Yes / During the first trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), that of Jean-Paul Akayesu, it became evident that many Tutsi and moderate Hutu women had been raped, that “rape was the rule and its absence was the exception”.1 Although, initially, not a single charge of sexual violence was proffered against Akayesu, presiding judge Navanethem Pillay interrupted the proceedings, allowing ICTR prosecutors to amend the indictment and include counts of rape and sexual violence. Akayesu subsequently became the first case to recognise the concept of genocidal rape. However, post-Akayesu, comparatively few defendants appearing before the ICTR have been convicted of sexual violence. An analysis of the recent case of Ndindiliyimana et al2 reveals that major shortcomings beset the investigation and prosecution procedures, so that crimes of sexual violence go unpunished, although research suggests that adequate legislation is in place at the ICTR to prosecute rape and sexual violence successfully.

The purpose of the research was to establish action steps than can assist the criminal investigator in the processing of information into evidence for prosecution purposes, by focusing on the basic principles of criminal investigation from where information sources could be utilised to their full potential in the search for the truth. The researcher evaluated the current methods that investigators within the SAPS use and read extensively on the topic in international literature sources. The research used an empirical research design because of the limited information available, and a qualitative research approach which enabled real-life observations. Simple random sampling was used to interview 30 experienced investigators each with more than five years experience and purposive sampling was used to identify five expert respondents who had more than 30 years' investigation experience. Data was obtained from their real-life experiences and data was further collected through case studies of case dockets. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic investigation)

SUMMARY Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. As between nations, extradition is regulated by treaties. As between states or other political subdivisions on a domestic level, extradition is more accurately known as rendition. The master thesis is a research of the concept of extradition in historical perspective, trying to overlook deeper the basics of this legal norm. The research of the concept of extradition in historical perspective, trying to overlook deeper the basics of this legal norm. The research is made by comparing the institute of extradition and institute of fugitives in the context of international law, other legal acts. Fundamental legal acts of extradition are thoroughly discussed in the master thesis. The author presents the analysis of conventions, bilateral, agreements, national laws of extradition, principle of reciprocity and moral human rights. The author presents opinions of various contemporary Lithuanian scientists such as V. Vadapalas, A. Nevera, A. Čepas, J. Žilinskas, G. Goda, M. Kazlauskas, P. Kuconis, G. Švedas, L. Visockienė. Also were used fundamental works about extradition by M. Akehurst, S. Bedi, G. Gilbert, H. Lauterpacht, I. A. Shearer, A. Boicov, R. Valejev, J. Vasiljev, B. Velčev, L. Galenskaja etc. International agreements, national criminal laws and laws of criminal procedure are also analyzed in the study... [to full text]

The purpose of the research was to establish action steps than can assist the criminal investigator in the processing of information into evidence for prosecution purposes, by focusing on the basic principles of criminal investigation from where information sources could be utilised to their full potential in the search for the truth. The researcher evaluated the current methods that investigators within the SAPS use and read extensively on the topic in international literature sources. The research used an empirical research design because of the limited information available, and a qualitative research approach which enabled real-life observations. Simple random sampling was used to interview 30 experienced investigators each with more than five years experience and purposive sampling was used to identify five expert respondents who had more than 30 years' investigation experience. Data was obtained from their real-life experiences and data was further collected through case studies of case dockets. / Criminology and Security Science / M.Tech. (Forensic investigation)

