Orientadores: Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya, Marcelo Antonio Morgano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T07:41:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_MarciaCristinaTeixeira_D.pdf: 1254271 bytes, checksum: 32608a0a4ae80846c5a39c4cb8599bcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Considerando o mercado favorável ao consumo de produtos naturais de elevado valor nutritivo, complementares à dieta ou com efeitos terapêuticos, as perspectivas positivas para o Brasil na cadeia produtiva apícola por seu clima e flora propícios, bem como o possível emprego do pólen apícola como indicador de poluição ambiental, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o pólen apícola nacional desidratado e pronto para o consumo quanto à composição química, de minerais, flavonóides e contaminantes inorgânicos. A literatura é discutida no Capítulo 1, no qual são apresentados estudos brasileiros e de outros países sobre a composição do pólen apícola, focalizando o seu valor nutritivo, o alto conteúdo de flavonóides, bem como a presença de contaminantes inorgânicos e suas implicações sobre a segurança do produto e poluição ambiental. O Capítulo 2 apresenta os resultados da análise de 154 amostras de pólen apícola desidratado, pronto para consumo, procedentes de 11 diferentes estados do Brasil e do Distrito Federal, coletadas nos anos de 2007 e 2008, quanto à sua composição centesimal (umidade, acidez livre, proteínas, lipídeos totais, cinzas e açúcares), sendo os aminoácidos livres identificados e quantificados em 22 amostras. O método de Karl Fischer para a determinação de umidade foi otimizado e aplicado. A composição das amostras de pólen apícola apresentou grande variação de resultados dentro e entre todos os estados brasileiros, sendo: 3,00 a 9,39 % para umidade; 1,33 a 4,13 g/100g para cinzas; 4,01 a 13,32 g/100g para lipídeos; 12,28 a 27,07 g/100g para proteínas; 6,99 a 21,85 g/100g para glicose; 12,59 a 23,62 g/100g para frutose e 105,3 a 609,9 meq/Kg para acidez. Os resultados foram discutidos em relação aos padrões de qualidade vigentes e ao valor nutritivo do produto na alimentação humana e apontam para a necessidade da revisão de tais padrões e para o controle da cadeia de produção deste produto. No Capítulo 3 a composição mineral foi determinada nas 154 amostras de 11 estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, coletadas em 2007 e 2008. Os elementos minerais foram quantificados usando espectrometria de emissão ótica em plasma com acoplamento indutivo (ICP OES). Os níveis médios obtidos foram 828 a 4670 mg/Kg para cálcio, 3 a 25 mg/Kg para cobre, 11 a 552 mg/Kg para ferro, 1431 a 9910 mg/Kg para potássio, 348 a 3621 mg/Kg para magnésio, 12 a 211 mg/Kg para manganês, <0,004 a 1466 mg/Kg para sódio, 2177 a 8165 mg/Kg para fósforo, <0,01 a 4.4 mg/Kg para selênio e 5 a 76 mg/Kg para zinco. Manganês, selênio, cobre, zinco e ferro foram os elementos que apresentaram maiores contribuições nos valores de ingestão diária recomendada (IDR), quando se considera o consumo de uma porção diária de 25 g, alcançando 70%, 37%, 27%, 17% e 15% da IDR, respectivamente. O Capítulo 4 descreve o desenvolvimento e validação da metodologia analítica para determinação de flavonóis e flavonas em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado coletadas em três estados brasileiros. Utilizando-se Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional, obteve-se a melhor condição para extração e hidrólise dos flavonóides encontrados na forma glicosídica a suas respectivas agliconas: 1,0M de HCl por 30 minutos. A melhor separação (CLAE) dos flavonóides foi conseguida com a coluna de fase reversa Symmetry C18 (2,1 x 150 mm, 3,5 ?m) e fase móvel de metanol:tetrahidrofurano:água (26:57:17), acidificados com 0,3% de ácido fórmico em corrida isocrática. Aplicando as condições estabelecidas para a análise no Capítulo 4, no Capítulo 5 foram identificados e quantificados os flavonóides de 36 amostras de pólen apícola desidratado produzidas em três estados