Univ., Diss.--Göttingen, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. 227 - 256.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue affecting people of all ages. It is defined as a non-communicable chronic disease caused by abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization or both. Its prevalence and complications is increasing rapidly. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge of Diabetes mellitus chronic complications among diabetic patients in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study objectives were: to assess the knowledge of Diabetes mellitus chronic complications amongst diabetic patients; to determine the knowledge of diabetic patients regarding self-care practice, control and management of diabetes in the Vhembe District, and to identify challenges faced by diabetic patients regarding chronic complications of Diabetes mellitus in the Vhembe District A quantitative descriptive design was used. The study population was diabetic patients who were visiting the selected 4 hospitals, 2 health centers and 2 clinics were in Thulamela Municipality. Convenient sampling was used to sample 259 respondents (184(71%) females and 75(29%) males) and to select the 8 health care services. A structured, closed-ended selfadministered questionnaire in Tshivenda was used to collect data on the day that diabetic patients were coming for follow-up treatment, and after they had been attended to by the health care providers. Data were analyzed using the / NRF

Many HIV-positive (HIV+) males on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) experience metabolic abnormalities, including Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and lipodystrophy. The intestinal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA), participate in bidirectional communication with their host. Dysbiosis in HIV+ males on HAART demonstrate a Prevotella-rich enterotype shaped by multiple factors including, medications, adiposity, diet, intestinal permeability, and lifestyle; our objective was to investigate these factors. 19 HIV+ and 21 HIV- males were enrolled. BMI and hip-to-waist ratio (H:W) were obtained, and FibroScan for liver health. Intestinal permeability markers Claudin-21, flagellin, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) in serum via enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Stool was collected for 16s rRNA sequencing, SCFAs (gas chromatography), and proximate analyses (PA). PA analyses: Bomb calorimetry (kcal), soxhlet for lipids, kjeldhal for protein, and fiber. Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). HIV+ males had significantly higher H:W and hepatic steatosis (pPrevotella and Lachnospiraceae compared to HIV- males. Additionally, HIV+ males had significantly higher central obesity and hepatic steatosis. In a retrospective analysis, all HIV+ men were men that have sex with men (MSM). These findings support differences in intestinal microbiome and SCFAs, and measures of altered lipid metabolism between HIV+ and HIV- males. These findings lay the framework for investigations into intestinal microbiome, SCFAs and metabolism in HIV+ MSM.

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Bestämmelsen om tvångsinlösen i 22 kap. 1 § ABL är tvingande, vilket innebär att avsteg från vad som föreskrivs inte får göras genom bolagsordningen. Mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens avgörande i NJA 2011 s. 429, synes bestämmelsens tvingande natur vara än mer vidsträckt. I förevarande fall ansågs nämligen ett aktieägaravtal, varigenom en majoritetsägare avstått från sin rätt att påkalla tvångsinlösen, sakna aktiebolagsrättslig relevans. Domstolen framhöll emellertid att sådana aktieägaravtal som huvudregel binder parterna. Författarna är av uppfattningen att blotta förekomsten av tvångsinlöseninstitutet utgör en inskränkning av principen om avtalsfrihet. Därutöver innebär Högsta domstolens avgörande att den välgrundade principen inskränks ytterligare. I förevarande uppsats utreds huruvida den sistnämnda inskränkningen är motiverad. Därutöver utreds även hur ett eventuellt avtalsbrott och en därtill inträdande skadeståndsskyldighet förhåller sig till det faktum att avtalsvillkoret saknar aktiebolagsrättslig relevans. Inledningsvis anser författarna att inskränkningen av avtalsfriheten som följer av NJA 2011 s. 429 är motiverad. Vidare har författarna konstaterat att skadeståndsskyldighet kan aktualiseras de lege lata eftersom parterna torde vara obligationsrättsligt bundna mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens uttalande i NJA 2011 s. 429. Yttermera är författarna av uppfattningen att ett föreliggande skadeståndsansvar inte kan begränsas genom tillämpning av adekvansläran eller normskyddsläran. De lege ferenda anser författarna att ett aktieägaravtal som inskränker tvångsinlösenrätten inte bör tillerkännas obligationsrättslig verkan. Detta främst mot bakgrund av att det är en orimlig följd att ett avtal som inte kan göras gällande gentemot bolaget trots allt kan föranleda obligationsrättslig bundenhet och skadeståndsansvar. / The provision in chapter 22. 