Hur kommer det sig att antalet resenärer inom Stockholms kollektivtrafik skiljer sig kraftigt från dag till dag? Är skillnaden rent slumpmässig eller spelar faktorer som befolkningsmängd, lufttemperatur, nederbörd, månad eller veckodag en signifikant roll för att förklara variationen? Denna uppsats ämnar att utforska dessa externa variablers påverkan på kollektivtrafiken och hur denna typ av datadriven information kan leda till bättre understödda beslut. Den applicerade metoden var multipel linjär regression och data som användes mottogs från Trafikförvaltningen, SMHI och SCB. Slutsatsen från studien visar att variationerna i antal resenärer i Stockholms Lokaltrafik kan förklaras med cirka 84\% från befolkningsmängden, månad och veckodag. / Why is it that the number of travellers in Stockholm's public transportation differs from day to day? Is the difference arbitrary or do factors such as population, temperature, weather conditions, months, or even weekdays have a significant role in this variation? This thesis aims to explore these external variables and their effect on public transportation, as well as how this type of data driven information can result in well supported decisions. The method applied to the study was multiple linear regression and the data used was retrieved from Trafikförvaltningen, SMHI, and SCB. The study concluded that the variations in the number of travellers in Stockholm's public transportation is up to 84\% explained by population, as well as month and weekday.

Genomförandet av en sårbarhetsanalys syftar till att identifiera svaga delar av ett system för att på effektivaste sätt förebygga och åtgärda eventuella brister i systemet. Ett sätt att identifiera de svaga delarna är att simulera olika scenarier genom att använda en matematisk modell. I den här studien byggs en matematisk modell upp med hjälp av optimeringslära, en gren inom matematiken som används för att hitta ett optimalt värde till en funktion under vissa begränsande villkor. Optimeringslära lämpar sig väl for att studera flöden, så som till exempel Stockholms kollektivtrafik. Stockholms kollektivtrafik kan ses som ett flöde av resenärer som så snabbt som möjligt vill ta sig från en punkt till en annan under begränsade villkor i form av utrymme, tid och förbindelser. Stockholms kollektivtrafik förenklas till ett system bestående av 34 noder, sammanlänkade genom SL:s spårtrafik Och stombusslinjer. Normalt trafikflöde simuleras och används som referensfall För fyra olika scenarier med begränsningar i trafiken. De fyra scenarierna är: • Kapacitetsbegränsningar på sträckan mellan Slussen och T-Centralen • Kapacitetsbegränsningar på sträckan mellan Skanstull och Gullmarsplan • Kapacitetsbegränsningar på sträckan mellan Fridhemsplan och Alvik • Inga fungerande tvärförbindelser Resultatet från simuleringarna visar att Stockholms kollektivtrafik generellt har bra resiliens men att systemet är väldigt beroende av T-Centralen och Stockholm Central som en stor del av resenärerna passerar. Efter känslighetsanalys dras slutsatsen att den matematiska modellen genererar trovärdiga resultat och optimeringslära visar sig vara ett bra verktyg vid sårbarhetsanalys av flöden. / The purpose of performing a vulnerability analysis is to identify security deficiencies in a system and to reduce the risk of harmful events in an efficient manner. One way to identify vulnerabilities is to simulate different scenarios by using a mathematical model. In this study an optimization model is used, which means that an optimal value is found for a function under some certain limiting constraints. Optimization is a good choice when dealing with flow problems, such as the public transportation system in Stockholm. The public transportation system in Stockholm can be viewed as a flow of travelers that want to move as quickly as possible from one place to another while constrained by limited capacity, time and connections. The public transportation system is simplified into 34 nodes, connected through the major routes, in form of commuter trains, subways, trams and buses. Normal traffic flow is simulated and used as a reference for  our scenarios with certain limitations in the traffic flow. The four different scenarios are: • Capacity limitations between Slussen and T-Centralen • Capacity limitations between Skanstull and Gullmarsplan • Capacity limitations between Fridhemsplan and Alvik • Non working transverse route. The simulation results prove that the Stockholm public transportation system has good resilience. However, the system is very dependent on the specific nodes T-Centralen and Stockholm Central, through which an extensive number of travelers pass by each day. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the result to ensure that the mathematical model generates credible results, and optimization theory proves to be a good tool for investigating the vulnerability of flows. / <p>www.ima.kth.se</p>