brasileiros (Bahia, Santa Catarina e São Paulo). Apigenina não foi identificada em nenhuma das amostras, enquanto quercetina foi a aglicona mais frequente, estando presente em quase todas as amostras estudadas. As agliconas frequentes nas amostras analisadas foram: de SP, miricetina, luteolina e quercetina; BA, quercetina e isoramnetina; SC, quercetina e kanferol. Os teores variaram entre 119 e 5587 ?g/g para miricetina; 14,4 e 3429 ?g/g para luteolina; 28,1 e 2700 ?g/g para quercetina; 11,6 e 1879 ?g/g para isoramnetina e 70,2 e 3056 ?g/g para kanferol, sendo variável também entre amostras do mesmo local. No Capítulo 6 são apresentados os experimentos de desenvolvimento e validação do método para determinação de contaminantes inorgânicos em 43 amostras de pólen apícola coletadas na região sudeste do Brasil durante um ano. A digestão ácida das amostras foi realizada em sistema fechado assistido por microondas e a quantificação dos elementos foi feita por ICP OES. O método apresentou desempenho satisfatório com boa exatidão e precisão. As faixas dos teores médios foram: 10,4 a 268,0 mg/Kg para Al, <0,01 a 1,38 mg/Kg para As, 2,78 a 17,63 mg/Kg para Ba, 0,003 a 0,233 mg/Kg para Cd, <0,01 a 1,11 mg/Kg para Co, <0,01 a 2,32 mg/Kg para Cr, <0,10 a 1,13 mg/Kg para Ni, <0,01 a 0,44 mg/Kg para Pb, <0,035 a 1,33 mg/Kg para Sb e <0,0004 a 0,0068 mg/Kg para Hg. A estimativa de ingestão mostrou que Al e As apresentaram as maiores contribuições para a dieta, com os teores médios de PTWI (ingestão semanal tolerável provisória) de 27% e 8%, respectivamente. O pólen apícola do estado de Espírito Santo apresentou níveis menores de contaminantes / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-01T21:20:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação -Elias Santos da Costa.pdf: 1612801 bytes, checksum: cb0a5dea8daa153701a703d4e677d1c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-02T17:36:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação -Elias Santos da Costa.pdf: 1612801 bytes, checksum: cb0a5dea8daa153701a703d4e677d1c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-02T17:41:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação -Elias Santos da Costa.pdf: 1612801 bytes, checksum: cb0a5dea8daa153701a703d4e677d1c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-02T17:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação -Elias Santos da Costa.pdf: 1612801 bytes, checksum: cb0a5dea8daa153701a703d4e677d1c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-16 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Many species of crustaceans are used for human consumption around the world. Investigations the ecology, behavior and cultive that may influence the meat characteristics are important to optimize the exploitation of this fishery resource. The aim of the study was to determine the yield and nutritional potential of meat Macrobrachium amazonicum prawn and crab Dilocarcinus pagei. Prawns and crabs were caught in the municipalities of Parintins and Itacoatiara, in the State of Amazonas, respectively. The prawn meat characteristics were examined in five treatments according to the cooking time, "in natura", 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes while the crab was used three treatments according to the cooking time 10, 15 and 20 minutes. All animals were prepared in brine at 10% with biometric variables being registered for determining the meat yield. Cooked meat samples of both species were utilized to determine the chemical composition and meat portions analyzed by a sensory panel of 40 untrained tasters. Performance data, chemical composition and sensory analysis were compared between treatments by one-way ANOVA being complemented by Tukey test. The prawns had a mean weight of 2.06 ± 0.37g and total length of 65.60 ± 4.08 mm, respectively, while the crabs had an average weight of 36.63 ± 10.70g and width of 42.19 ± 4.43mm. Prawn "in nature" had higher income securities compared to cooking times but when only compared the cooking times there was no