The surface parking lot was a key element in the destruction of traditional public space. It fragmented the fabric of traditional cities, prompting the sprawl of twentieth century cities and suburbs. The automobile permitted the average individual, for the first time in history, to move through public space insulated in a private shell, shielded from strangers and protected from undesirables. Consequently, the role of the sidewalk dwindled. The automobile and the parking lot dominated the pedestrian and the sidewalk, whose diminished vitality further encouraged widespread automobile use. As a result, the parking lot became one of the defining features of the American city. In the United States parking lots are expected to be utilitarian, prevalent and free. Even as traditional public spaces disappeared, there was little demand for new public spaces, particularly not in the parking lot. Through investigations of parking history and public space, this thesis argues that parking lots, by virtue of their visual and physical accessibility, are contemporary public space. Although they are singular in their use, in contrast to the multifaceted street, parking lots are the settings for modern public life. This thesis further asserts that the simple landscape of the utilitarian parking lot can be transformed into complex public space, thereby enlivening the public realm.

Climate change is currently identified as one of the most challenging global issues, which makes low-carbon development an increasingly popular topic that needs serious consideration. Therefore, the way cities are planned, managed, and use energy will play a vital role in mitigating climate change and its impact on the environment. Some simple city facilities such as pedestrian walkways, safe bikeways, and different modes of transportations, as well as sustainable policies and action programs, could reduce automobile dependency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in many cities. This project will explore such sufficient and practical rules and policies to redesign neighborhoods to create more sustainable, livable, and low-carbon cities, which will be accessible and attractive for all groups of people. This study reviews, compares, and analyzes different sustainable urbanism principles under three pillars of the sustainable development concept, including environmental, economical, and social. It also analyzes similar successful projects in Europe to find the appropriate and practical rules that are compatible with community requirements. The results show that all the sustainable principles should work together to create a sustainable community with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is everyone’s responsibility to care about the future. It is necessary for urban planners, architects, and any related divisions of government to follow the proper rules to make cities a better place to live and also to increase residents’ awareness of both climate change issues and practical solutions. Urban planners are responsible for inviting people to be involved in making decisions and sharing their ideas to enrich communication, with the purpose of making a better city to live in.

The dissertation investigates an interface between industrial architecture, the public realm and formal and informal programmatic functions mediated through an urban abattoir. Further, the dissertation examines the occupation of a deserted industrial site and revival thereof through new light industrial programming. The proposal focusses on the rejuvenation of the abattoir as a ritualistic and cognisant process and the contemporary application of the industrial typology mediated through regenerative architectural principles and sustainable technologies. A new public interface is explored to reconnect industrial architecture and industry to the “urban surface”, avoiding the mistakes of the past and preserving the future of the site and its surrounding context. The final design ameliorates the deserted wasteland condition by connecting the new abattoir to the industrial heritage of the site. The resultant design is an urban abattoir which interacts and expresses itself at various scales whilst always representative of the processes housed. The design creates a dialogue between the public and the abattoir by adopting the methodology of reclaiming the entire animal carcass as done in South African ritual slaughter. The design incorporates numerous sustainable systems to reduce the waste found in abattoirs. The project reconnects the contemporary abattoir to the productive urban network and emphasises the importance of architecture in the regeneration of a building typology. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Nieuwoudt, JH 2011, High street abattoir : a new interface for architecture of industry mediated through a public abattoir, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01052012-134038 / > C12/4/56/gm / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / unrestricted

