網際網路興起與行動裝置普及後，人們越來越容易在各大社群媒體、討論區留下評論。其中，本來就影響甚大的負面口碑，結合了網路驚人的散步速率和廣大接觸群眾的特性，轉變為影響更為巨大的網路負面口碑。 過往有許多針對負面口碑的研究，這些研究大多面向一般企業，卻鮮少有研究針對公眾人物。然而，同時也有許多研究指出，許多企業會與公眾人物合作，而公眾人物自身做為容易被社會關注的目標，負面口碑有可能對其職業生涯與形象造成不良影響，故希望能針對網路負面口碑之於公眾人物的留言動機、內容以及解決方式研究。 本研究著重個案分析，我們將從PTT，全台灣知名的網路討論板，找尋針對個案中公眾人物評論，並且分析留言的措辭與內容，歸納留言者的動機、該負面留言的內容類型。並從網路上蒐集該公眾人物處理該負面網路口碑的資訊，分析其策略。 最終，本研究將歸納整理出動機、留言內容與公眾人物使用的策略，為未來在這塊學術領域有興趣繼續研究的同好們提供一個基礎，並為公眾人物以及其公關團隊避免與解決網路負面口碑提供建議與方針。 / Since the rise of social media and the spread of mobile devices, sharing comments, advice and information with people on the internet without the constraints of time and space has become part of modern life and has resulted in major changes to how people receive information. Because of these changes, one particular issue has become more important than before: the influence of electronic word of mouth (EWOM), especially the negative type. Word of mouth has long been a topic of research, and researchers have found that negative word of mouth (NWOM) can have a greater impact than positive or neutral word of mouth. Furthermore, EWOM can spread faster and wider than traditional WOM. Thus, if negative word of mouth were spread via electronic channels such as social media on internet, it can cause unimaginable damage to the target individual or organization. To date, few studies focus on public figures’ negative EWOM. However, public figures play important roles in many areas because of their high attention from society and may sometimes be the target of negative EWOM. Based on the above, this study seeks answers to the following questions: Why do people on the internet reply negatively to the target public figures (negative EWOM motivation)? What types of negative content do people on the internet generate toward the public figures? What types of strategies may be applied to deal with different types of negative EWOM and negative EWOM motivation more frequently? This study first searched and reviewed previous literature related to NWOM, EWOM and public figures and categorized a few motivation, types of negative content and strategies. We then chose twenty case studies, and collected comments about these twenty cases on PTT, the largest terminal-based bulletin board system (BBS) based in Taiwan. Based on the using words of these comments, we can find out new motivation and new types of negative content did not exist in previous literature. Furthermore, we tracked how these public figures deal with NWOM, and tried to find out new patterns of strategies. The research results can help managers and researchers prevent crises caused by negative EWOM or take appropriate approaches for these crises. Keywords: Negative Word of Mouth, Electronic Word of Mouth, Public Figures

The primary aim of this Master thesis entitled "Freedom of the Media versus Public Figures' Right to Privacy" is to investigate and analyse the conflict between freedom of the media and right to privacy of public persons. The thesis is formally structured into eight thematical chapters and two parts- theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part of the thesis provides legal, philosophical and media background for further analysis in the special part of the thesis. The analytical part deals with selected case studies of media photography conflicting with right to privacy of public figures. First chapter focuses on the freedom of speech and freedom of the media in historical, legal and philosophical perspective, deals also with the problem of censorship and technological challenges in the postmodern electronic age of the internet. Second chapter critically examines the concept of watchdog journalism in democratic system with special interest in the debate on the current affairs of the British media system. Third chapter deals with right to privacy and reflects also on the fluid concept of privacy in the era of social networking. Fourth chapter analyzes so-called public figure doctrine, celebritization and mediatization of politics and also discusses the collision between free speech and privacy....

