Studien undersökte hur de tre demografiska variablerna kön, ålder och civilstatus samt de fem grundläggande personlighetsdimensionerna extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, neuroticism och öppenhet  relaterar till spel om pengar samt att börja spela i tidig ålder. Detta gjordes utifrån fem frågeställningar. 163 personer besvarade en enkät. Materialet undersöktes genom att utföra Pearson korrelationskofficienter samt t-test. Slutsatserna som drogs i studien var att män spelar mer samt börjar spela tidigare än kvinnor. Personligheten har ej någon påverkan på spel om pengar. Däremot fungerar samvetsgrannhet som en skyddsfaktor mot att börja spela om pengar i tidig ålder. Det noterades även att spel om pengar i tidig ålder är en riskfaktor för att utveckla ett problematiskt spelande. Studien påvisade en skillnad i personlighetsdimensionerna, där kvinnor har högre grad av neuroticism än män.  Slutligen noterades det att 7% av respondenterna i studien har ett problematiska spelande, vilket är i linje med tidigare forskning.

There is limited research into the impact of non-specific factors on the outcome of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). This current study aimed to investigate the relationship between client and therapist attachment styles and client interpersonal problems to the therapeutic relationship and symptom reduction over eight sessions of CBT. Seventeen therapist-client dyads were asked to complete measures of interpersonal problems, attachment style and report on the therapeutic relationship. Results showed that in this small sample there was a relationship between core alliance, as rated by clients, to reduction in symptoms of depression over the course of eight sessions of CBT (TB=0.423, p<0.05) but not anxiety. Client level of confidence in relationships was negatively correlated with the reduction in anxiety symptoms over time (TB =-.320; p<0.05). The level of difference in scores on a measure of ‘confidence in relationships’ between therapists and clients was found to be positively correlated to the level of reduction in anxiety scores over eight sessions (TB = .0428; p<0.05) and negatively correlated to the therapist rated core alliance (TB=-.428, p<0.05). These results indicate that the role of attachment styles in CBT warrants further investigation and both clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. Key words: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, therapeutic relationship, treatment outcomes, attachment, interpersonal problems Service Improvement Project Title: What is helpful about attending an Alzheimer’s café: does it do what it says on the tin? Abstract: Alzheimer’s Cafes were developed in 1997 in the Netherlands and have since been set up all over the world. They are a post-diagnostic support group for people with dementia and their families with an aim to reduce stigma around having dementia. As yet there have been very few evaluations of these cafes. This project aimed to find out what family carers of people with dementia found helpful about attending one of two Alzheimer’s cafes. Seven carers took part in a focus group and two were interviewed individually about what they found helpful about attending an Alzheimer’s Café and what they thought could be improved on in the future. Results showed that people found the opportunities to socialise with others ‘in the same boat’ the most helpful aspect as well as meeting professionals outside of the clinic. The results of this study will enable the development of a questionnaire that can be used to continue to evaluate the café and the feedback provided used to guide future service development. Key words: Alzheimer’s Café, social support, dementia, service evaluation Critical Literature Review Title: Risk and protective factors for psychological adjustment of children born with a cleft lip and/or palate and their families: A review of the literature Abstract: Research suggests that around 30-40% of children born with a cleft lip and /or palate will develop psychological difficulties. Services supporting these individuals need to be able to identify those that might be vulnerable as early as possible so that preventative support can be offered. This review summarises findings from research studies looking at within-group differences in samples of children with a cleft and their families. Risk factors found included being male, experiencing bullying or having additional difficulties. Protective factors included satisfaction with appearance and social support. The methodological strengths and weaknesses of these studies are discussed along with implications of the findings for theory and clinical practice.

Depression is a common mental health concern on college campuses, especially among Asian Americans. This review aims to bring together the current findings on the unique contributors to depression in this minority population. Thirteen peer-reviewed articles were included in the systematic review. Identified risk factors for depression unique to Asian Americans included: perceived racial discrimination and intergenerational differences. Identified protective factors included: strong ethnic identity and cultural individualism. Other factors related to depression that were common to a general college sample were also identified. The review provides a reference for researchers and higher education professionals seeking information on depression among Asian American college students. Recommendations for addressing depression in minority students as a whole are discussed.