difference, so has the crabs compared the yield of meat due to the cooking time. In prawn, the cooking times of 5, 15 and 20 minutes showed higher concentration of lipids and ash and crabs cooking time 20 minutes had higher concentration of lipids and calorie besides presenting lower moisture content. Crabs, there was no difference in protein and ashes with the cooking time 20 minutes showing higher concentration of lipids and calorie besides presenting lower moisture content. Both the prawn and crabs meat were well accepted by the average consumer in all sensory attributes analyzed. In prawn, the cooking time did not have influenced the appearance parameters, color, odor and overall acceptability, while in flavor and texture parameters, cooked prawn for 15 and 20 minutes showed greater acceptance than other cooking times. In crabs, the cooking time did not affect appearance, color, odor, flavor, texture and overall acceptance. Prawns cooked for 15 and 20 minutes and crabs for 20 min shawed the lower moisture ratio, this characteristic may promote the increase in storage time as well as providing a product with high nutritional quality. / Muitas espécies de crustáceos são usadas para alimentação humana em todo o mundo. As investigações sobre a ecologia, comportamento e cultivo que possam influenciar nas características da carne são importantes para otimizar a exploração deste recurso pesqueiro. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o rendimento e potencial nutritivo da carne do camarão Macrobrachium amazonicum e do caranguejo Dilocarcinus pagei. Camarões e caranguejos foram capturados nos Municípios de Parintins e Itacoatiara, no estado do Amazonas, respectivamente. As características da carne de camarão foram analisadas em cinco tratamentos de acordo com o tempo de cozimento: “in natura”, 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos enquanto para o caranguejo foi utilizado três tratamentos de acordo com o tempo de cozimento: 10, 15 e 20 minutos. Todos os animais foram preparados em salmoura a 10% com variáveis biométricas sendo registradas para a determinação do rendimento de carne. Amostras de carne cozidas, de ambas as espécies, foram utilizadas para determinar a composição centesimal e porções de carne analisadas sensorialmente por um painel de 40 provadores não treinados. Os dados de rendimento, composição centesimal e análise sensorial foram comparados entre os tratamentos por ANOVA de uma via sendo complementados pelo teste de Tukey. Os camarões apresentaram peso médio de 2,06 ± 0,37g e comprimento total de 65,60 ± 4,08 milímetros, respectivamente enquanto que os caranguejos apresentaram peso médio de 36,63 ± 10,70g e largura de 42,19 ± 4,43mm. Os camarões “in natura” apresentaram maiores valores de rendimento quando comparados com os tempos de cozimento, mas quando comparado apenas os tempos de cozimento não houve diferença, o mesmo ocorreu com os caranguejos quando comparado o rendimento de carne em função do tempo de cozimento. Em camarões, os tempos de cozimento de 5, 15 e 20 minutos apresentaram maior concentração de lipídeos e cinzas e nos caranguejos o tempo de cozimento 20 minutos apresentou maior concentração de lipídeos e valor calórico além de apresentar menor teor de umidade. Em caranguejos, não houve diferença no teor de proteína e cinzas. Tanto a carne do camarão quanto a do caranguejo foram bem aceitas pelo consumidor comum em todos os atributos sensoriais analisados. Em camarões, o tempo de cozimento não apresentou diferenças sobre os parâmetros aparência, cor, odor e aceitação global, enquanto que nos parâmetros sabor e textura, os camarões cozidos por 15 e 20 minutos apresentaram maior aceitação que os outros tempos de cozimento. Em caranguejos, o tempo de cozimento não afetou aparência, cor, odor, sabor, textura e aceitação global. Camarões cozidos por 15 e 20 minutos e caranguejos cozidos por 20 minutos obtiveram a menor taxa de umidade, o que pode promover o aumento do tempo de armazenamento além de proporcionar um produto com alta qualidade nutricional.

