No description available.

Les suies et les hydrocarbures polyaromatiques, qui sont émis à l’échappement des moteurs Diesel, constituent une part importante de la pollution urbaine. Depuis plusieurs années, de nombreuses recherches ont permis de progresser dans le domaine de la cinétique de la combustion des hydrocarbures qui est maintenant relativement bien connue. Il reste néanmoins des zones d’ombre concernant la formation des composés aromatiques (benzène, toluène,…) et des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dont la formation provient d’espèces composées de deux à six atomes de carbone et qui mènent directement ou indirectement à la formation des suies.L’allène, le propyne, le butadiène et le cyclopentène sont des produits intermédiaires importants de la combustion dans les moteurs. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse a permis de mieux comprendre les voies réactionnelles importantes dans la formation du benzène et du toluène. Le chapitre I de ce mémoire présente une revue bibliographique des travaux antérieurs sur l’oxydation du méthane, de l’allène, de propyne, de 1,3-butadiène et du cyclopentène. Le chapitre II présente une description détaillée du montage expérimental utilisé durant cette étude afin d’étudier la structure de la flamme laminaire de prémélange. Les chapitres III, IV et V présentent les résultats expérimentaux obtenus en flamme laminaire de prémélange, ainsi qu’une comparaison avec des simulations effectuées à l’aide de mécanismes réactionnels élaborés durant ce travail de thèse / Soots and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are present in the exhaust gas of diesel engines, represent a large part of the urban pollution. Many efforts have then been focused on reducing the emissions of these compounds. The formation of soot precursors and PAH in combustion involves small unsaturadted hydrocarbons the chemistry of which is still very uncertain. Allene, propyne, 1,3-butadiene and cyclopentene are intermediate products in the combustion in cars engines. This work has led to a better understanding of several important paths in the formation of benzene and toluene. The chapter I of this report presents a bibliographic review of former work on the oxidation of methane, allene, propyne, 1,3-butadiene and cyclopentene. Chapter II gives a detailed description of the experimental set up used during this work to study the structure of the premixed flat laminar flames. Chapters III, IV and V present our experimental results obtained in laminar premixed flat flames and also the comparison with simulations

The energy states of C₃ᵥ symmetric top polyatomic molecules were studied. Both classical and quantum mechanical methods have been used to introduce the energy states of polyatomic molecules. Also, it is shown that the vibration-rotation spectra of polyatomic molecules in the ground and excited vibrational states can be predicted by group theory. A comprehensive model for predicting rotational frequency components in various v₁₀ vibrational levels of propyne was developed by using perturbation theory and those results were compared with other formulas for C₃ᵥ symmetric top molecules. The v₁₀=1,2,3 and ground rotational spectra of propyne in the frequency range 17-70 GHz have been reassigned by using the derived comprehensive model. The v₁₀=3 and v₁₀=4 rotational spectra of propyne have been investigated in the 70 GHz, and 17 to 52 GHz regions, respectively, and these spectral components assigned using the comprehensive model. Molecular constants for these vibrationally excited states have been determined from more than 100 observed rotational transitions. From these experimentally observed components and a model based upon first principles for C₃ᵥ symmetry molecules, rotational constants have been expressed in a form which enables one to predict rotational components for vibrational levels for propyne up to v₁₀=5. This comprehensive model also appears to be useful in predicting rotational components in more highly excited vibrational levels but data were not available for comparison with the theory. Several techniques of assignment of rotational spectra for each excited vibrational state are discussed. To get good agreement between theory and experiment, an additional term 0.762(J+1) needed to be added to Kℓ=1 states in v₁₀=3. No satisfactory theoretical explanation of this term has been found. Experimentally measured frequencies for rotational components for J→(J+1)=+1 (0≤J≤3) in each vibration v₁₀=n (0≤n≤4) are presented and compared with those calculated using the results of basic perturbation theory. The v₉=2 rotational spectrum of the propyne molecule was introduced in Appendix A to compare the rotational spectra of the same molecule in different vibrational levels v₉ and v₁₀.

The problem of a vibrating-rotating polyatomic molecule is treated, with emphasis given to the case of molecules with C_3v symmetry. It is shown that several of the gross features of the rotational spectra of polyatomic molecules in excited vibrational states can be predicted by group theoretical considerations. Expressions for the rotational transition frequencies of molecules of C_3v symmetry in the ground vibrational state, singly excited degenerate vibrational states, and doubly excited degenerate vibrational states are given. The derivation of these expressions by fourth order perturbation theory as given by Amat, Nielsen, and Tarrago is discussed. The ground and V_10=1 rotational spectra of propyne have been investigated in the 17 to 70 GHz, and 17 to 53 GHz regions, respectively, and compared with predictions based on higher frequency measurements. The V_9=1 and V_10=2 rotational spectra of propyne have been investigated and assigned for the first time. A perturbation of the V_9=1 rotational spectra for K=-l has been discovered and discussed.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de fluorures à base d’alcalins, d’alcalinoterreuxet de terres rares et sur la réactivité de ces composés vis-à-vis de ReF6 pour lapurification de UF6. L’étude traite dans un premier temps de la synthèse de fluorures tels queKMgF3, MgF2 et CaF2 en couplant une voie solvothermale assistée par micro-ondes et uneétape de fluoration à partir de fluor élémentaire (F2). Les techniques de caractérisationutilisées mettent notamment en avant le caractère basique au sens de Lewis de ces composéset la possibilité de contrôler leur surface spécifique et leur taux d’oxygène, à l’origine dessites basiques, via la température de fluoration (F2) en phase gaz. Dans un second temps, lasolution solide Ce1-xZrxF4 à base de Ce4+ et Zr4+ a été obtenue par fluoration directe d’oxydesmixtes à partir de fluor élémentaire dilué. L’étude par DRX et RMN du 19F montre laprésence d’une solution solide pour des compositions voisines de x=0,5. Enfin, la réactivité deReF6 et UF6 sur KMgF3, MgF2 et CaF2 montre que KMgF3 est un très bon candidat pour lapurification de UF6 vis-à-vis de ReF6, qui dépend à la fois de paramètres intrinsèques auxfluorures divisés (surface spécifique, taux d’oxygène, basicité, cations mis en jeu…) maisaussi du procédé de purification (température, temps de contact). / This work deals with the synthesis and characterization of alkali, alkali-earth and rare earthbased fluorides and the reactivity of the latter with ReF6 for UF6 purification. In a first part,we focused our attention on the synthesis of KMgF3, MgF2 and CaF2 high surface area metalfluorides coupling both microwave assisted solvothermal process and a fluorination step withelemental fluorine (F2). The higher the surface area, the higher the oxygen rate. Thesenanofluorides exhibit Lewis basic character. In a second part, several compositions of theCe1-xZrxF4 solid solution were synthesized by direct fluorination of mixed oxides usingelemental fluorine (F2). XRD an 19F NMR characterizations show the occurence of a newsolid solution for compositions close to x=0.5. Finally, the reactivity between ReF6/UF6 andKMgF3, MgF2 and CaF2 leads to conclude that KMgF3 is the best candidate for thepurification of UF6. This study indicates that the purification depends on several parameters :intrinsic parameters of the divided fluorides (surface area, oxygen rate, basicity, cations…)and parameters directly related to the process (temperature, contact time).