En application de l'article 33 de la loi du 16 septembre 1807 relative au dessèchement des marais, la responsabilité du maintien et du contrôle de la bonne sécurité des digues relève du propriétaire de la digue. Au fil des ans, plusieurs textes sont venus préciser et renforcer les obligations en matière de gestion et d'entretien des digues contribuant au sentiment de sécurité que peuvent conférer ces ouvrages. Toutefois, alors qu’elles sont censées protéger les populations, les digues ont progressivement été qualifiées d’« ouvrages de danger » du fait du risque inhérent à leur rupture, conduisant à l’émergence d’un « risque digue » qui reconnaît juridiquement les limites des travaux de protection et de correction des cours d’eau et des rivages, et même leur contribution involontaire à la production de désastres. Les inondations et submersions marines qui sont survenues au cours des deux dernières décennies ont en effet illustré une importante situation de défaut d’entretien des digues sur l’ensemble du territoire métropolitain dont l’origine a pu être identifiée au travers d’une structure de la propriété des digues complexe, avec de multiples intervenants, l’absence pour de nombreux propriétaires riverains de volonté ou de moyens d’investir les sommes nécessaires pour la protection des digues, dont les enjeux dépassent souvent la protection de leurs biens et, en conséquence, pour pallier les carences des propriétaires de digues, une substitution des collectivités territoriales, sans que fût nécessairement mis en œuvre des moyens financiers suffisamment conséquents, et sans que celles-ci mesurent toujours à quel point elles engageaient leur responsabilité / In accordance with article 33 of the 16 september 1807 act relating to the draining of marshes, owners of dams are legally responsible for maintaining and monitoring the dams’ security. Various laws have clarified and strengthened the management and maintenance duty of dams over time to provide a sense of security. Despite the fact that the dams are built to protect people’s security, they have been considered as “hazardous structures” due to the potential risk of collapse. In addition, the legal concept of ‘dams disaster’ has emerged and been established, recognizing the limits of water proofing works as well as improvement and maintenance works and legally recognizing even unexpected disasters. Flooding and submersions occurred during last two decades demonstrated a significant lack of adequate maintenance for dams throughout the mainland France. The cause of lack of maintenance can be attributed to a complicated structure of ownership, which include many stakeholders and also to the owners’ unwillingness or lack of funding to make investments required for improvement and maintenance works. But, these stakes often go beyond the protection of their property. Furthermore, the responsibility of dam owners has been allocated to local authorities to offset deficiencies, but it was done so without preparing financial measures necessary for maintenance works and fully assessing the level of funds needed

Europos žmogaus teisių konvencijos 10 straipsnyje numatyta saviraiškos laisvė apima laisvę gauti informaciją ir idėjas bei laisvę jas skleisti. Konvencijos 8 straipsnyje įtvirtinta kiekvieno asmens teisė į privataus ir šeimos gyvenimo apsaugą, būsto neliečiamumą ir susirašinėjimo slaptumą. Įgyvendinant vieną Konvencijoje numatytą teisę dažnai kyla kitų įtvirtintų teisių gynimo problema. Ypač tai aktualu taikant Konvencijos 10 straipsnį, kuris labai dažnai konfliktuoja su Konvencijos 8 straipsniu. Esminis principas, kuriuo vadovaujasi Europos žmogaus teisių teismo praktikoje, pagrįstas tuo, kad Konvencijos 10 straipsnyje įtvirtinta nuomonės reiškimo laisvė negali pažeisti asmens teisės į jo privataus gyvenimo neliečiamumą. Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismas nėra nustatęs konkrečių privataus gyvenimo apsaugos ir nuomonės reiškimo laisvės ribų, t.y. kiekvienu konkrečiu atveju turi būti atsižvelgiama į esamą situaciją ir šios situacijos aplinkybes. Interesų balanso principas turi būti taikomas praktiškai įgyvendinant Konvencijos 8 straipsnį ir 10 straipsnį. Būtina rasti “pagrįsta balansą” ir nuspręsti, kokia Konvencijoje garantuojama teisė konkrečiu atveju turi viršenybę kitos teisės atžvilgiu. Teismas visų pirma analizuoja tokius kriterijus: ar nuomonės reiškimo laisvė atitinka visuomenės interesą žinoti tam tikrą faktą ar situaciją, ar šis visuomenės interesas yra svarbesnis už asmens privataus gyvenimo apsaugą, ar tam tikros informacijos paskelbimas yra pagrįstas egzistuojančiu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights is devoted to the freedom of expression, which includes freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas. Article 8 of the Convention protects private and family life, home, correspondence of every individual. By implementing one Conventional right a problem of other right’s protection often occurs. It is a matter of great relevance while implementing Article 10 of the Convention which very often conflicts with Article 8 of the Convention. The fundamental principle which European Court of Human Rights invokes in his case- law is based on the view that freedom of expression which is guaranteed in Article 10 of the Convention, cannot violate the right to respect for one’s private life. European Court of Human Rights has not set down particular limits of the private life’s protection and freedom of expression. It means that in each case the Court has to examine the existing situation and its circumstances. So the principle of “interest balance” has to be applied while implementing Articles 8 and 10 of the Convention in practice. It is essential to find the “reasonable balance” and to decide, which right guaranteed under the Convention will have the priority over another in each case. Firstly, the Court has to analyze these criterions: whether the freedom of expression satisfy the public’s interest to get particular information about certain facts or situation, whether this public’s... [to full text]