O meio ambiente cultural, composto de natureza e cultura, é parte integrante do direito ambiental, e sua proteção caracteriza-se como direito constitucional fundamental de todo cidadão, vez que visa a manter viva a história e identidade de um povo, evitando dissipar a geração antecedente daquelas que ainda estão por vir. A preservação do patrimônio ambiental cultural pode ser considerada como o direito à preservação do meio ambiente cultural, que é meio para a garantia da sadia qualidade de vida humana. Os valores que retratam a proteção do patrimônio ambiental cultural estão presentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, com previsão constitucional, infraconstitucional e legislações esparsas, com caráter nacional e internacional, voltadas à proteção desse patrimônio de forma abrangente. A tutela do patrimônio ambiental cultural, que porta referência à ação, à memória e à identidade do povo brasileiro, encontra guarida nos principais instrumentos jurídicos de tutela administrativa e judicial dos bens culturais, bem como naqueles de ordem local, regulamentados no Estatuto da Cidade e executados pelo Plano Diretor Municipal, os quais buscam tutelar e fiscalizar a proteção que faz jus o patrimônio cultural, mantendo preservado o meio ambiente cultural, histórico e paisagístico de uma comunidade, resguardando suas memórias históricas, suas origens, seus costumes e, em especial, sua identidade. A preservação do meio ambiente histórico e cultural de uma localidade, cidade ou região, deve ser incentivada na atual sociedade, pela própria comunidade local, que deverá reconhecer o valor intrínseco de cada bem que pretende ver preservado, bem como mediante políticas públicas que visem não deixar cair no esquecimento a história do povo que a colonizou, evitando dissipar a memória da geração antecedente. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T17:50:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Queli Mewius Boch.pdf: 6466022 bytes, checksum: 77d9a0c2fa0ea41c446923b46ef339b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T17:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Queli Mewius Boch.pdf: 6466022 bytes, checksum: 77d9a0c2fa0ea41c446923b46ef339b9 (MD5) / The cultural environment, consisting of nature and culture, is an integral part of environmental law and its protection is characterized as a fundamental constitutional right of every citizen, as it seeks to keep alive the history and identity of a people, preventing the absorption of previous generation from those who are yet to come. The preservation of cultural heritage environment can be considered as the right to preservation of cultural environment, which is the way to guarantee healthy quality of life. The values that reflect the cultural heritage protection environment are present in Brazilian law, with constitutional and infra-constitutional provision and sparse legislation, with national and international character, that aim to protect this heritage in a comprehensive manner. The preservation of the cultural heritage environment, which carries a reference to action, memory and identity of the Brazilian people, find shelter in the main legal instruments for administrative and judicial protection of cultural property, as well as those of local order, regulated by the Statute of the City and performed by the Municipal Master Plan, which seek to protect and enforce the protection that lives up the cultural heritage preserved by keeping the cultural environment, history and landscape of a community, protecting its historic memories, their origins, their habits and, in particular, their identity. The preservation of historic and cultural environment of a city, town or region should be encouraged in today´s society, by the local community itself, which should recognize the intrinsic value of each item you want to see preserved as well as through public policies that do not allow the history of the colonized people to be forgotten, avoiding dispel the memory of the previous generation.