1 § of the Swedish companies act regarding compulsory purchases and sales of shares is imperative, meaning that derogations from the provision not is allowed through a company’s articles of association. The imperative nature of the provision has been further strengthened through the Swedish Supreme Court ruling NJA 2011 s. 429. In the mentioned case, a shareholders’ agreement in which a party has waived its right to claim a compulsory purchase, was found to lack affect in relation to the company. However, the court stressed that shareholders’ agreements, in principle, are valid and enforceable between the contractual parties, i.e. the shareholders. The authors’ opinion is that the mere existence of compulsory purchases and sales of shares constitute an infringement of the freedom of contract. Moreover, the mentioned court ruling entails an extension of the already existing infringement of this freedom. This thesis examines whether this, later infringement, is motivated. Furthermore, this thesis examines how a breach of a shareholders’ agreement – and liability to pay damages – relates to the fact that the contractual term that has been breached lacks affect toward the company.  According to the authors, the infringement of the freedom of contract derived from the mentioned court ruling is motivated. Furthermore, the authors have concluded that liability to pay damages may arise de lege lata, due to the fact that the contractual parties ought to be bound by the shareholders’ agreement according to the mentioned court ruling. In the authors’ opinion, the methods used to limit liability are not capable of doing so in this case. The authors suggest, de lege ferenda, that a term of a shareholder’s agreement where a party refrains from his right to claim a compulsory purchase or sales of shares not shall be binding between the parties.

La tesi doctoral Responsabilidad civil y deporte analitza el marc regulatori esportiu i, en particular, les normes aplicables als accidents esportius, així com els criteris d'imputació emprats pels tribunals a l'hora de resoldre aquests supòsits.S'examina en detall la jurisprudència del Tribunal Suprem i la jurisprudència menor espanyola i també, encara que de forma menys exhaustiva, la jurisprudència de les diferents jurisdiccions dels EUA. En ambdós casos es parteix del subjecte responsable de l'accident.Les conclusions bàsiques del treball apunten a què el criteri d'imputació central als accidents esportius és l'assumpció dels riscs inherents a la seva pràctica per part dels esportistes. Així mateix, la diligència exigida als esportistes és menor que la diligència del bon pare de família prevista a l'art. 1104 CC, mentre que a les institucions encarregades d'organitzar o allotjar l'esdeveniment, se'ls exigeix un nivell de diligència superior. / La tesis doctoral Responsabilidad civil y deporte analiza el marco regulatorio deportivo y, en particular, las normas aplicables a los accidentes deportivos, así como los criterios utilizados por los tribunales para resolver estos supuestos.Se examina en detalle la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo y la jurisprudencia menor española y también, aunque en menor medida, la jurisprudencia de las diferentes jurisdicciones de los EEUU. En ambos casos se parte del sujeto responsable del accidente.Las conclusiones básicas del trabajo apuntan a que el criterio de imputación central en los accidentes deportivos es la asunción de los riesgos inherentes a su práctica por parte de los deportistas. Asimismo, la diligencia exigida a los deportistas es menor que la diligencia del buen padre de familia prevista en el art. 1104 CC, mientras que a las instituciones encargadas de organizar o albergar el evento se les exige un nivel de diligencia superior. / The PhD dissertation Responsabilidad civil y deporte explores the regulatory framework of sports and, above all, the rules governing sports accidents, as well as the criteria used by courts in order to solve litigation in this area.It provides a detailed survey of the case-law by the Spanish Supreme Court and other Spanish courts, as well as the decisions delivered by courts from different U.S. jurisdictions. In both discussions, the standpoint used to sort out the different cases concern the subject who is held liable for the accident. The basic conclusions of the research assert that proximate causation in sports accidents resorts to the idea of assumption of the activity's inherent risks by the sportsmen. Sportsman's duty of care is less than the "good father's standard of care" set forth in Section 1104 of the Spanish Civil Code, whereas a higher level of care is demanded to sports events organizers.

