'Victoria per Mentum : Psychological Operations Conducted by the Australian Army in Phuoc Tuy Province South Vietnam 1965-1971' examines the Australian Army's conduct of psychological operations from 1965 to 1971 in South Vietnam. The study traces the first instances of psychological warfare in 1965, aided by the Americans, through to the establishment of 1 Psychological Operations Unit in April 1970 until November 1971, when Australians withdrew from South Vietnam. Most soldiers in the unit had no training in the art or practice of psychological warfare. Successes in the American sponsored South Vietnam amnesty program (Chieu Hoi) mirrored the success on the battlefield by Australian fighting soldiers. Psychological Warfare is a non-lethal weapon which has a multiplier effect on the enemy in the battle space. The inability to effectively demonstrate conclusively the effects of successful psychological warfare operations added to uncertainty and scepticism over the weapon's potential and actual impact on the battlefield. Conventional military leaders rejected psychological warfare as 'paper bullets' that had little or no place in a military focused agenda - shoot, blast bomb, fragment, kill and capture to defeat the enemy. Propaganda and counter-propaganda are examined to demonstrate how these effects influenced each side. The study examines difficulties the Australian 1 Psychological Operations Unit encountered when trying to provide demonstrable and tangible indicators, which meant that when forces to choose between leaflets, loudspeakers and firepower, combat leaders chose firepower. The result was that psychological warfare proved successful only in a limited tactical sense but never created the type of operational or strategic success sought by traditional weapons proponents.

Denna uppsats undersöker en av Försvarsmaktens senaste utvecklade förmågor, Psykologiska operationer (Psyops). Tankar och förmågor som har med psykologiska operationer att göra har alltid existerat i militära organisationer men konceptet Psyops är en nyare benämning på ämnet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda om de finns användningsområden i en reguljär konflikt inom det egna rikets gränser, för det svenska Psyopsförbandet. Metoden som författaren har använt sig av är en kvalitativ deskriptiv metod samt en argumentationsanalys där Psyops vara eller icke vara inom det svenska invasionsförsvaret undersöks. Inledningsvis kommer en beskrivning över valt teoretiskt ramverk, de grundläggande förmågorna, samt en beskrivning över vad Psyops innebär. Efter det kommer en analysdel där de grundläggande förmågorna används som ett analysverktyg för att resultera i slutsatser om tänkbara användningsområden för Psyops i en nationell kontext. Dessa slutsatser presenteras i resultatkapitlet. Slutsatserna som dras är att det finns användningsområden för Psyops i en reguljär konflikt inom det egna riket. Möjliga specifika användningsområden som presenteras är Informatörstjänst, counter Psyops samt som CIMIC-förband. / This is an essay that will analyze one of the Swedish armed forces newest capabilities, Psychological operations (Psyops). Thoughts and capabilities that concern psychological operations have always existed in military organizations but the concept of Psyops is the latest choice of words for it. The purpose of the essay is investigate how the Swedish Psyops unit can be used in a regular war, within the own borders. The method and techniques that is used in the essay is a qualitative description method and a argument analysis. At first the theoretical framework that is used will be explained. In the same chapter the meaning of the concept Psyops will be explained. The next chapter contents an analyzeof the material presented in the chapter before. Here the author will use the theoretical framework as a tool for analyze that will lead to the conclusions and answers to the questions of the essay. Finally in the result chapter the conclusions will be presented. The conclusion that is made is that there are suitable applications in a regular conflict, for the Swedish Psyops unit. More specific areas of application for the unit is informational service, counter psyops and CIMIC.