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The purpose of this study was to investigate individuals' experiences of safety at Kista bus station. The study aimed to provide answers to the research questions of whether individuals perceive safety at Kista bus station and on the way to and from the bus station, if there is a difference in perceived safety between men and women, and during daytime and nighttime, and how well the results from the observation analysis aligned with the results from the survey. In this study, I chose to use a case study design which involved studying a specific location and focusing on the specific place of Kista bus station. A combination of various methods such as survey, observation analysis, and literature review were used in this work to facilitate the study of the location. This combination provided a deeper understanding of the functions and conditions of the location, as such a type of combination of methods helps to study the research questions from different perspectives. Thus, these methods used in this study contributed to validate the results. The conclusion of this study was that Kista bus station is relatively safe currently, but some areas around the station are perceived as unsafe.

La presente investigación analiza la situación actual del transporte público interdistrital dentro de la ciudad de Lambayeque, y cómo estos afectan los espacios y las vías públicas de la ciudad. La finalidad de esta investigación es hacer un estudio detallado del transporte público, la relación que tiene con los espacios y las vías públicas, identificar un área donde proyectar, para concluir en el diseño de un terminal de transporte. La investigación según la forma es cualitativa, de enfoque descriptiva propositiva; el nivel de investigación es no experimental de corte transversal y propositivo. La problemática ocasionada por el transporte público interdistrital pone en evidencia la falta de control y orden de los vehículos que prestan estos servicios, tales como las combis y colectivos, esto repercute en los espacios y vías públicas que son abordadas por los vehículos, dejando de lado el libre tránsito para los peatones. Con la aplicación de las herramientas de investigación se obtuvo como resultado la necesidad de implementar un área y una infraestructura dentro de la ciudad para el desarrollo de las actividades con relación al transporte público. / This research analyzes the current situation of interdistrict public transport within the city of Lambayeque, and how these affect the spaces and public roads of the city. The purpose of this research is to make a detailed study of public transport, the relationship it has with public spaces and roads, identify an area to project, to conclude on the design of a transport terminal. The investigation according to the form is qualitative, with a propositional descriptive approach; the research level is non-experimental, cross-sectional and purposeful. The problems caused by interdistrict public transport highlights the lack of control and order of the vehicles that provide these services, such as combis and buses, This affects the spaces and public roads that are approached by vehicles, leaving aside free traffic for pedestrians. With the application of the research tools, the need to implement an area and infrastructure within the city for the development of activities in relation to public transport was obtained.

In the field of city planning, a growing need exists for the integration of spatial development with transportation planning instruments. This study identifies issues related to the definition, evaluation and implementation of the integration of sustainable development and sustainable transportation within three types of municipalities. Significant issues that are explored include the various definitions of integration; the range of issues considered under notions of integration; the diverse perspectives on, and criticism of development and transportation integration analysis, as well as approaches to evaluating integration and transportation impacts on development. Furthermore, the study reports on the goals of each municipality, specifically with reference to sustainable public transportation decision-making; approaches to sustainable transportation, automobile dependency; land use; and finally, on sustainable transportation and development integration solutions. Approaches to spatial development used to focus on the organisation of land use issues, but this field is increasingly defined more broadly to include economic and social welfare, quality of human health/life and environmental integrity. From a sustainability perspective, a narrow definition of sustainable transportation tends to favour individual technological solutions, while a broader definition tends to favour more integrated solutions, including improved travel choices, economic incentives, institutional reforms, land use changes as well as technological innovation. Integration focuses on the teamwork required between the relevant departments as well as between levels or spheres of government, and often entails the implementation of nodal-corridor approaches. Sustainability planning may require changing the way people think about solutions to transportation problems in the future. The literature survey (Chapter 2) addresses a number of salient concepts, namely transportation and spatial development integration, public transportation and its orientated development, nodal-corridor development, as well as environmental and development relationships. Furthermore, an investigation into the legislative frameworks and policies is presented with emphasis on spatial development, transportation plans and node-and-corridors development (Chapter 3). This is followed in Chapter 4 by a report on an investigation into, and interviews held with representatives from the three municipalities (Hermanus local municipality, Cape Town metropolitan municipality and Eden district municipality) with reference to the integrated transportation plans (ITP) and spatial development frameworks (SDF) of these municipalities. This section reflects the opinions of relevant role-players regarding the central aspects of this study. Chapter 5 presents a summary of the study as well as a number of conclusions. In this chapter, planning recommendations are provided with the aim of advising municipalities on possibilities for the integration of sustainable transportation plans and spatial planning / development instruments. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Urban and Regional planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

