Les parcs et jardins, à contrario des bâtiments et des constructions pérennes des villes, sont vivants. Au fil des saisons et des années ils changent, les arbres grandissent, les feuilles tombent, les fleurs éclosent et se fanent. De la même manière que les hommes entretiennent leur corps, il faut prendre soin de ces espaces verts. Dans cette perspective, les espaces verts sont à la fois acteurs sociaux et espaces sociaux, et ils peuvent être appréhendés comme producteurs de territorialités, en élaborant des règles d’appropriation particulières, des histoires, des mythes et le sens qu’ils recèlent. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier comment ces territoires peuvent être producteurs d’action publique et de sens, à la fois pour les décideurs publics, les professionnels des espaces verts et les usagers. A travers trois angles d’approche distincts, nous abordons les parcs publics de Grenoble et de Sofia par l’histoire, les représentations et les usages, et enfin par une dimension esthétique qui leur est propre, et qui permet de mettre en évidence des processus communs à tous les milieux urbains, tels que les conflits d’acteurs, la gentrification ou encore la patrimonialisation.Si de nombreuses études traitent des espaces verts, non seulement en sociologie, mais aussi en urbanisme, géographie, sciences politiques, le travail que nous proposons ici est original et se propose d’aborder cette thématique du parc sous un angle inédit. En effet, cette étude met en avant une dimension comparative forte avec un terrain qui a pris place dans des villes très différentes, éloignées géographiquement et culturellement. Par ailleurs, l’étude ne se centre pas sur un espace en particulier, mais sur une myriade de parcs et jardins urbains dispersés dans les deux villes. Ce sont donc davantage des phénomènes globaux et structurels qui sont apparus et sur lesquels nous avons mis l’accent. Enfin, cette étude est également originale dans le sens où nous proposons de mobiliser une sociologie urbaine plus qu’une sociologie de l’environnement pour traiter de ces espaces. Nous proposons ainsi une critique de la sociologie de l’environnement et nous montrons qu’elle n’est pas nécessairement la plus pertinente pour comprendre le fonctionnement des parcs urbains. / The parks and gardens, in contrast to the buildings and the perennial buildings of the cities, are alive. Through the seasons and years they change, the trees grow, the leaves fall, the flowers hatch and fade. In the same way that men maintain their bodies, care must be taken of these green spaces. In this perspective, green spaces are both social actors and social spaces, and they can be considered as producers of territorialities, elaborating rules of appropriation, stories, myths and the meaning they hold. This thesis aims to study how these territories can be producers of public action and meaning, both for public decision-makers, professionals of green spaces and users. Through three different angles of approach, we approach the public parks of Grenoble and Sofia by history, representations and uses, and finally by an aesthetic dimension that is specific to them, and which allows to highlight processes Common to all urban environments, such as stakeholder conflicts, gentrification or patrimonialization.Although many studies deal with green spaces, not only in sociology, but also in urban planning, geography, political science, the work we propose here is original and proposes to approach this theme of the park from an unprecedented angle. Indeed, this study highlights a strong comparative dimension with a terrain that has taken place in very different cities, distant geographically and culturally. In addition, the study does not center on a particular space, but on a myriad of parks and urban gardens scattered in both cities. So it is more global and structural phenomena that have emerged and emphasized. Finally, this study is also original in the sense that we propose to mobilize an urban sociology rather than a sociology of the environment to deal with these spaces. We propose a critique of the sociology of the environment and show that it is not necessarily the most relevant to understand the functioning of urban parks.