No description available.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Psychological operations (PSYOP) forces should undertake significant doctrinal, training, and operational reforms to ensure the viability of support provided to U.S. led stabilization and reconstruction efforts. Such operations involve increased civilmilitary interactions and necessitate effective cross-cultural communications with not only the indigenous populace, but a host of transnational actors as well. Today's PSYOP training is reflective of a persisting "Cold War mentality" that fails to adequately prepare soldiers for effective post-conflict situations such as the reunification of the Korean peninsula, whether brought about either through a renewal of combat operations or the result of diplomatic means. Meanwhile, North Korea's formidable and adept propaganda machine has persisted in isolating its populace from external influences for more than a halfcentury. Post-Korean War generation North Koreans have been successfully indoctrinated since birth to despise the United States. Furthermore, anti-U.S. sentiment has been on the rise in South Korea for a number of years. Under the current training model, contemporary psychological operations forces are ill-prepared to conduct effective operations in an environment involving two-way, face-to-face communications such as those required while stabilizing and reconstructing a nation. The case of Korean reunification serves as an extreme scenario that nevertheless depicts the drastic need for improvements in the capabilities of modern PSYOP forces. / Captain, United States Army

Thesis (Master').

<p>Informationsoperationer utgör idag en allt viktigare del i svenska internationella uppdrag. Inom informationsoperationer sorterar funktionerna Psykologiska operationer (psyops) och Civil-Militär samverkan (CIMIC). Enligt grundsynen för informationsoperationer skall CIMIC utgöra en stödfunktion åt psyops under internationella insatser. Dock är inte samarbetet mellan parterna närmare preciserat och beskrivet i Försvarsmaktens dokumentation. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur funktionen psyops inom Försvarsmakten kan stöttas av stödfunktionen CIMIC vid en internationell insats.</p><p>För att uppnå syftets ambition använder uppsatsen sig av en deskriptiv metod i syfte att empiriskt beskriva funktionernas karaktärer och egenskaper. Analysram utgörs av Cialdinis teorier om påverkan av människor och av Agrells teorier om underrättelseanalysens problematik.</p><p>Resultatet för uppsatsen visar att psyops är i stort behov av kulturella underrättelser om utpekade målgrupper i operationsområdet. CIMIC har enligt analysramen goda möjligheter att genom sitt mångfacetterade kontaktnät och möjligheten att genomföra riktade projekt, inhämta underrättelser väl anpassade efter psyops behov.</p> / <p>Information operations constitute a more and more important part of the Swedish international operations, where Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) and Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) are included. Due to the basic view of Swedish information operations CIMIC is meant to have a support function for PSYOPS during international operations. This function of support is however only briefly specified in the documentation of the Swedish Armed Forces. The essay aims at describing and analysing how Swedish PSYOPS can receive support from CIMIC during an international operation.</p><p>The essay specifically intends to describe PSYOPS and CIMIC individual  characteristics and features. The analysis has been carried out with the help of a descriptive method.</p><p>To create a theoretical frame for the analysis Cialdinis theory on human influence and Agrells theory on the complexity of the intelligence analysis have been used.</p><p>The results of the essay show that PSYOPS is in great need of cultural intelligence gained from the appointed target audiences in the operation area. CIMIC has according to the analysis a good potential concerning collecting cultural intelligence thanks to its well-developed circle of contacts and its possibilities to accomplish CIMIC projects. </p>

