Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Evidence indicates that most South African households do not dispose of unused medicines in the manner prescribed by the medicine’s regulatory authority. This trend is not unique to South Africa, but several developing nations have also lagged. An in-depth understanding of practices of disposal of unused as well as expired medicines is cardinal and critical to the development of an effective programme to reverse the situation. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the disposal practices of household unused and expired medicines, and the role of pharmacists in creating an efficient and robust system for proper disposal of unused medicine from households in the southern suburbs area of Cape Town.

This thesis presents a new method to estimate the Apparent Proper Motion (APM) vector and its uncertainty for supernova light echoes (LEs) and tests its usefulness in practice on LEs due to two old Galactic supernovae (SNe) - Cas A and Tycho. Ten instances of two-dimensional cross-correlation (2-D CC) of images containing light echoes at diferent epochs are employed to examine how well this new method works in practice. The images selected for this work originate from KPNO 4m Mosaic 1.1 images and were originally processed by the Pan-STARRS pipeline. All the APM estimates reported in this thesis are within 1sigma of estimates based on supernova distance and age provided reasonable inclinations are assumed. It was found that several factors tend to reduce the expected precision of this method and these include: 1) the existence of more than one LE feature for each epoch, 2) longer intervals between the two epochs lead to a bias, and 3) the existence of dust filaments at more than one depth along the line of sight. The results of three LE fields which were in common with the previous studies by Rest et al. in 2008 and 2011, were compared and a good agreement was found between them in difference-images with the same time interval. Since pixel values have a significant role in the introduced method, a control region is considered to eliminate the defect of the irrelevant residuals to the LE features. Hence, the introduced method was not straightforward. In addition, this method was not thoroughly manual independent, as the benefits of the visual measurement from the previous method reported by Rest et al. (2008) and (2011) were adopted for this method. However, compared to the previous manual technique, there were much less manual measurements were taken for the whole LE features in one frame. Considering all the challenges, the CC method is favourable as the APM vector uncertainty can be determined, which has not been achievable with previous method before. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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This comparative study analyzes the translation of proper names found in the Lithuanian and Polish versions of Jerome K. Jerome’s Three Men on the Bummel. The analysis is preceded by the discussion of the status of proper names in the English language and their function in the text, later, the various basis for their classification are presented. Further, the treatment of the foreign proper names in the Polish and the Lithuanian language is taken into consideration as the grammatical rules often influence the choices of translators. As various scholars label the similar translation procedures differently, a review of solutions in translating proper names is carried out. In result, for the sake of clarity, the translation strategies proposed by Eirlys E. Davies (preservation, localization, addition, globalization, transformation, omission and creation) (2003) serve as the basis for this comparative analysis. As this thesis aims to reveal the tendencies in translating proper names in the Lithuanian and Polish languages, the Lithuanian translation of Jerome K. Jerome’s Three Men on the Bummel, done by Jonas Čeponis and titled Trise dviračiais (2005) is compared to the Polish ones produced by Jolanta Plakwicz as Trzej panowie na rowerach (1992) and Piotr J. Szwajcer as Trzech panów w Niemczech (tym razem bez psa) (2007). In result, the analysis and statistical representation of strategies applied to the translation of personal, object and geographical names reveal the existing... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti tikrinių daiktavardžių iš Jerome K. Jerome romano „Three Men on the Bummel“ vertimų būdus, kuriuos pasirinko lietuvių ir lenkų vertėjai. Darbe apžvelgiama tikrinių daiktavardžių vieta anglų kalbos gramatikoje, jų funkcijos tekste bei aptariama įvairi jų klasifikacija. Atsižvelgiama į kitų kalbų tikrinių daiktavardžių pateikimo taisykles lietuvių ir lenkų kalbose, kurios gali įtakoja vertėjų pasirinkimą. Kadangi mokslininkai skirtingai įvardija panašias vertimo procedūras, šios analizės pagrindą sudaro Eirlys E. Davis (2003) pasiūlytos strategijos, kuriomis remiantis tikrinių daiktavardžių vertimas Jonas Čeponio „Trise dviračiais“ (2005) lyginamas su Jolanta Plakwicz vertimu „Trzej panowie na rowerach“ (1992) ir Piotr J. Szwajcer „Trzech panów w Niemczech (tym razem bez psa)“ (2007). Atliktos analizės ir statistinių duomenų pagrindu teigiama, jog tiek lietuvių, tiek lenkų kalboje įžvelgiamos tam tikros vertimo tendencijos. Lietuvių vertėjas dažniau tikrinius daiktavardžius pateikia pagal lietuvių kalbos fonetikos ir morfologijos taisykles, todėl lietuvių skaitytojams jų tartis problemų nesukelia. Lenkų skaitytojams dažniau pateikiami tikriniai daiktavardžiai originalia (kitos kalbos) rašyba, kurie tik priderinti prie lenkų kalboje galiojančių linksniavimo dėsnių. Pastebima, jog lietuvių vertėjas dažnai papildomą informaciją pateikia išnašose. Praleistų, sukurtų, globalizuotų ar pakeistų tikrinių daiktavardžių skaičius minėtuose vertimuose yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The identification of flow characteristics and the reduction of high-dimensional simulation data have capitalized on an orthogonal basis achieved by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), also known as principal component analysis (PCA) or the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). In the realm of aerospace engineering, an orthogonal basis is versatile for