O meio ambiente cultural, composto de natureza e cultura, é parte integrante do direito ambiental, e sua proteção caracteriza-se como direito constitucional fundamental de todo cidadão, vez que visa a manter viva a história e identidade de um povo, evitando dissipar a geração antecedente daquelas que ainda estão por vir. A preservação do patrimônio ambiental cultural pode ser considerada como o direito à preservação do meio ambiente cultural, que é meio para a garantia da sadia qualidade de vida humana. Os valores que retratam a proteção do patrimônio ambiental cultural estão presentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, com previsão constitucional, infraconstitucional e legislações esparsas, com caráter nacional e internacional, voltadas à proteção desse patrimônio de forma abrangente. A tutela do patrimônio ambiental cultural, que porta referência à ação, à memória e à identidade do povo brasileiro, encontra guarida nos principais instrumentos jurídicos de tutela administrativa e judicial dos bens culturais, bem como naqueles de ordem local, regulamentados no Estatuto da Cidade e executados pelo Plano Diretor Municipal, os quais buscam tutelar e fiscalizar a proteção que faz jus o patrimônio cultural, mantendo preservado o meio ambiente cultural, histórico e paisagístico de uma comunidade, resguardando suas memórias históricas, suas origens, seus costumes e, em especial, sua identidade. A preservação do meio ambiente histórico e cultural de uma localidade, cidade ou região, deve ser incentivada na atual sociedade, pela própria comunidade local, que deverá reconhecer o valor intrínseco de cada bem que pretende ver preservado, bem como mediante políticas públicas que visem não deixar cair no esquecimento a história do povo que a colonizou, evitando dissipar a memória da geração antecedente. / The cultural environment, consisting of nature and culture, is an integral part of environmental law and its protection is characterized as a fundamental constitutional right of every citizen, as it seeks to keep alive the history and identity of a people, preventing the absorption of previous generation from those who are yet to come. The preservation of cultural heritage environment can be considered as the right to preservation of cultural environment, which is the way to guarantee healthy quality of life. The values that reflect the cultural heritage protection environment are present in Brazilian law, with constitutional and infra-constitutional provision and sparse legislation, with national and international character, that aim to protect this heritage in a comprehensive manner. The preservation of the cultural heritage environment, which carries a reference to action, memory and identity of the Brazilian people, find shelter in the main legal instruments for administrative and judicial protection of cultural property, as well as those of local order, regulated by the Statute of the City and performed by the Municipal Master Plan, which seek to protect and enforce the protection that lives up the cultural heritage preserved by keeping the cultural environment, history and landscape of a community, protecting its historic memories, their origins, their habits and, in particular, their identity. The preservation of historic and cultural environment of a city, town or region should be encouraged in today´s society, by the local community itself, which should recognize the intrinsic value of each item you want to see preserved as well as through public policies that do not allow the history of the colonized people to be forgotten, avoiding dispel the memory of the previous generation.

Le bruit dû aux infrastructures de transports terrestres fait partie des premières préoccupations environnementales de ce début de 21e siècle. Un moyen utilisé pour réduire ce bruit est de placer des protections acoustiques le long des grands axes routiers et ferroviaires. Actuellement, les choix de ces protections antibruit se portent généralement sur des solutions traditionnelles : écran droit, merlon, écran incliné, écran avec un couronnement. Le but de ce travail est de proposer des protections acoustiques innovantes utilisant des moyens naturels et d’en étudier la performance acoustique en utilisant des approches numériques et expérimentales. L’approche numérique peut être couplée en outre à un outil d’optimisation, développé dans cette thèse, pour chercher des formes améliorées de tels dispositifs antibruit novateurs. Après une présentation des principaux phénomènes mis en jeu dans la propagation des ondes acoustiques en milieu extérieur complexe, un état de l’art des principaux écrans acoustiques dédiés aux transports terrestres a été établi, permettant de choisir trois protections antibruit innovantes pour en étudier la performance acoustique. Une analyse des principales méthodes de simulation numérique, de mesure et d’optimisation des protections antibruit a permis de choisir les méthodes adaptées à notre problématique des écrans acoustiques utilisant des moyens naturels. Les méthodes choisies ont été utilisées dans ce travail pour évaluer la performance acoustique de ces écrans innovants. Pour le premier écran choisi, dit écran en gabions, nous avons effectué des mesures in-situ et sur modèles réduits, ainsi que des simulations numériques montrant une efficacité satisfaisante. Pour le deuxième écran, utilisant des cristaux soniques, et pour le troisième écran, de type merlon acoustique de forme complexe, nous avons réalisé une étude numérique paramétrique suivie d’une étude d’optimisation. Les résultats des calculs ont montré l’intérêt de tels dispositifs antibruit pour réduire le bruit de circulation routière et ferroviaire en milieu urbain et ils ont abouti à des formes améliorées des protections acoustiques utilisant des moyens naturels. / Noise due to ground transportation infrastructures is among the first environmental concerns of this beginning of 21th century. Building noise protections along motorways and railways is usually the chosen solution to reduce this noise. Currently, noise abatement systems used are mainly conventional ones: straight barriers, earth berms, tilted barriers, capped barriers. The purpose of this work is to propose innovative noise barriers using natural means and to study their acoustic performance by using numerical and experimental approaches. The numerical approach can also be coupled with an optimization tool, developed in this thesis, to obtain improved shapes of such devices using natural means. First, the main phenomena that appear during acoustic wave propagation in a complex outdoor medium are described. Then, a state of the art of the main noise barriers dedicated to ground transportation noise is achieved. It drives the choice of three innovative noise barriers using natural means. An analysis of the main numerical, experimental and optimization methods is carried out which allows to choose the methods adapted to our problem of noise barriers using natural means. The chosen methods are used in this work to assess the acoustic performance of the three innovative noise barriers. For the first chosen noise barrier called “gabions barrier”, we perform in-situ and scale model measurements and numerical simulations. The results show a satisfactory efficiency of such noise devices. For the second and the third chosen noise barriers called respectively “sonic crystal assisted barrier” and “complex shaped earth berm”, we perform a parametric numerical and an optimization studies. The results show the capacity of such noise devices to reduce motorways and railways noises in urban areas and they lead to improved shapes of innovative noise barriers using natural means.

