Leermislukking en druiping is onrusbarend hoog in skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied. Nadat die Ministerie van Onderwys die semi-outomatiese promoveringstelsel ingestel het, het druiping afgeneem maar leermislukking het toegeneem omdat leerders gepromoveer word sander dat hulle sukses in die vorige graad behaal het. Volgens die literatuurstudie lê die oorsake van leermislukking by die ouerhuis, die skool, die omgewing en in die leerder self. Die empiriese ondersoek toon ooreenkomste met die literatuurstudie wat betref die oorsake van leermislukking. Om die oorsake teen te werk • moet onderwysers beter opgelei word • moet die ouers meer bewus gemaak word van hulle rot in die leersukses van hulle kinders. • is meer skoolgeboue en onderwysers nodig om kleiner klasse te bewerkstellig. / The purpose of this research is to establish the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of learning failure with specific reference to schools in the Windhoek municipal area and to make recommendations to counteract learning failure. Learning failure and grade failing are disconcertingly high in schools in the Windhoek municipal area. After the Ministry of Education implemented the semi-automatic promotion system, grade failing decreased, but learning failure increased because learners are promoted without achieving success in a prior grade. According to the literature study, the causes of learning failure are to be found in the home, the school, the environment, and the learner. Similarities regarding the causes of learning failure were found in the empirical investigation and the literature study. To counteract these causes • teachers should be better trained • parents should become more aware of their role in the learning success of their children • more school buildings and teachers are needed to limit class sizes. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Spesiale Behoeftes Onderwys)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om die ekstrinsieke en intrinsieke oorsake van leermislukking met spesifieke verwysing na skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied te bepaal en om aanbevelings te doen hoe om leermislukking teen te werk. Leermislukking en druiping is onrusbarend hoog in skole in die Windhoek stadsgebied. Nadat die Ministerie van Onderwys die semi-outomatiese promoveringstelsel ingestel het, het druiping afgeneem maar leermislukking het toegeneem omdat leerders gepromoveer word sander dat hulle sukses in die vorige graad behaal het. Volgens die literatuurstudie lê die oorsake van leermislukking by die ouerhuis, die skool, die omgewing en in die leerder self. Die empiriese ondersoek toon ooreenkomste met die literatuurstudie wat betref die oorsake van leermislukking. Om die oorsake teen te werk • moet onderwysers beter opgelei word • moet die ouers meer bewus gemaak word van hulle rot in die leersukses van hulle kinders. • is meer skoolgeboue en onderwysers nodig om kleiner klasse te bewerkstellig. / The purpose of this research is to establish the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of learning failure with specific reference to schools in the Windhoek municipal area and to make recommendations to counteract learning failure. Learning failure and grade failing are disconcertingly high in schools in the Windhoek municipal area. After the Ministry of Education implemented the semi-automatic promotion system, grade failing decreased, but learning failure increased because learners are promoted without achieving success in a prior grade. According to the literature study, the causes of learning failure are to be found in the home, the school, the environment, and the learner. Similarities regarding the causes of learning failure were found in the empirical investigation and the literature study. To counteract these causes • teachers should be better trained • parents should become more aware of their role in the learning success of their children • more school buildings and teachers are needed to limit class sizes. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Spesiale Behoeftes Onderwys)