Gengivite é a doença periodontal mais prevalente em todas as populações. No entanto, existe uma grande variedade entre as estimativas de prevalência (50-100%) entre diferentes estudos epidemiológicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças na gengivite após 4 anos e determinar os possíveis fatores de proteção em adultos brasileiros de Porto Alegre. Na avaliação inicial, uma amostra representativa de 1.023 adultos com 35 anos ou mais foi obtida por meio de uma estratégia de amostragem probabilística de múltiplos estágios. Após 4 anos, 402 indivíduos com pelo menos 1 dente foram reexaminados. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado e foi realizado o índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) em quatro sítios de todos os dentes. Os indivíduos foram dicotomizados como aqueles que apresentaram reduções em ISG acima de 15% e aqueles que apresentaram reduções inferiores a 15% ou aumento do ISG. Os modelos de regressão de Poisson foram ajustados para estimar os riscos relativos (RR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). A extensão geral dos sítios com ISG reduziu significativamente de 25.9% para 20.1%. Esta redução foi maior e significativa nas superfícies livres (34.1% para 24.0%), enquanto nas superfícies proximais a redução não foi significativa (17.9% para 16.1%). O percentual de indivíduos com redução de ISG ≥ 15% em todos os sítios e apenas em superfícies livres foi de 31.0% e 38.8%, respectivamente. Para todas as superfícies, a frequência de escovação auto-referida ≥ 2 vezes/dia aumentou a probabilidade de redução de ISG em 72% em comparação com ≤ 1 vez/dia (RR = 1.72; IC 95%: 1.01-3.16). Para superfícies livre, a frequência de escovação e o tabagismo permaneceram associados, e os indivíduos com peso normal apresentaram uma probabilidade 26% maior de redução de ISG do que indivíduos obesos com excesso de peso (RR = 1.26; IC 95%: 1.01-1.62). Em conclusão, foi observada uma redução na extensão da gengivite ao longo do tempo nesta população brasileira. A frequência de escovação e o peso normal foram fatores protetores para gengivite. Fumar reduziu gengivite ao longo do tempo, mas provavelmente devido ao seu efeito de vasoconstrição na margem gengival. / Gingivitis is the most prevalent periodontal disease in all populations. However, there is a great variety between estimates of prevalence of gingivitis (50-100%) among different epidemiological studies. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in gingivitis over 4 years and to determine possible protective factors in Brazilian adults. At baseline, a representative sample of 1,023 adults 35 years and older was obtained using a multistage probability sampling strategy. After 4 years, 402 individuals with at least 1 tooth were re-examined. A structured questionnaire was applied and gingival bleeding index (GB) was performed at four sites of all teeth. Individuals were dichotomized into those showing reductions in GB higher than 15% and those showing reductions under 15% or increase in GB. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The overall extent of sites with GB reduced significantly from 25.9% to 20.1%. This reduction was higher and significative in free surfaces (34.1% to 24.0%), whereas in proximal surfaces the reduction was not significant (17.9% to 16.1%). The percentage of individuals with GB reduction ≥15% in all sites and only free sites was 31.0% and 38.8%, respectively. For all surfaces, self-reported brushing frequency ≥2 times/day increased the probability of reducing GB by 72% compared to ≤1/day (RR=1.72; 95%CI 1.01-3.16). For each 10 packyears smoked, the probability of reduction in GB was 3% higher (RR=1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.04). For free surfaces, brushing frequency and smoking remained associated, and normal weight individuals had 26% higher probability of reducing GB than overweight-obese individuals (RR=1.26; 95%CI 1.01-1.62). In conclusion, it was observed a reduction in the extension of gingivitis over time in this Brazilian population. Brushing frequency and normal weight were found to be protective factors for gingivitis. Smoking reduced gingivitis over time, but probably due to its vasoconstriction effect on the gingival margin.

Objectives The development of aggression from childhood to adulthood is well-researched, and extant work has identified a large number of developmental risk factors within the individual, family, and social domains. Among them, poor parenting, including harsh practices like corporal punishment, have repeatedly been found to predict adolescent behavioural problems, that may then negatively affect adult behaviours such as violence and offending. An area of research that is becoming increasingly important is one that seeks to identify the reasons why some people do not become aggressive, even when they have been exposed to well established risk factors. What is it that has protected them from becoming aggressive later in life? The current study examined whether self-control and having a positive teacher-child relationship acted as protective factors between corporal punishment and adolescent aggression. Methods An autoregressive cross-lagged panel model was used to examine self-control and teacher-child relationships as both direct and interactive protective factors between corporal punishment and adolescent aggression. Teacher and self-reported data was used from three waves (waves 4-6) of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths (Z-proso), a prospective longitudinal study of adolescents in Switzerland. Results The results show that both self-control and having a positive teacher-child relationship were direct protective factors against concurrent aggression. However, the interactive protective effect of these factors differed depending on the stage of adolescence and level of exposure to risk. Furthermore, differences were found when considering males and females separately.