Examensarbete utfördes hos konsultföretaget WSP Group- Stockholm med syftet att identifiera och hitta förläggningsmetoder som underlättar förläggning av kablar idag och i framtiden. Examensarbetet fokuserar bara på regionnät och lokalnät i storstäder men med inslag av stamnät. Detta examensarbete bygger på informationssamling från standarder EBR KJ41:15 kabelförläggning max 145 kV, SS-EN 424 14 37 och Stockholm stad tekniska handbok. Som komplettering till standarderna användes handböcker från olika företag samt gamla examensarbeten. Svar på frågeställningar är baserad på intervjuer med olika aktörer inom branschen så som nätägare, konsuler, och entreprenörer. Genom intervjuerna kom man fram till att rör används i första hand inte för att skydda kablar utan för att kunna passera genom en väg, rör leder till att värmeavledningsförmågan försämras vilket innebär att temperaturen på kabeln stiger och i värsta fall förkortar livslängden på kabeln. Att gå upp i ledararea för kablar är inte möjligt eftersom det är trångt i marken och det krävs mycket plats. Bentonitfyllning är ingen bra metod eftersom det inte finns data på vad som kan hända med bentoniten efter 5 år eller 20 år, och det är svårt att komma åt kablarna och reparera de eftersom bentoniten måste spolas ur. Om bentoniten stelnar kan det bli svårt att komma åt kabeln. Det visade sig att grävning är den enda metoden som används i storstäder eftersom andra metoder kan orsaka skador på befintliga ledningar som ligger i marken. De vanligaste kabelfelen är gräv skador på kablar, det är väldigt lätt att man kommer åt markkablarna vid schaktarbetet. För att kunna bygga ut nätet i framtiden kan man förlägga kablar med större ledningar för att täcka framtida behovet. I de områden där man vet att nätet inte behöver förstärkas kan man förlägga i rör för att underlätta underhållsarbetet i framtiden. Staden måste vara mer tydliga med sina planeringar och säga till att hålla sig till det. Staden måste också ansvara för sin mark och inte låta någon annan ta hand om nätet. Ledningsägarna måste bli bättre på att samförlägga och agera snabbt med att komma ut med detaljer på vart man vill samförlägga för att slippa schakta och störa markägaren flera gånger. Det kommer bli ännu trängre i marken i framtiden och det låter som att man kommer behöva bygga tunnlar. Tunnlar är en dyr infrastruktur och ifall flera aktörer väljer att samförlägga kan kostnaderna för tunnelbyggnation fördelas mellan olika aktörer. OPI kanalisation är också en annan typ av lösning och det är väldigt bra om flera aktörer också kan samförlägga. Idag är man ganska dålig på att samförlägga och det är något som man måste bli bättre på. / The thesis work was carried out at the consulting company WSP Group- Stockholm, with the purpose of identifying and finding installation methods that facilitate the placement of cables today and in the future. The thesis focuses only on regional and local grids but with elements of main grids in major cities. This degree project is based on information gathering from standards EBR KJ41: 15 cabling max 145 kV, SS-EN 424 14 37 and Stockholm City Technical Manual and the differences between them. As a supplement to the standards, different manuals were used by different companies and also past thesis work. Answers to main question and subquery are based on interviews with various actors in the industry such as grid owners, consultants, and entrepreneurs.  The interviews revealed that pipes are used primarily not to protect cables, but to pass through a road. Pipes Installation lead to deterioration of heat dissipation in cables, which means that the temperature of the cable rises and, in the worst case, shortens the life of cable. Walking up the cable wiring area is not possible because it is crowded in the ground and requires a lot of space. Bentonite filling is not a good method because there is no data on what can happen with the bentonite after 5 years or 20 years. It would be difficult to access the cables and repair them because the bentonite must be flushed out. If the bentonite is stiff, it can be difficult to access the cable. It turned out that excavation is the only method used in metropolitan areas because other methods can cause damage to existing wires lying in the ground. The most common cable damages are digging in cables, it is very easy to access the ground cables at the installation work. In order to expand the network in the future, cables with larger wires can be placed to cover future needs. In areas where you know that the network does not need to be strengthened, pipes can be placed to facilitate maintenance