diverse applications, especially associated with reduced-order modeling (ROM) as follows: a low-dimensional turbulence model, an unsteady aerodynamic model for aeroelasticity and flow control, and a steady aerodynamic model for airfoil shape design. Provided that a given data set lacks parts of its data, POD is required to adopt a least-squares formulation, leading to gappy POD, using a gappy norm that is a variant of an L2 norm dealing with only known data. Although gappy POD is originally devised to restore marred images, its application has spread to aerospace engineering for the following reason: various engineering problems can be reformulated in forms of missing data estimation to exploit gappy POD. Similar to POD, gappy POD has a broad range of applications such as optimal flow sensor placement, experimental and numerical flow data assimilation, and impaired particle image velocimetry (PIV) data restoration. Apart from POD and gappy POD, both of which are deterministic formulations, probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA), a probabilistic generalization of PCA, has been used in the pattern recognition field for speech recognition and in the oceanography area for empirical orthogonal functions in the presence of missing data. In formulation, PPCA presumes a linear latent variable model relating an observed variable with a latent variable that is inferred only from an observed variable through a linear mapping called factor-loading. To evaluate the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of PPCA parameters such as a factor-loading, PPCA can invoke an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, yielding an EM algorithm for PPCA (EM-PCA). By virtue of the EM algorithm, the EM-PCA is capable of not only extracting a basis but also restoring missing data through iterations whether the given data are intact or not. Therefore, the EM-PCA can potentially substitute for both POD and gappy POD inasmuch as its accuracy and efficiency are comparable to those of POD and gappy POD. In order to examine the benefits of the EM-PCA for aerospace engineering applications, this thesis attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively scrutinize the EM-PCA alongside both POD and gappy POD using high-dimensional simulation data. In pursuing qualitative investigations, the theoretical relationship between POD and PPCA is transparent such that the factor-loading MLE of PPCA, evaluated by the EM-PCA, pertains to an orthogonal basis obtained by POD. By contrast, the analytical connection between gappy POD and the EM-PCA is nebulous because they distinctively approximate missing data due to their antithetical formulation perspectives: gappy POD solves a least-squares problem whereas the EM-PCA relies on the expectation of the observation probability model. To juxtapose both gappy POD and the EM-PCA, this research proposes a unifying least-squares perspective that embraces the two disparate algorithms within a generalized least-squares framework. As a result, the unifying perspective reveals that both methods address similar least-squares problems; however, their formulations contain dissimilar bases and norms. Furthermore, this research delves into the ramifications of the different bases and norms that will eventually characterize the traits of both methods. To this end, two hybrid algorithms of gappy POD and the EM-PCA are devised and compared to the original algorithms for a qualitative illustration of the different basis and norm effects. After all, a norm reflecting a curve-fitting method is found to more significantly affect estimation error reduction than a basis for two example test data sets: one is absent of data only at a single snapshot and the other misses data across all the snapshots. From a numerical performance aspect, the EM-PCA is computationally less efficient than POD for intact data since it suffers from slow convergence inherited from the EM algorithm. For incomplete data, this thesis quantitatively found that the number of data-missing snapshots predetermines whether the EM-PCA or gappy POD outperforms the other because of the computational cost of a coefficient evaluation, resulting from a norm selection. For instance, gappy POD demands laborious computational effort in proportion to the number of data-missing snapshots as a consequence of the gappy norm. In contrast, the computational cost of the EM-PCA is invariant to the number of data-missing snapshots thanks to the L2 norm. In general, the higher the number of data-missing snapshots, the wider the gap between the computational cost of gappy POD and the EM-PCA. Based on the numerical experiments reported in this thesis, the following criterion is recommended regarding the selection between gappy POD and the EM-PCA for computational efficiency: gappy POD for an incomplete data set containing a few data-missing snapshots and the EM-PCA for an incomplete data set involving multiple data-missing snapshots. Last, the EM-PCA is applied to two aerospace applications in comparison to gappy POD as a proof of concept: one with an emphasis on basis extraction and the other with a focus on missing data reconstruction for a given incomplete data set with scattered missing data. The first application exploits the EM-PCA to efficiently construct reduced-order models of engine deck responses obtained by the numerical propulsion system simulation (NPSS), some of whose results are absent due to failed analyses caused by numerical instability. Model-prediction tests validate that engine performance metrics estimated by the reduced-order NPSS model exhibit considerably good agreement with those directly obtained by NPSS. Similarly, the second application illustrates that the EM-PCA is significantly more cost effective than gappy POD at repairing spurious PIV measurements obtained from acoustically-excited, bluff-body jet flow experiments. The EM-PCA reduces computational cost on factors 8 ~ 19 compared to gappy POD while generating the same restoration results as those evaluated by gappy POD. All in all, through comprehensive theoretical and numerical investigation, this research establishes that the EM-PCA is an efficient alternative to gappy POD for an incomplete data set containing missing data over an entire data set.