Informationsoperationer utgör idag en allt viktigare del i svenska internationella uppdrag. Inom informationsoperationer sorterar funktionerna Psykologiska operationer (psyops) och Civil-Militär samverkan (CIMIC). Enligt grundsynen för informationsoperationer skall CIMIC utgöra en stödfunktion åt psyops under internationella insatser. Dock är inte samarbetet mellan parterna närmare preciserat och beskrivet i Försvarsmaktens dokumentation. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur funktionen psyops inom Försvarsmakten kan stöttas av stödfunktionen CIMIC vid en internationell insats. För att uppnå syftets ambition använder uppsatsen sig av en deskriptiv metod i syfte att empiriskt beskriva funktionernas karaktärer och egenskaper. Analysram utgörs av Cialdinis teorier om påverkan av människor och av Agrells teorier om underrättelseanalysens problematik. Resultatet för uppsatsen visar att psyops är i stort behov av kulturella underrättelser om utpekade målgrupper i operationsområdet. CIMIC har enligt analysramen goda möjligheter att genom sitt mångfacetterade kontaktnät och möjligheten att genomföra riktade projekt, inhämta underrättelser väl anpassade efter psyops behov. / Information operations constitute a more and more important part of the Swedish international operations, where Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) and Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) are included. Due to the basic view of Swedish information operations CIMIC is meant to have a support function for PSYOPS during international operations. This function of support is however only briefly specified in the documentation of the Swedish Armed Forces. The essay aims at describing and analysing how Swedish PSYOPS can receive support from CIMIC during an international operation. The essay specifically intends to describe PSYOPS and CIMIC individual  characteristics and features. The analysis has been carried out with the help of a descriptive method. To create a theoretical frame for the analysis Cialdinis theory on human influence and Agrells theory on the complexity of the intelligence analysis have been used. The results of the essay show that PSYOPS is in great need of cultural intelligence gained from the appointed target audiences in the operation area. CIMIC has according to the analysis a good potential concerning collecting cultural intelligence thanks to its well-developed circle of contacts and its possibilities to accomplish CIMIC projects.

<p>I USA infördes begreppet informationsoperationer i mitten av 1990-talet och det har sedan dess skett en stor utveckling inom detta fält. Även i den svenska Försvarsmakten har konceptetinformationsoperationer införts och en utveckling och uppbyggnad av förmågor inom detta koncept pågår. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida konceptet informationsoperationers uppkomst i Försvarsmakten kan utgöra ett exempel på idéspridning. Utgångspunkten är att USA som en av världens ledande försvarsmakter är trendsättare för andra försvarsmakter i västvärlden, däribland den svenska Försvarsmakten. Med utgångspunkt i teorin om idéspridning undersöks om den amerikanska idén om informationsoperationer har spridit sig och snappats upp av Försvarsmakten som sedan översatt idén efter sina egna förutsättningar. Uppsatsen beskriver informationsoperationers uppkomst i USA och hur begreppet har fått fäste och utvecklats i Försvarsmakten. Vidare beskrivs hur idén tagit organisatorisk form i Försvarsmakten i syfte att utifrån teorin om lokal översättning undersöka hur detta skiljer sig från det amerikanska konceptet. I slutsatserna konstateras att teorin om idéspridning är tillämpbar i det här fallet och att det också skett vissa anpassningar av idén när Försvarsmakten implementerat den i sin egen organisation.</p> / <p>The concept of information operations was introduced in the US in the middle of the 1990’s and has since that time developed and a lot of things have happened in that field during the last decade. The development of information operations is going on in the Swedish Armed Forces as well. The purpose of this essay is to study whether the introduction of the concept of information operationsin the Swedish Armed Forces can be seen as an example of the spreading of ideas according to new institutional theory. With the premise that the US, with one of the worlds leading armed forces, functions as a trend setter for other nations in the western part of the world this essay investigates if it is the American idea about information operations that has been adopted by the Swedish Armed Forces. Furthermore it investigates whether the idea, if it has been adopted, has been copied or translated to fit the new organization. The essay starts with describing the concept of informationoperations in the US, how it was introduced and how it is currently used. Then follows a presentation about how information operations, as a concept, has developed in the Swedish Armed Forces. Differences between how the concept of information operations has been implemented in the organizations is presented and discussed in order to try the theory about local translation of ideas. The major conclusions is that the concept of information operations’ introduction in the Swedish armed forces can function as an example of the new institutional theory about the spreading of ideas and that there has been some adaptations of the concept in order to fit the organization.</p>