A laboratory scale method was used to produce pellets from cassia tora stems with pelletizing temperature conditions of 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120oC under a pressure of 50, 70, 90,120 and 140 MPa. A total of 30 pellets were produced under each condition of production. The physical and chemical properties of the pellets were investigated. The pellets produced under 75oC and 90 MPa were found to have durability 90 %. A Bulk density range of 617 to 619 kgm-3 was measured for all the produced pellets irrespective of production conditions. The pellets produced in the range of 50 MPa/30oC-140 MPa/120oC were found to have a moisture content ranging between 7.18- 9.6 %. Ash content of 4.2 % was achieved using both Thermogravimetry (TGA) and CEN/TC 335 standard. The gross calorific value of the pellet was determined to be in the range of 17.89-18.1 MJ/kg. TGA results also indicates low moisture and ash content and the process of pyrolysis occurred at 137-550oC at 10oC/min heating rate. The activation energies and reactivities determined from TG/DTG curve are 72.01, 106.81 and 88.67 kJ/mol and 1.76 E+19, 5.1 E+06 and 3.92 E+05 for step I, II and III respectively. A water boiling experiment was carried out to evaluate the cooking efficiency of the pellets compared to fuel wood, kerosene and liquefied natural gas (LPG). The energy intensities and energy cost of 1.2, 0.78, 0.56 and 1.36 kJ/g of water and 0.2, 0.7, 0.4 and 0.2 Nigerian Naira (N) were calculated for fuel wood, kerosene, LPG and the pellets respectively. vii An economic analysis of fuel pellet production from Cassia tora stems has been carried out for conditions found in Kano state, Nigeria. The total production cost, for a base case scenario of 5t/h and operating for 270 days a year, is £4/tonne (1094.5 Naira/ton) of pellets. A ‘Willingness to pay’ analysis was also performed using the Contingent Valuation Technique. A structured contingent valuation questionnaire was administered to 420 randomly selected households in the Kano metropolis and Chi-square analysis was conducted on the data collected. The results of the analysis, at a 5 percent (0.05) confidence level, showed that p-values were less than 0.05 (0.05>p) for all the responded variables. It is confirmed, from the analysis, that an inadequate supply of energy is a statistically significant problem in Kano state and households significantly use fuel wood for domestic energy applications. The results also indicated the willingness of households to switch to a new product and were willing to pay a mean amount of £5 (1361.5 Naira) for a ton of the fuel pellets. Properties of the cassia tora pellets were found to be comparable with other biomass fuel pellets. It is recommended that policy and investment should be geared towards fuel pellet production in Nigeria, to address problems of energy poverty and environmental deterioration, and provide a means for further economic development.

Distance learning has provided solutions for students for more than a century. Students access distance learning due to issues with access, credit recovery need, or need for flexibility in location, time, pace, or duration of instruction. Recent advances in technology and instructional designs allow more interactive and synchronous instruction. Researchers suggest that designs using collaborative-constructivist approaches result in deeper learning and increased student satisfaction. Such courses implement theories based on interactions, creation of communities, and learner-centered design. The increase in online curriculum offered and, in some cases, required for K-12 students indicates a need to consider learning characteristics of adolescent learners. Adolescent learners are not as self-regulated, metacognitive, and technologically capable as adult learners. Communities and interactions require the involvement of parents or other involved adults to encourage learner engagement. New theories are emerging concerning learning engagement by adolescents including the adolescent community of engagement (ACE) framework. This dissertation reports two studies of K-12 online students enrolled in independent study courses. The researcher applied the elements of the ACE framework as a lens to study independent study students' experiences with a local community of support. Could students benefit from the curation and support of a proximate community of engagement (PCE)? The first study found that students perceive that a PCE would be helpful to learning when they enroll. The second study found that students completing a course organically accessed a PCE during their course experience, even without coaching and curation activities. Credit recovery students were more likely to perceive value in a PCE but actually created and used such a community at the same level as other learners. Parents and teachers were most often identified as the local support students would, and did engage. Future research was suggested to identify ways to encourage PCE curation, the most effective and supportive PCE interactions, and best practices to train and support members of the PCE.