nÃo hà / Com repercussÃo inegÃvel, os livros de Harry Potter foram publicados entre os anos de 1997 e 2007, somando sete tÃtulos. Embora um dos maiores fenÃmenos literÃrios do inÃcio do sÃculo XXI, a sÃrie nÃo tem sido amplamente contemplada pela comunidade acadÃmica por se tratar de um best-seller direcionado ao pÃblico infanto-juvenil. Mesmo assim, poucas questÃes acadÃmicas vÃo surgindo timidamente, como os problemas tradutÃrios, uma vez que a obra conta com um lÃxico diferenciado, uma histÃria complexa e possui uma extensÃo nada comum aos livros do gÃnero. Os estudos de nomes prÃprios, conhecido como OnomÃstica, configuram um grupo especÃfico, pois em muitos deles a autora utiliza-se de jogos de palavras e significados implÃcitos que podem vir a passar despercebidos dependendo do procedimento tradutÃrio. Por conta de todo o sucesso e nÃmeros expressivos, a obra representa um epicentro em um emaranhado de traduÃÃes. Entre tantas versÃes, o primeiro tÃtulo, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), foi traduzido para o grego antigo em 2004 pelo professor britÃnico de estudos clÃssicos Andrew Wilson. O objetivo do presente trabalho à comparar e analisar a traduÃÃo dos nomes prÃprios da referida traduÃÃo a partir da montagem de uma lista com os nomes prÃprios em inglÃs e em grego antigo, dividindo-os em categorias, observando o procedimento tradutÃrio, os caminhos escolhidos pelo tradutor. Sendo assim, caracteriza-se em uma pesquisa descritiva, baseada no mÃtodo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985). A hipÃtese inicial à que muitos desses nomes, principalmente os criados pela autora, foram apenas transliterados, por conta da facilitaÃÃo em apenas transpor do alfabeto latino para o grego. Para a montagem da lista, a obra em inglÃs, considerada neste trabalho como texto fonte, foi lida destacando todos os nomes por ordem dos capÃtulos. Ao final da primeira etapa, o mesmo processo foi feito com a ediÃÃo em grego antigo. Com a lista finalizada, foram escolhidas categorias dos nomes, como personagens, lugares, objetos, entre outros. A segunda etapa do trabalho consistiu em compilar os procedimentos tradutÃrios. Com tudo considerado, a anÃlise pÃde ser iniciada, mostrando resultados como quais procedimentos tinham sido mais utilizados pelo tradutor. Conclui-se, entÃo, que o tradutor tomou caminhos que aproximavam o texto do leitor, como a aproximaÃÃo acÃstica, refutando a hipÃtese inicial do uso da transliteraÃÃo. Desta forma, ele mostrou demasiada criatividade nas suas escolhas, tornando o texto fluido. / Com repercussÃo inegÃvel, os livros de Harry Potter foram publicados entre os anos de 1997 e 2007, somando sete tÃtulos. Embora um dos maiores fenÃmenos literÃrios do inÃcio do sÃculo XXI, a sÃrie nÃo tem sido amplamente contemplada pela comunidade acadÃmica por se tratar de um best-seller direcionado ao pÃblico infanto-juvenil. Mesmo assim, poucas questÃes acadÃmicas vÃo surgindo timidamente, como os problemas tradutÃrios, uma vez que a obra conta com um lÃxico diferenciado, uma histÃria complexa e possui uma extensÃo nada comum aos livros do gÃnero. Os estudos de nomes prÃprios, conhecido como OnomÃstica, configuram um grupo especÃfico, pois em muitos deles a autora utiliza-se de jogos de palavras e significados implÃcitos que podem vir a passar despercebidos dependendo do procedimento tradutÃrio. Por conta de todo o sucesso e nÃmeros expressivos, a obra representa um epicentro em um emaranhado de traduÃÃes. Entre tantas versÃes, o primeiro tÃtulo, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), foi traduzido para o grego antigo em 2004 pelo professor britÃnico de estudos clÃssicos Andrew Wilson. O objetivo do presente trabalho à comparar e analisar a traduÃÃo dos nomes prÃprios da referida traduÃÃo a partir da montagem de uma lista com os nomes prÃprios em inglÃs e em grego antigo, dividindo-os em categorias, observando o procedimento tradutÃrio, os caminhos escolhidos pelo tradutor. Sendo assim, caracteriza-se em uma pesquisa descritiva, baseada no mÃtodo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985). A hipÃtese inicial à que muitos desses nomes, principalmente os criados pela autora, foram apenas transliterados, por conta da facilitaÃÃo em apenas transpor do alfabeto latino para o grego. Para a montagem da lista, a obra em inglÃs, considerada neste trabalho como texto fonte, foi lida destacando todos os nomes por ordem dos capÃtulos. Ao final da primeira etapa, o mesmo processo foi feito com a ediÃÃo em grego antigo. Com a lista finalizada, foram escolhidas categorias dos nomes, como personagens, lugares, objetos, entre outros. A segunda etapa do trabalho consistiu em compilar os procedimentos tradutÃrios. Com tudo considerado, a anÃlise pÃde ser iniciada, mostrando resultados como quais procedimentos tinham sido mais utilizados pelo tradutor. Conclui-se, entÃo, que o tradutor tomou caminhos que aproximavam