The African continent has been beset with violent conflicts, civil wars and extended periods of instability. The continent’s future depends on the capacity to prevent, manage and resolve conflict. Reacting to conflict has proven highly expensive for the international community and has strengthened the case for a greater focus on conflict prevention. This study will examine the role, relevance and success of preventive diplomacy in responding to and preventing violent and protracted conflicts in Africa, in particular recent international efforts to seek a concrete, comprehensive and all-inclusive peace settlement to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had resulted in what many analysts considered to be ‘Africa’s First World War’. The aim and objective of this study will be to assess the role of preventive diplomacy, in particular efforts by the international community to resolve the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study of the success of preventive diplomacy in responding to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo will cover three distinct phases. The first phase will assess the historical development of the crisis in the former Zaïre dating back from 1997 to 1998 and initial steps that were taken to address the conflict. The next phase will cover the period dating from 1999-2000 following the signing of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, while the final phase will assess developments and efforts to secure peace by the international community from 2001 until 2004, while providing for a brief discussion on possible future developments. The research will commence by examining various theoretical contributions and insights produced on conflict prevention and the concept of preventive diplomacy. The examination of conflict prevention and preventive diplomacy will be rooted in theoretical insights produced by Michael Lund (1996) and other influential contributions on preventive diplomacy. The theoretical framework for this study will be based on Michael Lund’s model of preventive diplomacy. Although Lund’s conceptual framework provides a valuable insight into the theory of preventive diplomacy an additional theoretical consideration may be included into his assessment. Lund’s theoretical framework fails to address the impact of psychological variables and the extent to which prevailing conflict attitudes may exert a negative influence on a conflict situation. This may render the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy at the level of unstable peace obsolete if it fails to take prevailing conflict attitudes into account. This dissertation will also propose the inclusion of social-psychological approaches to augment the strategy of preventive diplomacy as developed by Lund. Very little conclusive and in-depth research has been conducted on how psychological variables, particularly conflict attitudes such as negative images, attitudes, perceptions and conflict behaviour can fuel and exacerbate a conflict situation, especially conflicts in Africa and how this may derail the success of preventive diplomacy in resolving such severe conflicts. In the numerous efforts to secure peace in the embattled Democratic Republic of the Congo scant consideration, evaluation and analysis has been produced on the way in which conflict attitudes such as misperception, fear, distrust, hostility and suspicion, became not only a major stumbling block to the peace process, but also negatively affected the outcome of the various peace agreements that were negotiated. One of the core arguments this dissertation will posit is that preventive diplomacy has not been successfully applied in resolving conflicts in Africa, and will continue to fail, unless greater emphasis is placed on structural prevention, that includes an assessment and strategy for responding to conflict attitudes, such as misperception, hostility, suspicion, fear and distrust. It could be argued that preventive diplomacy initiatives when taken alone and independently of a broader strategy of conflict prevention are likely to fail unless they are linked to measures and actions that tackle the deeper or structural causes of conflict. Greater emphasis should be placed on timely and adequate preventive action, through the vigorous promotion of preventive diplomacy, particularly structural prevention. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is intermittently erupting and will continue to do so, unless the structural causes of the crisis and the various conflict attitudes are effectively dealt with. The study will commence with the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, consisting of a discussion of conflict, preventive diplomacy, and conflict prevention. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will be discussed as well as the underlying factors that contributed towards the brutal and excessively violent nature the conflict came to assume. The study will also examine the international response to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as the immediate diplomatic efforts initiated to resolve the crisis from 1998-1999, which culminated in the signing of the Lusaka Cease-Fire Agreement on 10 July 1999. An assessment of the intervention efforts initiated by the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and other key African states, in particular South Africa will also be undertaken. The impact of psychological variables and the importance of assessing the crucial contribution of social-psychological approaches towards understanding and resolving conflict will be briefly considered with particular reference to the protracted tensions which persisted between Rwanda and the DRC, despite the conclusion of numerous peace agreements between both countries. The final chapter will form an evaluation of the prospects for peace in the DRC beyond 2004 and will conclude the study with particular reference to the extent to which the research questions have been adequately addressed with final recommendations on the role of preventive diplomacy in addressing conflict. / Dissertation (MA (International Relations))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.