work in the future. The city needs to be clear about where the future constructions will be and develop a plan and stick to it. The city must also be responsible for its land and not let anyone else take care of the network. Management owners need to be better at co-ordinating and acting quickly to come up with details on where to co-ordinate to avoid bottleneck and disturbing landowners several times. It seems that tunnels will be a way to go in the future. Tunnels is an expensive infrastructure and if several actors choose to collaborate, the costs of tunnel construction can be divided between different actors. OPI channelization is also another type of solution and it is very good if several players can also collaborate / <p>Godkänd</p>

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-06-24T18:22:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VirginiaIcleDireito.pdf: 919455 bytes, checksum: 652d8c36d0e378644606e95ab56970b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-24T18:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VirginiaIcleDireito.pdf: 919455 bytes, checksum: 652d8c36d0e378644606e95ab56970b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-27 / Nenhuma / A proposta em desenvolver os processos judiciais sem dilações indevidas deve ser desenvolvida mediante práticas que estejam em concordância com os ditames Constitucionais. Para a concretização da tutela jurisdicional, é necessário que tais práticas, além de estarem em conformidade com a segurança do ordenamento jurídico e, capazes de efetivarem o direito fundamental a razoável duração do processo, contribuam, de forma efetiva, com os objetivos traçados pela Constituição. A audiência preliminar será investigada como um instrumento processual capaz de evitar dilações indevidas no decorrer dos processos, seja mediante a possibilidade de conciliação entre as partes, seja por meio do saneamento do processo. Permite a participação mais ativa dos agentes do processo, através do uso da oralidade. Neste sentido, compõe um sistema processual dinâmico, permitindo o “acesso à justiça” em sentido amplo, contemplando ao povo, a adjetivação de cidadão e difundindo a democracia participativa como proposta de Estado a ser adotada para a sociedade contemporânea. Nesse contexto, se pode vislumbrar que o dispositivo do art.331 do Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro, contribui com a efetividade do direito fundamental à razoável duração do processo, objetivando a redução da demora processual injustificável. Para tanto, cabe aos magistrados utilizarem-se de uma interpretação hermenêutica dos ditames constitucionais conjugada com os fatores externos que irão influenciá-lo. A problematização em questão pretende estudar a sociedade no momento atual, onde anseia pela consagração do direito fundamental ao processo em tempo razoável, o qual deve ser promovido por parte do Estado, já que o mesmo lhe consagrou constitucionalmente com o advento da EC 45/2004. Nesse contexto, cabe ao Estado responder pela demora injustificada dos tempos processuais. E a reparação deve manifestar-se através da indenização em favor do cidadão que teve seu direito tolhido, por conseqüência de um ato estatal, ou, no caso da audiência preliminar, sua inércia. / The proposal to develop the judicial procedures without undue delay should be developed through practices that are in accordance with the constitutional dictates. For the completion of judicial review, it is necessary that such practices, and comply with the safety of the legal system and able to enforce the fundamental right to a reasonable duration of the process, contribute, effectively, to the goals set by Constitution. The preliminary hearing will be investigated as a procedural tool that will prevent undue delays during the process, either through the possibility of conciliation between the parties, either through the restructuring process. Allows more active participation of the process’s, through the use of orality. In this sense, forms a dynamic procedural system, allowing "access to justice" in a broad sense, covering the people, the adjective of citizen participatory democracy and spreading as a proposed rule to be adopted to contemporary society. In this context, we can see that the machinery of article 331 of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, contributes to the effectiveness of the fundamental right of a reasonable duration of the process, aiming at the reduction of procedural delay unjustifiable. For this, use it to judges is a hermeneutic interpretation of constitutional principles coupled with external factors which will influence him, adopting the theory as formalism evaluative procedures. The questioning concerned intends to study the society at present, which yearns for the consecration of the fundamental right to process in reasonable time, which should be promoted by the state, since the constitutionally enshrined it even with the advent of constitutional emendment 45/2004. In this context, the State must answer for the undue delay of the procedural time. And the repair should be manifested through indemnity in favor of the citizen who had checked his right, as a consequence of a state act, or, if the preliminary hearing, his inertia.