o texto do leitor, como a aproximaÃÃo acÃstica, refutando a hipÃtese inicial do uso da transliteraÃÃo. Desta forma, ele mostrou demasiada criatividade nas suas escolhas, tornando o texto fluido. / With undeniable repercussion, the Harry Potter books were published between the years of 1997 and 2007, totaling seven titles. Although one of the largest literary phenomenon in the beginning of the XXI century, the series tend not to be given proper look by the academic community because it is a best-seller classified as childrenâs literature. Even though, few academic questions rise timidly, such as translation issues, since the books have different lexicon, complex plot, and not common extension for this genre. The study of proper names, known as Onomastics, are part of a specific group, once many of them are puns or have implicit meaning which may go underway depending on the translation procedure. Due to success and expressive numbers, the books are the epicentre in a web of translations. Among so many versions, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), was translated into Ancient Greek in 2004 by British Classical Studies Professor Andrew Wilson. Therefore, the goal in this present study is to compare and analyze the translation of proper names on the mentioned translation through the creation of a list of proper names in English and Ancient Greek, splitting them into categories, observing the translation procedures, the paths chosen by the translator. This way, it is characterized as a descriptive study, based upon Lambertâs and Van Gorpâs method (1985). Initial hypothesis is that these names, especially the ones created by the author, were just transliterated, because it seems easier just to go from the Latin alphabet to the Greek one. To set the list, the book in English, seen here as source text, was read highlighting all proper names by chapter order. By the end of the first stage, the same process was made with the Ancient Greek edition. With the list set, categories of names had to be chosen, such as characters, places, objects, among others. The second stage consisted on setting the translational procedures. With all considered, analysis could be initiated, showing results like which procedures had been used most by the translator. It is concluded then that the translator chose paths like approximating the text to the reader, such as using acoustic approximation, disproving initial hypothesis about the use of transliteration. This way, he showed undue creativity by his choices by making a flowing text. / With undeniable repercussion, the Harry Potter books were published between the years of 1997 and 2007, totaling seven titles. Although one of the largest literary phenomenon in the beginning of the XXI century, the series tend not to be given proper look by the academic community because it is a best-seller classified as childrenâs literature. Even though, few academic questions rise timidly, such as translation issues, since the books have different lexicon, complex plot, and not common extension for this genre. The study of proper names, known as Onomastics, are part of a specific group, once many of them are puns or have implicit meaning which may go underway depending on the translation procedure. Due to success and expressive numbers, the books are the epicentre in a web of translations. Among so many versions, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), was translated into Ancient Greek in 2004 by British Classical Studies Professor Andrew Wilson. Therefore, the goal in this present study is to compare and analyze the translation of proper names on the mentioned translation through the creation of a list of proper names in English and Ancient Greek, splitting them into categories, observing the translation procedures, the paths chosen by the translator. This way, it is characterized as a descriptive study, based upon Lambertâs and Van Gorpâs method (1985). Initial hypothesis is that these names, especially the ones created by the author, were just transliterated, because it seems easier just to go from the Latin alphabet to the Greek one. To set the list, the book in English, seen here as source text, was read highlighting all proper names by chapter order. By the end of the first stage, the same process was made with the Ancient Greek edition. With the list set, categories of names had to be chosen, such as characters, places, objects, among others. The second stage consisted on setting the translational procedures. With all considered, analysis could be initiated, showing results like which procedures had been used most by the translator. It is concluded then that the translator chose paths like approximating the text to the reader, such as using acoustic approximation, disproving initial hypothesis about the use of transliteration. This way, he showed undue creativity by his choices by making a flowing text.