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the existing procedures that investigators in South Africa follow in utilising the information contained in the victim statement in the investigation of rape, with the intention of determining the strengths and weaknesses of the procedures and of considering how these procedures can be improved. The researcher explored how investigators internationally use information contained in the victim statement in the successful investigation of rape and read extensively on the topic in international literature sources. The researcher also evaluated the current methods that investigators within the South African Police Service (SAPS) use. The researcher made use of an empirical research design because of the limited information available on the topic of the research, and a qualitative research approach, which enabled real-life observations. Simple random sampling was used to select 20 uniform members as well as 20 investigators of rape incidents for interviewing. Purposive sampling was used to select two public prosecutors attached to the Sexual Offences Court. Data were obtained from their real-life experiences through interviewing them and data were further collected through case studies of case dockets. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Este trabalho versa sobre a atividade de controle exercida pelo Ministério Público sobre a Administração Pública no âmbito extrajudicial. A vinculação do Poder Público ao próprio direito é o pressuposto básico da função de controle, a qual teve seu nascedouro exatamente na implantação do princípio da legalidade. O estudo aborda também o dinamismo do direito e das concepções jurídico-filosóficas, mencionando as modificações ocorridas no paradigma da legalidade nas últimas décadas, especialmente pelas tendências de constitucionalização do direito e de valorização do intérprete. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre o Ministério Público Brasileiro, com análise de suas finalidades constitucionais, de sua legitimidade democrática e processual e da disciplina básica de sua atuação. Menciona-se cada um dos instrumentos de atuação extrajudicial, tratando-se de sua caracterização infraconstitucional. Passa-se, então, à reflexão e identificação de um regramento próprio da atuação extrajudicial do Ministério Público, em especial no que se refere ao âmbito do controle que o órgão exerce sobre a Administração Pública. Sob esse enfoque, discutem-se questões atinentes ao regime jurídico de tal atividade, tais como a proatividade do membro do Ministério Público, a flexibilidade das medidas e soluções propostas pela instituição, a incidência dos postulados gerais do direito na atividade extrajudicial do Ministério Público. Avalia-se também a questão relativa aos efeitos jurídicos da atuação extrajudicial do Ministério Público no exercício de controle sobre a Administração Pública, cuidando-se de temas como a consensualidade necessária à vinculação da Administração Pública às propostas do Parquet e a revisibilidade judicial das interpretações e soluções propostas. Trata-se, ainda, de aspectos intimamente relacionados ao tema central do trabalho, tais como a responsabilidade política que recai sobre o Ministério Público, em face de seu status constitucional, a necessidade de se garantir adequadas estruturação dos órgãos e formação dos membros do Ministério Público, com vistas à sua mínima preparação para o enfrentamento de temas multidisciplinares. O trabalho busca estabelecer o básico regramento da atividade extrajudicial do Parquet, em especial no seu relacionamento com a função de controle da Administração Pública que a instituição exerce por força das disposições constitucionais pertinentes. / This work is about the control activity carried out by the Public Prosecution of the Public Administration in the extrajudicial context. According to the text, what links the Government to the right itself is the basic assumption of the control function, which just had its origin in the implementation of the principle of legality. The study also addresses the dynamics of law and legal-philosophical concepts, mentioning the changes in the paradigm of legality in recent decades, especially by trends in the constitutionalization of rights and enhancing the interpreter. Then it discusses the Public Prosecution, with analysis of its constitutional purposes, its democratic and legal standing and the basic discipline of its performance. It mentions each of the instruments of extrajudicial action, in the case of its infraconstitutional characterization. Then goes on to the reflection and identification of its own rules of the extrajudicial actions of Public Prosecution, in particular as regards the scope of the control that the body carries on the Public Administration. Under this approach, we discuss matters pertaining to the legal system of such activity, such as proactive member of the Public Prosecution, the flexibility of the measures and proposed solutions by the institution, the effect that the law general postulates on extrajudicial activity of the Public Prosecution. It also discusses the matter as to the legal effects of court actions of the Public Prosecution in the exercise of control over the Public Administration, with consideration given to issues such as consensual required for binding the Public Administration to the Parquet proposals and judicial revisibility of the interpretations and proposed solutions. It also discusses about aspects that are closely related to the main topic of this work, such as the political responsibility that lies with the Public Prosecution, in view of its constitutional status, the need to ensure adequate structuring of organs and training of prosecutors, with a view to its minimal preparation for dealing with multidisciplinary issues. This work seeks to establish the basic rules of the extrajudicial Parquet activity, especially in its relationship with the controlling function of the Public Administration that the institution carries under the relevant constitutional provisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Daumas Santos.pdf: 922634 bytes, checksum: b46ac016b3f7e6966dadec4130c2f994 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-13 / The present work approaches the legal requirements for the decree or maintenance of any action for a provisional arrest, as well as the pertinent constitutional principles. Chapter 1 discourses on the constitutional principles applicable to the provisional arrests, which are studied in chapter 2. Chapter 3 considers the arrest of the caught in flagrante delicto. Temporary arrests are discussed in chapter 4 and arrests through pronunciation and appealable punishment sentence, in chapter 5. The preventive custody is examined in chapter 6 and chapter 7 focuses on the relative subject to the free on parole. Chapter 8 discourses upon the provisional arrest within the criminal and special prosecution criminal laws, and chapter 9 acknowledges the project for the reform os the criminal prosecution code, in what it regards to the writs of prevention. In chapter 10 the conclusions on the studied subject are composed / Na presente dissertação tratamos dos requisitos legais para a decretação ou manutenção de qualquer prisão cautelar, bem como dos princípios constitucionais pertinentes. No capítulo 1 discorremos sobre os princípios constitucionais aplicáveis às prisões cautelares, as quais são estudadas no capítulo 2. O capítulo 3 trata da prisão em flagrante. A prisão temporária vem tratada no capítulo 4 e as prisões por pronúncia e por sentença condenatória recorrível, no capítulo 5. A prisão preventiva vem estudada no capítulo 6 e a liberdade provisória no capítulo 7. O capítulo 8 trata da prisão cautelar nas leis penais e processuais penais especiais e o capítulo 9 contém considerações sobre o projeto de reforma do código de processo penal, pertinente às medidas cautelares. No capítulo 10 foram articuladas as nossas conclusões sobre o tema estudado