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Kulturmiljövårdens hantering av de gröna miljöerna har länge varit bristfällig, vilket Visby vallgravar utgör exempel på. Park­området som sträcker sig utmed ringmuren från norr till söder ger idag ett till viss del naturpräglat intryck trots att det under slutet av 1800-talet genomgick omfattande planteringar och därmed i hög grad är medvetet gestaltat. Detta har medfört att kun­skapen om varför vallgravarna ser ut som de gör är otillräcklig. När Visby togs upp på UNESCO:s världsarvslista 1995 pekades vallgravarna ut som buffertzon. På ett kontrasterande sätt har man från kommunal sida på senare år utvecklat planer för exploa­tering både i och nära inpå vallgravsområdet. Undersökningen har syftat till att med Visby som exempel belysa hur gröna kulturmiljöer kan komma att tolkas på olika sätt när vi väljer att tillskriva dem särskilda tidslager och därmed bortse från andra. Dessutom har syftet varit att syna hur buffert­zonskonceptet applicerats i den kommunala planeringen och på detta sätt lyfta fallet till ett internationellt perspektiv. Undersökningen har visat på att Planteringsgillets verksamhet till stor del format dagens vallgravsområde. Samtidigt har histo­riens bristande förvaltning tillsammans med senare års ”medeltidifiering” lett till att fokus riktats bort från senare historia och snarare koncentrerats till medeltiden. I relation till den medeltida världsarvsstaden och ringmuren har vallgravarna kommit att mer utgöra en kuliss än en del av kulturarvet. Buffertzonskonceptet har visats möta problem i implementering i nationell lagstift­ning vilket är ett av skälen till ett avvaktande förhållningssätt till området i världsarvsfrågan. Paradoxala motsättningar i form av exploateringsplaner och en vilja att utöka och tydliggöra världsarvet är ett av resultaten som uppvisat ett behov av att öka kun­skapen och på ett tydligare sätt säkra världsarvets och vallgravarnas fortlevnad. / The cultural heritage management’s handling of the green environments has long been inadequate, which Visby moats are exemplifying. The park area that extends along the city wall from north to south today provide a rather natural impression de­spite in the late 1800s undergoing extensive plantings and thus are highly deliberately formed. This has resulted in a poor under­standing of why the moats look like they do. When Visby was included in the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1995 the moats were pointed out as a buffer zone. In a contrasting way the municipal authorities have, in recent years, been developing plans for exploitation within and close to the moat area. The research has, with Visby as an example, aimed to show how green cultural environments might be interpreted in different ways when we choose to ascribe to them specific layers of time and thus ignore the others. Secondly, the aim has been to look into how the buffer zone concept is applied in municipal planning and in this way raise the case to an international perspective. The research has shown that the work of Planteringsgillet largely shaped today's moat area. Meanwhile, mismanagement through history along with recent years' “Middle Ageifying" have led to a focus directed away from recent history and rather concentrated on the Middle Ages. In relation to the medieval world heritage city and the city walls the moats have come more to represent a coulisse than a part of cultural heritage. The buffer zone concept has shown to face problems in the implementation in national law which is one of the reasons for a passive approach to the area concerning ​​the World Heritage issue. Paradoxical contradictions in the form of exploitation plans and a desire to expand and clarify the World Heritage Site is one of the results that have demonstrated a need to increase knowledge and a clearer way to secure the viability of the world heritage and the moats.

В диссертационном исследовании рассматривается жилой квартал Дворянское гнездо, расположенный в микрорайоне Уралмаш города Екатеринбурга. Объект исследования - дворовая территория ансамбля, которая проанализирована с точки зрения качества и удобства пространства, комфортного ее использования всеми категориями проживающих граждан. Используя методику датского архитектора Яна Гейла выявлены проблемы комплекса по двенадцати критериям и предложены варианты их решений. Дана оценка жилого комплекса с точки зрения устойчивой архитектуры. Разработано концептуальное решение благоустройства прилегающей территории с учетом доступности для всех групп населения. Проведена оценка проекта по критериям устойчивости по системе экологической сертификации GreenZoom. В заключение о важности сохранения жилого фонда первой половины XX века, а также рассматривается вопрос о необходимости проведения реновации на территории общественного пространства Дворянского гнезда. / The dissertation research examines the residential quarter of the Noble Nest (Dvoryanskoe gnezdo), located in the Uralmash microdistrict of the city of Yekaterinburg. The object of the study is the courtyard area of the ensemble, which is analyzed from the point of view of the quality and convenience of space, its comfortable use by all categories of living citizens. Using the methodology of the Danish architect Jan Gale, the problems of the complex were identified according to twelve criteria and options for their solutions were proposed. An assessment of the residential complex from the point of view of sustainable architecture is given. A conceptual solution for the improvement of the adjacent territory has been developed, taking into account accessibility for all groups of the population. The project was evaluated according to sustainability criteria according to the Green Zoom environmental certification system. In conclusion, the importance of preserving the housing stock of the first half of the XX century, as well as the need for renovation on the territory of the public space of the Noble Nest (Dvoryanskoe gnezdo).

The territory lies in the City of Brno, in the urban district of Zábrdovice. From the east it is demarcated by the Svitava River, from the south by the Cejl Street, and from the west by the Jan Svoboda Street. Its area is approximately 18,790 m2. From the standpoint of urban planning¸ the intensive house is a separate city block, which is, nevertheless, open in the eastern direction towards the Svitava River, thus communicating with the embankment. In the other direction there is both private and semi-private space inside the block as a relaxation green “garden” in several levels. The mass of the object links up in the prolonged line with the existing neighbouring blocks and thus respects the integrity of the territory. Intensive use of the territory consists in the achievement of high density of built-up area, and at the same time preserving the surroundings of quality for life and habitation. Functions are mixed here and a city of short distances is created here with nearly excluded traffic. In order to achieve such intensity, space urbanism is employed. The principle consists in a simple linear form of masses respecting the shape of the lot, which is vivified with an ellipsoid located in the courtyard, which is an accent towards the linear form. The ellipsoid serves as a small cultural and exhibition centre, at the same time connecting all the arms of the defining block and bringing daylight to the first floor. The block is open in the direction to the river and its half-public space is connected with the embankment with a staircase and verdure. Verdure is also made use of on the roofs. The defining mass is perforated, thus creating covered terraces. The principal architectonic intention was to create an integrated structure, where a significant role is played by the introduction of nature and polyfunctionality to the whole territory, thus increasing its attractivity. From the dispositional perspective the individual functions interpenetrate at al