A lotação do veículo é um dos fatores determinantes para a qualidade do transporte público (TP), pois, além do conforto do passageiro, afeta também a confiabilidade da linha, alterando a velocidade média do veículo. Entretanto, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, uma das maiores operações de ônibus do mundo, é difícil se encontrar implantado algum equipamento de contagem automática de passageiros (APC), provavelmente devido aos custos das tecnologias atuais. Esta pesquisa apresenta os resultados de um método de APC utilizando o sensoriamento por Wi-Fi de telefones móveis dos passageiros embarcados num veículo do TP por ônibus. Para este fim, um protótipo de baixo custo foi desenvolvido e instalado na linha 6500-10 entre o Terminal Santo Amaro e o Terminal Bandeira, durante 7 dias da semana em horários de pico e entre pico. Os dados coletados foram analisados através de ferramentas estatísticas e métodos de análise geográficas. Durante o experimento observou-se que o APC foi capaz de detectar a mudança da ocupação do veículo em 85% dos casos, com uma confiança de até 20% e um erro de até 22 passageiros por medida. Através de dados de posição geográfica foi possível gerar matrizes de carregamento, que permitem inferir a origem e o destino dos passageiros em cada viagem, assim como - para todo o período do experimento - indicar os trechos com maior lotação. Por outro lado, o método não apresentou bons resultados saindo dos terminais e quando a ocupação mudou repentinamente, requerendo estudos posteriores para refinar o algoritmo apresentado. Da mesma maneira, ainda não há como generalizar o método para toda operação, pois, o espaço amostral estudado foi pequeno, deixando como sugestão para pesquisas futuras o aprimoramento deste sistema. / The crowdedness of a vehicle is one of the main quality factor of the public transportation (TP) quality, since, besides the comfort, also affect the reliability of the line, changing its average speed. However, the city of São Paulo, Brazil, one of the biggest bus operations of the world, it is difficult to find any automatic passenger counter (APC) equipment deployed, probably due the costs of current technologies. This research shows the results of an APC technology by the sensing of the Wi-Fi signal of smartphones that are boarded in a vehicle on TP by bus. Therefore, a prototype was developed and deployed on the line 6500-10 between the Terminal Santo Amaro and the Terminal Bandeira, during 7 working days of the week on peak and off-peak hours. was analyzed with statistical and geographical tools. During the experiment, it was observed that the Wi-Fi APC was capable of estimate the occupancy of the vehicle 85% of the cases, with a significance level up to 20% and an error up to 22 passengers per estimation. Through the geographical analysis it was generated load matrices, that allow to infer the origin and destination of the passenger in each trip, indicating the sections along the route where were more boarding and alighting. On the other hand, the method did not perform well when coming out of the final stops and when the crowdedness changed suddenly, requiring further analysis to understand how to deal better under these circumstances. Likewise, due to the limited sample utilized in this research, we cannot generalize the results presented, pressing the need for new researches on different operation scenarios.