This study aims to design and validate a nutritional recipe for a snack made of Green Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peel Flour (GBPF) and to assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available for all year. Banana peel flower could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a deficient dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, this study was focused on this population. The GBPFs were obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized bed (FDB) dryer, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. It was designed the nutritional recipe for the snack taking into account the energy and dietary fiber nutritional requirements of the target population. It could be validated and adjusted the recipe following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentaci n y Nutrici n, concluding with the determination of dietary fiber in the end-product. The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were as following: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack contained 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the university students' panelists based on an organoleptic test. In conclusion, the GBPF showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber, and it was an excellent source of carbohydrates and other nutrients to a lesser degree. When included as a functional ingredient in the nutritional formulation of a snack, it had an overall positive effect on the product's organoleptic characteristics. / Revisión por pares

The objective of this study was to establish the consumer acceptability of preblended and nonpreblended post rigor seasoned pork patties with added water levels of 0, 3, 6, and 9 percent for each formula. Other parameters measured were proximate analysis, texture, cooking loss, and consumer acceptability. Nonpreblended treatments had a higher (P<0.05) percentage of protein and a lower (P<0.05) percentage of fat as compared to preblended treatments. Texture analysis revealed a lower (P<0.05) amount of total energy required to shear through a single patty in preblended treatments than nonpreblended treatments. No differences (P>0.05) were detected among treatments at varying water levels. Consumer acceptability showed no differences (P>0.05) among selected treatments. Consumer acceptability scores indicated that consumers would consume both preblended and nonpreblended seasoned pork patties at varying water levels.

Despite the important values forests play in the tropics, sustainable forest management still remains a challenge as manifested through continued forest loss. The objective of this study was to provide information on the dynamics of forest cover and their drivers vital for enhancing sustainable forest management in the Lake Victoria crescent, Uganda. Several methodologies including remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems techniques, analysis of landscape patterns and various social science techniques were integrated in working towards the stated goal. Results showed that the Lake Victoria crescent, Uganda covering an area of about 1,509,228 ha, experienced a decline in forest cover from 9.0% in 1989 to 4.4% in 2009. This was in comparison with non-forest cover which increased from 58.7% in 1989 to 63.5% in 2009 while open water coverage generally remained unchanged averaging 32.3% from 1989 to 2009. Mean annual deforestation rate from 1989 to 2009 decreased with a weighted mean rate of 2.56%. Both deforestation and afforestation declined between 1989 and 2009 although deforestation still exceeded afforestation. In addition to deforestation, the Lake Victoria crescent also experienced forest fragmentation from 1989 to 2009. Forests greater than 100 ha in size were the most vulnerable to forest fragmentation yet they still constituted a big proportion of forest cover in 2009. Deforestation was a consequence of proximate causes which were triggered by a number of underlying drivers acting singly or in combination, with underlying drivers being more influential. In a bid to promote sustainable forest management, there is a need to continue with efforts to curb deforestation and forest fragmentation, especially amongst forests greater than 100 ha. This could be achieved through empowerment of local communities to take a core role in sustainable management of forest resources. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The proximate composition of food products, and more importantly fat content and fatty acid composition, is of growing concern to consumers. It is also of concern to fish processors because of the effects that various levels of proteins, lipids, water and ash have on the cold storage potential and texture of fish. A total of 17 Seriola lalandi (yellowtail) were harvested from a net cage production unit off the coast of Port Elizabeth. Proximate, fatty acid and mineral analysis were conducted on five areas on the fillet, as well as on the whole fillet as a control. Differences (P < 0.05) were found in the water and fat content between dorsal and ventral samples. The highest amount (% wet weight) of moisture (71.5 ± 0.4%) was observed in the caudal region of the fish. This region was also found to contain the lowest levels of fat (4.3 ± 0.23%). Protein levels did not differ (P > 0.05) between sample regions. The total fat content (g/100 g wet tissue) of the whole fillet (A; control) was 5.3 ± 0.11 of which saturated fatty acids (SFA) accounted for 35.5 ± 1.13%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for 25.7 ± 0.51% and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for 38.2±0.88%. The most predominant saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid, C16:0) with levels reaching 24.2 ± 1.25% in the mid belly area, sample section E (mid ventral). The data shows that one could use either section B (anterior dorsal), section D (mid dorsal) or section F (dorsal and ventral posterior sections combined) as a representative sample of the whole fillet when doing proximate analysis. The belly sections of the fish differed significantly (P < 0.05) to the whole fillet. There was too much variation between samples with regards to the mineral and fatty acid analysis to identify a section that is representative of the whole fillet. The edible portion of the farmed yellowtail examined in this study contained eicosapentonic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels of 0.24% and 10.90% respectively which is notably lower than other marine fish species. However, this could be linked to the feed that these specific yellowtail were fed, as the lipid profile of the diet has been shown to have an effect on the lipid profile of the fish. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die algemene samestelling van voedsel produkte, asook die vet inhoud en vetsuur samestelling daarvan, wek deesdae al meer besorgdheid by verbruikers. Dit is ook belangrik vir vis verwerkers as gevolg van die effek wat verskillende vlakke van proteïene, lipiede, water en minerale het op die tekstuur van vis asook die potensiaal om vis in verkoelers te stoor. ‘n Totaal van 17 Seriola lalandi (geelstert) is geöes vanuit ‘n net-hok eenheid op die kus van Port Elizabeth. Proksimale, vetsuur en mineraal analises was uitgevoer op vyf areas van die filet sowel as op die heel filet as ‘n kontrole. Verskille (P < 0.05) is opgemerk in die water en vet inhoud tussen die dorsale en ventrale monsters. Die hoogste voginhoud (71.5 ± 0.4%) was opgemerk in die stert gedeelte van die vis en hierdie gedeelte het ook die laagste vetinhoud gehad (4.3 ± 0.23%). Proteïen vlakke het nie verskil tussen enige van die monsters nie (P < 0.05). Die totale vetinhoud (g/100 g nat weefsel) van die heel filet (A, kontrole) was 5.3 ± 0.11 waarvan versadigde vetsure (SFA) 35.5 ± 1.13%, monoönversadigde vetsure (MUFA) 25.7 ± 0.51%, en polionversadigde vetsure (PUFA) 38.2 ± 0.88% uitgemaak het. Die oorheersende versadigde vetsuur was palmitiese suur (heksadekanoïese suur, C16:0) wat vlakke van 24.2 ± 1.25% bereik het in seksie E (middel ventraal). Die data wys dat seksie B (voorste dorsaal), seksie D (middel dorsaal) of seksie F (agterste ventraal en dorsaal) gebruik kan word as verteenwoordigende monsters van die heel filet wanneer proksimale analise uitgevoer word. Die maag gedeeltes van die vis het beduidend verskil (P < 0.05) van die heel filet. Die resultate van die mineraal en vetsuur analises het te veel gevarieer en daarom kon geen verteenwoordigende seksie van die heel filet geïdentifiseer word nie. Die eetbare dele van akwakultuur geelstert wat in hierdie studie ondersoek is, bevat 0.24% EPA en 10.90% DHA wat heelwat laer is as die van ander marine vis spesies. Hierdie verskil kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die voer wat aan die geelstert gegee is aangesien dit voorheen bewys is dat die lipied profiel van die dieet ‘n uitwerking het op die lipied profiel van vis.