The thesis deals with wattmetric and conductance principle of faulted feeder detection in medium voltage compensated distribution networks. These principles are analysed and tested with particular emphasis on high impedance earth faults. The first part of testing utilizes data about state of the system with earth fault, which was determined by designed static model of earth fault. The testing in the second part utilizes real records of high impedance earth faults. In both parts the wattmetric and conductance protections was presented on protective relays ABB REF 615, ABB REM 543 and Protection&Consulting RYo by means of unit OMICRON CMC 256plus. As a major result of performed tests are records of detection of particular earth faults. Based on these records it could be concluded, that functionality of protections is substantially dependent on magnitude of zero sequence voltage. Furthermore the wattmetric protections are dependent on fault resistance as well.

The thesis discuses an integration of photovoltaic power stations to electric network. The first part describes connecting conditions of small sources to distribution system, including administrative requirements, feasibility study, and requirements to the energy meters, measuring, control devices, switching devices and protection. The second part is aimed to describe problems of the photovoltaic system. Solar radiation generating and reducing of its intensity incident upon the earth surface are described in this part. The quantum of produced electric power depends on climatic conditions in the fixed area, seasons, etc. This work also discusses the types of photovoltaic cells and their actual efficiency. Inverters are further important components of the photovoltaic system. The parameters of the inverters have a great influence on the total actual efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Different methods of the photovoltaic panels’ connection with the inverters and their advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. The supporting structure of the photovoltaic panels and eventually transformer are further important components of photovoltaic system. The work also analyze the methods of connection of the photovoltaic power station to distributive low voltage and medium voltage network, electric energy accumulation and possibilities of the sale of produced electric energy. The large number of the connected photovoltaic power stations has negative influences to electric network. The third part contains the design of a photovoltaic power plant with a capacity of 516,24 kWp on the scoped area in southern Bohemia. The project documentation for the location where the power plant is designed is also made. It contains the design of photovoltaic panels, the design of the inverters to get an optimal power load. This part also contains a calculation of the photovoltaic system losses and the design of transformer and the cable junction calculation of the distributive system. The feasibility study of the power plant connected to distributive system is also conducted. Its delivery rate will be connected to the distribution point Řípov (110/22 kV). The calculation results show us that this photovoltaic power plant can be linked to the distribution system. The final part of this paper contains an economic estimate of the photovoltaic power plant operating and the calculation of the return. An Economic return is influenced by the wide range of values that affect the total return rate. The calculation of an operating economy is made for several variants. The return rate in refer to contemporary redemption price for 2010 with no consideration for a bank loan is 7 years. If we consider the bank loan it would be 12 years. The penetrative reduction of the redemption price is expected for 2011. Calculation works with the decline of 30 %. It would extend the rate of return to 11 years without a bank loan or to 22 years with the bank loan. The bank loan is considered to cover 80 % of the investment.