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The public realm of the ancient, Western city evolved situationally - over time and in response to the ethos of its citizens. Some of the urban forms that were born within the context of the ancient city are still in use today. These now archetypal forms met the specific needs of the ancient city, and as they were repeated, patterns arose that came to define what a physical city was. The physical form of the city and the citizen body were intrinsically linked in the ancient world - and in ancient Greece were defined by the same word - polis. In Rome, the city and the collective citizenry come to be defined separately - as urbs and civitas, respectively. The Romans continue to use and elaborate upon the urban forms and patterns developed in Greece, in support of the Roman civitas. The development of the public realm and its most archetypal forms, from the stoa to the public plaza, of a selection of ancient cities will be examined in three parts; Greece, Rome, and Roman colonies. Within these three representative examples, a tripartite examination of the myths, rituals, and development of the public realm will give a complete picture of the city - its form and its ethos. First, the Greek city will be discussed using the architectural development of the Athenian agora within its historical and political context. With an understanding of the Greek public realm, specific architectural advancements, including the stoa form, of the Greeks can be better understood. Second, the Roman elaboration of the Greek forms will be traced in the growth of the Forum Boarium in Rome. While situationally-developed, the archetypal urban forms that grew in Greece and Rome came to define urban patterns that could be used in new settings, like those of colonial settlements, while retaining the ethos of the original. From its first colony of Ostia to its exemplary Gallic capital of Lyon, Rome established a codified set of urban patterns that both represented and explained Roman urban values to its expanding populace. Finally, the Roman contributions, particularly the colony and fora patterns that evolved in Gaul, will be examined in detail using the colonial capital of Lyon as the primary example. As new socio-political systems evolved - the polis in Athens and the Empire in Rome - correlating urban forms developed in support of them. In the ancient city, the city and the public realm were the containers for ritual action - and the architecture that developed reflected this basic purpose of the city.

The area of sport policy is in the political science a marginal issue, although the Czech public considers this as an important policy. The paper deals with the mutual relationships among sport, politics and civil society. The primary goal of this thesis is the analysis of the current sport policy and its stakeholders in the Czech Republic. The main text is divided into three chapters. The first one consists of theoretical part and deals with the theory of civil society, public policy and the issues of interest intermediation. The second chapter draws attention to the basic attributes of sport such as emergence, division and in particular the importance of sport for social relations. The last third chapter focuses mainly on the analysis of interests, priorities and goals of political parties and interest groups -- sports and physical education civil associations in the area of sports and physical activities. The end of the third chapter outlines the current problems and perspectives of sport and sport policy in the Czech Republic.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T18:47:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Souzaseg.pdf: 467180 bytes, checksum: 86aad574118d56e6f1b1733299df0d05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Alice Ribeiro(malice@ufba.br) on 2013-05-02T16:02:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Souzaseg.pdf: 467180 bytes, checksum: 86aad574118d56e6f1b1733299df0d05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-02T16:02:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Souzaseg.pdf: 467180 bytes, checksum: 86aad574118d56e6f1b1733299df0d05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A entrada na esfera pública brasileira de novos fatos e relatos sobre a violação dos direitos humanos cometidos na ditadura militar tem um significado para além da comprovação desses excessos e do julgamento dos responsáveis. A luta pelo resgate das memórias subterrâneas também diz respeito à possibilidade de dar sentido às experiências vividas por quem sofreu a violência de Estado. A discussão teórico-metodológica sobre relações entre memória, esquecimento e linguagem, parte das propostas metodológicas de Hannah Arendt, segundo a qual, somente as histórias narradas dão significado ao passado e possibilitam a compreensão necessária à reconciliação com o mundo e consigo mesmo. Entretanto, outros autores aportam importantes contribuições à discussão, como a idéia de fragmentos da memória em Walter Benjamin, a discussão da relação entre memória e história em Michael Pollak, o conceito de vida nua de Agamben, etc. Buscamos ver, nas falas de três filhos cujos pais sofreram o arbítrio estatal, o que os move e o que os dificulta na transmissibilidade de suas narrativas. / Salvador