The use of fossil derived products and the environmental and economic problems associated with them have made a shift to abundant renewable resources such as forest biomass more attractive. However before forest biomass can be used as a resource, its properties must be known. This study determined the physical properties of heterogeneous biomass residues produced during harvesting on two operational forest sites within the Great Lakes-St Lawrence forest of south-eastern Ontario. Properties measured were moisture content, size distribution, bulk density, and wood-to-bark ratio; also thermo-chemical properties including elemental composition, thermal reactivity and energy content were measured. The effects of forest site and harvest type, storage and position in storage pile, on the properties of biomass were also investigated. Results of the study showed that the various heterogeneous forest harvest residues differed more physically than thermo-chemically for the different variables, and this affected biomass procurement more than the potential utilization options.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-08-24T23:44:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaTeles.pdf: 317432 bytes, checksum: 2fbd7369c410c0b3afac913a4136f4f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-24T23:44:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaTeles.pdf: 317432 bytes, checksum: 2fbd7369c410c0b3afac913a4136f4f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / Nenhuma / As práticas alimentares têm sido objeto de estudo das Ciências da Saúde, principalmente, evidenciando a relação entre a dieta e algumas doenças crônicas. Dessa forma, é importante a identificação de formas alternativas de preparo e cocção, as quais devem manter a qualidade nutricional e as características sensoriais dos alimentos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes métodos de cocção que utilizam alta temperatura, maior que 100 oC (assar e grelhar) e um método que utiliza baixa temperatura (menor que 100 oC), o método sous vide, sobre a liberação de produtos finais de glicação avançada das proteínas (Advanced Glycated End-Products – AGEs) durante o processo de cozimento de peito de frango e filé de gado. Além disso, foi avaliada a composição proximal (proteína, lipídios, cinzas e carboidratos e minerais), bem como, sua aceitação sensorial. A quantidade de AGEs formados e de proteína solúvel foi analisada nos cortes crus, assados em 9 e 21 minutos, grelhados em 3 e 15 minutos e sous-vide em 30 e 42 minutos, através da técnica de ELISA, utilizando um anticorpo monoclonal anti-AGE e o método de Bradford, respectivamente. A composição proximal e de minerais foi determinada no filé e peito crus, grelhados (em 3 e 9 minutos) e sous-vide (30 e 36 minutos). A análise sensorial de aceitação avaliou os atributos aparência, textura, sabor e qualidade global nos cortes assados (15 min), grelhados (9 min), sous-vide (36 min) e sous-vide (36 min) maçaricado. O índice de aceitabilidade sensorial também foi calculado. O corte de peito de frango apresentou aumento da quantidade de AGEs quando submetido aos diferentes métodos de cocção avaliados com o aumento do tempo de cozimento. O método assar promoveu a maior formação de AGEs no peito de frango ao longo do tempo. Esses comportamentos não foram encontrados no filé bovino e na comparação entre ambos os cortes crus e cozidos. O teor de proteína solúvel no filé de gado e no peito de frango crus foi maior do que nos cozidos e sua quantidade diminuiu com o passar do tempo de cocção no filé assado e no peito grelhado. Observou-se a diminuição do teor de umidade e o aumento do nível dos macronutrientes e minerais quando os cortes foram submetidos à cocção e com o passar do tempo de cozimento. Na análise sensorial, o filé bovino e o peito de frango grelhados apresentaram a maior aceitação e índice de aceitabilidade, seguido pelo sous-vide maçaricado, ao passo que o sous-vide obteve a menor aceitação de modo geral. / Feeding practices have been studied by Health Sciences, mainly showing the relationship between diet and some chronic diseases. Thus, it is important to identify alternative ways of preparing and cooking, which shall maintain food nutritional quality and sensory characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cooking methods that use high temperature greater than 100 oC (bake and broil) and a method that uses low-temperature (less than 100 oC), sous vide, on the release Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in the chicken breast and filet mignon. In addition, the proximate composition (protein, lipid, ash and carbohydrate and minerals) were evaluated as well as their sensory acceptability. The amount of AGEs formed and soluble protein was analyzed in raw cuts, baked in 9 and 21 minutes, grilled in 3 and 15 minutes and sous-vide in 30 and 42 minutes by ELISA using the anti-AGE monoclonal antibody specific and Bradford method, respectively. The proximate and mineral composition was determined in raw breast and fillet, grilled (3 and 9 minutes) and sous-vide (30 and 36 minutes). The sensory analysis assessed appearance, texture, flavor and overall quality attributes in baked (15 min), grilled (9 min), sous-vide (36 min) and sous-vide (36 min) burned cuts. The sensory acceptability index was also calculated. Chicken breast showed increased amount of AGEs when subjected to different cooking methods evaluated with increased cooking time. The baking method promoted the AGEs highest formation in breast over time. These behaviors were not found in filet and in the comparison between raw and cooked cuts. The raw filet and breast soluble protein content was higher than in boiled and decreased with the time cooking in roast filet and grilled breast. Decline in moisture and increasing in macronutrients and minerals levels was observed when cuts were cooking and over cooking time. In sensory analysis, grilled filet and breast had the highest acceptance and acceptability index, followed by sous-vide burned, while sous-vide got lower acceptance in general.