Why is it that some athletes are able to withstand the pressures of competitive sport and attain peak performances, whereas others succumb to the demands and under-perform? It is the study of psychological resilience that aims to address this question. To significantly advance psychologists' knowledge and understanding of this area, there exists an urgent need to develop a sport-specific measure of resilience (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2008; Gucciardi, Jackson, Coulter, & Mallett, 2011). The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate the assessment of psychological resilience in sport performers. To this end, the thesis is split into five chapters. Chapter one reviews and critiques the various definitions, concepts, and theories of resilience, and provides an overview of the research that has specifically examined psychological resilience in sport performers. Chapter two reviews psychometric issues in resilience research and its implications for sport psychology (part one), and discusses psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands (part two). Drawing on these reviews of resilience in sport, Chapter three (studies one-three) describes the development and validation of the Sport Resilience Scale (SRS). More specifically, Study 1 explores the content validity of a pool of items designed to reflect psychological resilience in athletes, Study 2 examines the factorial structure of the SRS using exploratory factor analysis, and Study 3 tests the factorial structure of the SRS via confirmatory factor analysis, investigates whether the components of the measurement model are invariant across different groups, and examines the relationship between the SRS and other relevant concepts. Using the SRS, and based on Fletcher and Sarkar's (2012) grounded theory of psychological resilience, Chapter four (studies 4 and 5) investigates resilience in sport performers via an examination of moderation and mediation hypotheses. Specifically, Study 4 tests whether the association between the stressors athletes encounter and athletes' positive adaptation is moderated by the protective factors that athletes possess and Study 5 tests whether the association between the stressors athletes encounter and athletes' positive adaptation is mediated by their cognitive appraisal processes. Lastly, Chapter five offers a summary, discussion, and conclusion of the thesis. Overall, the research reported in this thesis has developed the first valid and reliable measure of psychological resilience in sport performers and has provided quantitative support for Fletcher and Sarkar's (2012) theoretical model of sport resilience by illustrating the moderating role of protective factors and the mediating role of cognitive appraisal.

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This study sought to examine how schools influenced and promoted student resilience through the lens of persistence, leading to high school completion. The focus of this study was significant because there are few studies that focus on student resiliency as it relates to high school completion through the lens of persistence. Previous studies have generally identified at-risk factors for non-high school completion and either qualify or quantify the results. They have not taken into account the social and economic contexts of school and the communities and their influence on student resiliency. This study utilized a phenomenological methodology that identified the lived experiences of twenty-six 11th - grade students of color at an urban high school in Southern California that manifested resilience and persistence. Semi-structured interviews of participants drawn from a stratified variation sampling were utilized. A CRT framework was applied to examine the role of high school as a protective factor, the interactions of faculty and staff, and the perceptions of participants as it relates to school culture and climate. External factors such as supportive relationships in the familial and community context were also examined and discussed. The results of this study highlighted school climate that promotes belonging along with a collective focus on the study of student success, the role of teacher-student and counselor relationships as being pivotal to the development of resilience in students of color. The findings from this study provide examples for schools to develop supportive climates that focus on promoting and developing academic, social, and emotional resiliency in students of color with specific next step recommendations.

Since 9/11 over 2.77 million U.S. service members have deployed 5.4 million times to a theater of war with the majority serving in the U.S. Army. The increased stress inherent in a single combat deployment grows exponentially with each subsequent deployment, resulting in behavioral issues and suicide attempts and ideations. This study's purpose, following resilience theory, was to explore the associations of military life experiences (permanent changes of station, promotions, retirements, etc.) and deployment characteristics (number of deployments, operational specialties, combined lengths of deployments, etc.) to postdeployment resilience in U.S. military personnel. The study's design was a quantitative correlational research design; 102 participants were recruited through social media. Protective factors associated with resilience served as the dependent variable. The independent variables were time and transitions. Covariates included demographic data (age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, rank, branch of service, years of service, etc.), number of combat deployments, and combined length of deployments. The target population consisted of military service members with at least one combat deployment and had been redeployed for a minimum of one year. Results of this study may provide positive social change by identifying points and periods in the redeployment and post redeployment timeline service members can focus on to improve protective factors. Additionally, as Global War on Terror (GWOT) veterans begin leaving the service at an increased rate data focused on resilience may assist military mental health providers with developing treatment strategies that reinforce affect protective factors.