I USA infördes begreppet informationsoperationer i mitten av 1990-talet och det har sedan dess skett en stor utveckling inom detta fält. Även i den svenska Försvarsmakten har konceptetinformationsoperationer införts och en utveckling och uppbyggnad av förmågor inom detta koncept pågår. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida konceptet informationsoperationers uppkomst i Försvarsmakten kan utgöra ett exempel på idéspridning. Utgångspunkten är att USA som en av världens ledande försvarsmakter är trendsättare för andra försvarsmakter i västvärlden, däribland den svenska Försvarsmakten. Med utgångspunkt i teorin om idéspridning undersöks om den amerikanska idén om informationsoperationer har spridit sig och snappats upp av Försvarsmakten som sedan översatt idén efter sina egna förutsättningar. Uppsatsen beskriver informationsoperationers uppkomst i USA och hur begreppet har fått fäste och utvecklats i Försvarsmakten. Vidare beskrivs hur idén tagit organisatorisk form i Försvarsmakten i syfte att utifrån teorin om lokal översättning undersöka hur detta skiljer sig från det amerikanska konceptet. I slutsatserna konstateras att teorin om idéspridning är tillämpbar i det här fallet och att det också skett vissa anpassningar av idén när Försvarsmakten implementerat den i sin egen organisation. / The concept of information operations was introduced in the US in the middle of the 1990’s and has since that time developed and a lot of things have happened in that field during the last decade. The development of information operations is going on in the Swedish Armed Forces as well. The purpose of this essay is to study whether the introduction of the concept of information operationsin the Swedish Armed Forces can be seen as an example of the spreading of ideas according to new institutional theory. With the premise that the US, with one of the worlds leading armed forces, functions as a trend setter for other nations in the western part of the world this essay investigates if it is the American idea about information operations that has been adopted by the Swedish Armed Forces. Furthermore it investigates whether the idea, if it has been adopted, has been copied or translated to fit the new organization. The essay starts with describing the concept of informationoperations in the US, how it was introduced and how it is currently used. Then follows a presentation about how information operations, as a concept, has developed in the Swedish Armed Forces. Differences between how the concept of information operations has been implemented in the organizations is presented and discussed in order to try the theory about local translation of ideas. The major conclusions is that the concept of information operations’ introduction in the Swedish armed forces can function as an example of the new institutional theory about the spreading of ideas and that there has been some adaptations of the concept in order to fit the organization.

Between 1960 and 1968 the United States conducted intensive psychological operations (PSYOP) in Vietnam. To date, no comprehensive study of the psychological war there has been conducted. This dissertation fills that void, describing the development of American PSYOP forces and their employment in Vietnam. By looking at the complex interplay of American, North Vietnamese, National Liberation Front (NLF) and South Vietnamese propaganda programs, a deeper understanding of these activities and the larger war emerges. The time period covered is important because it comprises the initial introduction of American PSYOP advisory forces and the transition to active participation in the war. It also allows enough time to determine the long-term effects of both the North Vietnamese/NLF and American/South Vietnamese programs. Ending with the 1968 Tet Offensive is fitting because it marks both a major change in the war and the establishment of the 4th Psychological Operations Group to manage the American PSYOP effort. This dissertation challenges the argument that the Northern/Viet Cong program was much more effective that the opposing one. Contrary to common perceptions, the North Vietnamese propaganda increasingly fell on deaf ears in the south by 1968. This study also provides support for understanding the Tet Offensive as a desperate gamble born out of knowledge the tide of war favored the Allies by mid-1967. The trend was solidly towards the government and the NLF increasingly depended on violence to maintain control. The American PSYOP forces went to Vietnam with little knowledge of the history and culture of Vietnam or experience conducting psychological operations in a counterinsurgency. As this dissertation demonstrates, despite these drawbacks, they had considerable success in the period covered. Although facing an experienced enemy in the psychological war, the U.S. forces made great strides in advising, innovating techniques, and developing equipment. I rely extensively on untapped sources such as the Foreign Broadcast Information Service transcripts, Captured Document Exploitation Center files, and access to the U.S. Army Special Operations Command Archives. Additionally, I have digitized databases such as the Hamlet Evaluation System and Terrorist Incident Reporting System for Geographic Information System software analysis. The maps provide examples of the possibilities available to the historian using these datasets.