In the modern consumer economy, experience is playing an increasingly important role. We are looking to buy a special but authentic experience, in particular when it comes to food consumption. These developments have led to a resurface and reinvention of the traditional covered market hall. New versions of the conventional concept have been created, and these covered food halls put emphasis on creating an attractive public realm for the visitor. However, the different versions of the covered food halls have different public realms with varied effects on the sense of place and conviviality for the visitor. The aim of this research is to find out what the drivers of the public realm of the modern covered food hall are, and to analyze how these influence, and can possibly improve the sense of place and conviviality. Three case studies of new covered food halls in Rotterdam provided valuable insights. From the theories it became apparent that there are four drivers of the public realm when it comes to the creation of a sense of place and conviviality: economical, social, cultural and political. The case studies showed the same result, however it has come to show that the tangible public realm is first and foremost the result of the intangible organization behind the covered food halls, relating to the political driver of the public realm. The structure and the aim of the organization determine the other 3 drivers, resulting in the physical structure of the public realm, and the activities that take place in the space. Within the physical realm, elements such as personalization, flexibility and transparency have shown to be crucial to create a sense of place and conviviality. The organization behind the hall also influences the activities that take place inside and around the hall. In order to possibly improve the public realm of the covered food hall, it is therefore important to start with finding a fitting organization for the aims and goals the covered food halls has as part of the public realm.

This thesis aims to classify contemporary way of thought in the architecture and urbanism mainly in respect to the formation of public space. Generally, it seeks to identify ideological background of individual ways of thoughts and their genealogy – therefore it explores their historical roots too. The methodological framework of the thesis is grounded in the critical theory and production of (public) space as well as architectural production is therefore understood as a political act; not necessarily in terms of the established political parties or ideologies but rather in the sense of production of the city space as a social arena, in which completion of various agents, interests and notions is present including the architectural discourses. The resulting form of the public space is than a result of this competition and unavoidable ideological antagonism, which is present in the ideological basis of the individual way of thoughts in architecture and urbanism.

There has been a continual emergence of shopping centres in the 21st century. In recent years the prevailing shopping centres have been designed as an indispensable part of city centres having all the urban elements and qualities of traditional streets in combination with convenience, commercial efficiency, and high functioning design. The evolving shopping malls are challenged to add diversity to the range of shopping facilities and add on to the new experience keeping up with the ever-changing trends in society. This study aims to investigate if shopping malls are over-managed consumer spaces embedded in privatisation and commercialisation, thus creating a hindrance for true public spaces to emerge, or do they have a possibility of becoming a real public realm with true public spaces. Two case studies of shopping centres provided valuable insights on how stakeholders pursued planned public spaces in shopping centres and how the public perceives them. The placemaking model, highlighting the fundamental rights in a public space by covering the tangible and intangible aspects, has been central to this research. The results indicate that the malls should integrate more into the cities. They should focus on incorporating adaptive flexibility with the diversity of usage inclusive of changing demographics and increased urbanisation, which means a greater need for public spaces for mingling and congregation. / Det har skett en ständig uppkomst av köpcentra under 2000-talet. Under de senaste åren har de rådande köpcentrumen utformats som en oumbärlig del av stadskärnan med alla urbana inslag och kvaliteter av traditionella gator i kombination med bekvämlighet, kommersiell effektivitet och hög fungerande design. De utvecklande köpcentrana utmanas att lägga till mångfald i utbudet av shoppingfaciliteter och lägga till den nya upplevelsen som följer de ständigt föränderliga trenderna i samhället. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om köpcentra är överhanterade konsumentutrymmen inbäddade i privatisering och kommersialisering, och därmed skapa ett hinder för att verkliga offentliga utrymmen dyker upp eller har de en möjlighet att bli en riktig allmänhet med verkliga offentliga utrymmen. Två fallstudier av köpcentrum gav värdefull insikt om hur intressenter förföljde planerade allmänna utrymmen i köpcentra och hur allmänheten uppfattar dem. Platsframställningsmodellen, som belyser de grundläggande rättigheterna i ett offentligt rum genom att täcka de konkreta och immateriella aspekterna, har varit centralt i denna forskning. Resultaten indikerar att köpcentra bör integreras mer i städerna. De bör fokusera på att integrera anpassningsbar flexibilitet med mångfalden av användning inklusive förändrad demografi och ökad urbanisering, vilket innebär ett större behov av offentliga utrymmen för mingling och församling.