La mise en œuvre de la prescription de l’action publique n’est pas, en principe, subordonnée à la connaissance de l’infraction par les personnes pouvant déclencher les poursuites pénales. Le législateur retient en effet comme point de départ du délai de prescription le jour de la commission des faits et non celui de leur découverte. Cette règle connaît toutefois une exception lorsque l’infraction est dite clandestine. Parce que le ministère public et la victime n’ont pas pu avoir connaissance de l’existence de cette infraction, la prescription ne court pas tant que les faits ne sont pas apparus et n’ont pu être constatés dans des conditions permettant l’exercice de l’action publique. L’exception de clandestinité empêche donc le temps de produire son effet destructeur sur l’action publique. Sa mise en œuvre évite ainsi que certaines infractions restent impunies par le seul jeu de l’écoulement du délai. S’il ne fait aucun doute que la clandestinité d’une infraction constitue un obstacle à la prescription de l’action publique, la notion même de clandestinité reste à circonscrire. Elle recouvre en effet, en droit positif, de multiples réalités qui rendent impossible sa systématisation. Aux termes de la recherche, il apparaît que le critère déterminant de la clandestinité consiste dans l’ignorance légitime de l’existence de l’infraction par les personnes habilitées à mettre en mouvement l’action publique. En application de l’adage contra non valentem agere non currit praescriptio, cette ignorance caractérisée devrait autoriser le report du point de départ de la prescription de l’action publique de toute infraction au jour où les faits peuvent être constatés par le ministère public ou par la personne lésée. / In criminal matters, the setting of the time limit for prosecution is theoretically not subject to the knowledge of the offense by the people who can trigger criminal proceedings. Indeed, according to the law, the starting point of the said time limit period is the day the offense was committed, and not the day it was discovered. However, an exception to this rule exists when the offense is said to be clandestine. When both the prosecutor and the victim could not have know of the existence of this offense, the time-limit period does not run until the facts appear and can be noticed in the same conditions. An exception of clandestinity prevents time to produce its destructive effect on the prosecution. It avoids certain offenses to remain unpunished by the single flow of time. Undoubtedly, clandestinity is an obstacle to the prosecution of an offense. Yet, the notion itself remains to be circumscribed. In substantive law, clandestinity refers to a wide variety of realities ; its systematization is thus impossible. In a prospective approach, a criterion is to be found in the justifiable ignorance of the offense by those who can initiate a criminal action. Under the adage “contra non valentem agere non currit praescriptio”, this specific ignorance allows postponement of the starting point of the time limit for prosecution of any offence on the day on which the facts have been noticed by the prosecutor or the victim.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-24T12:52:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Felipe Tegon Cerqueira Leite.pdf: 1258202 bytes, checksum: 5c0c5f262e6ce9954b0e97845e7f466d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T12:52:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Felipe Tegon Cerqueira Leite.pdf: 1258202 bytes, checksum: 5c0c5f262e6ce9954b0e97845e7f466d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / The present study will analyze, under a human rights approach, the effectiveness of the right to housing and the role of the Public Prosecution Service. We will begin by presenting the Brazilian land tenure history and the characteristics of its urbanization, therefore we will be able to analyze the juridical framework of property, addressing the social function of ownership and possession. Next, we will turn to the analysis of the right to housing, which, in the case of social right, presents challenges regarding applicability, practical limitations, coexistence with other rights that need to be effective in the context of scarce resources and retraction state-owned. Then, we will present the content of the right to housing according to the formulation developed in the international scope and under the national legal order. Finally, we will make considerations about the Public Prosecution's means to implement the right to housing / O presente trabalho analisará, sob um enfoque de direitos humanos, a efetividade do direito à moradia e o papel do Ministério Público para tanto. Iniciaremos apresentando o histórico fundiário e as características da urbanização no Brasil, para, então, ingressarmos na conformação jurídica da propriedade, abordando a função social da propriedade e da posse. Posteriormente, passaremos à análise do direito à moradia, que, em se tratando de direito social, traz desafios quanto à aplicabilidade, limitações práticas, convivência com outros direitos que precisam ser efetivados diante de um contexto de escassez de recursos e de retração da atuação estatal. Após, apresentaremos o conteúdo do direito à moradia de acordo com a formulação desenvolvida no âmbito internacional e do que dispõe o ordenamento jurídico nacional. Finalmente, faremos considerações sobre a forma de atuação do Ministério Público para a efetividade do direito à moradia

<p>Sexual violence leaves the victims psychologically traumatised and stigmatised in the eyes of its community. Used on a large scale, sexual violence can destabilise a society as a whole and when used during armed conflicts, it serves as a powerful weapon against members of a community. During armed conflicts, sexual violence is widespread and systematically used as a tool of war and this makes sexual violence amount to crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. This research paper critically analyses and evaluates sexual violence as an international crime, as well as its prosecution under international criminal law mainly by the International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (hereafter ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (hereafter ICTR). It discusses the problem of selectivity that can be observed in prosecuting sexual violence that has in fact, left many victims of sexual violence dissatisfied. By doing so, it analyses the law as it is to determine whether the law applied during sexual violence prosecutions is sufficient. The paper also states recommendations that can contribute to the effective prosecution of sexual crimes under international criminal law.</p>