The orientation completion problem for a hereditary class C of oriented graphs asks whether a given partially oriented graph can be completed to a graph belonging to C. This problem was introduced recently and is a generalization of several existing problems, including the recognition problem for certain classes of graphs and the representation extension problem for proper interval graphs. A local tournament is an oriented graph in which the in-neighbourhood as well as the out-neighbourhood of each vertex induces a tournament. Local tournaments are a well-studied class of oriented graphs that generalize tournaments and their underlying graphs are intimately related to proper circular-arc graphs. Proper interval graphs are precisely those which can be oriented as acyclic local tournaments. The orientation completion problems for the class of local tournaments and the class of acyclic local tournaments have been shown to be polynomial-time solvable. In this thesis, we characterize the partially oriented graphs that can be completed to local tournaments by finding a complete list of obstructions. These are in a sense the minimal partially oriented graphs that cannot be completed to local tournaments. We also determine the minimal partially oriented graphs that cannot be completed to acyclic local tournaments. / Graduate

De nombreux problèmes de mécanique des structures nécessitent la résolution de plusieurs problèmes numériques semblables. Une approche itérative de type réduction de modèle, la Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD), permet de déterminer l’ensemble des solutions en une fois, par l’introduction de paramètres supplémentaires. Cependant, un frein majeur à son utilisation dans le monde industriel est l’absence d’estimateur d’erreur robuste permettant de mesurer la qualité des solutions obtenues. L’approche retenue s’appuie sur le concept d’erreur en relation de comportement. Cette méthode consiste à construire des champs admissibles, assurant ainsi l’aspect conservatif et garanti de l’estimation de l’erreur en réutilisant le maximum d’outils employés dans le cadre éléments finis. La possibilité de quantifier l’importance des différentes sources d’erreur (réduction et discrétisation) permet de plus de piloter les principales stratégies de résolution PGD. Deux stratégies ont été proposées dans ces travaux. La première s’est principalement limitée à post-traiter une solution PGD pour construire une estimation de l’erreur commise, de façon non intrusive pour les codes PGD existants. La seconde consiste en une nouvelle stratégie PGD fournissant une approximation améliorée couplée à une estimation de l’erreur commise. Les diverses études comparatives sont menées dans le cadre des problèmes linéaires thermiques et en élasticité. Ces travaux ont également permis d’optimiser les méthodes de construction de champs admissibles en substituant la résolution de nombreux problèmes semblables par une solution PGD, exploitée comme un abaque. / Many structural mechanics problems require the resolution of several similar numerical problems. An iterative model reduction approach, the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD), enables the control of the main solutions at once, by the introduction of additional parameters. However, a major drawback to its use in the industrial world is the absence of a robust error estimator to measure the quality of the solutions obtained.The approach used is based on the concept of constitutive relation error. This method consists in constructing admissible fields, thus ensuring the conservative and guaranteed aspect of the estimation of the error by reusing the maximum number of tools used in the finite elements framework. The ability to quantify the importance of the different sources of error (reduction and discretization) allows to control the main strategies of PGD resolution.Two strategies have been proposed in this work. The first was limited to post-processing a PGD solution to construct an estimate of the error committed, in a non-intrusively way for existing PGD codes. The second consists of a new PGD strategy providing an improved approximation associated with an estimate of the error committed. The various comparative studies are carried out in the context of linear thermal and elasticity problems.This work also allowed us to optimize the admissible fields construction methods by substituting the resolution of many similar problems by a PGD solution, exploited as a virtual chart.