Nowadays many people recognize the need for sustainable development more than ever because of improper urban sprawl, rapid exhaustion of natural resources, and serious environmental problems. Emission of carbon dioxide from transportation sources causes severe air contamination, and this will increase due to the continued use of private vehicles. Thus, local governments are trying to keep public transit on a satisfactory level due to rising commuting time for cities. The U.S. Census shows that the majority of people would prefer to use their private automobile rather than utilize existing mass transit systems. Therefore, it is up to local governments to consider setting up more efficient alternative mass transit systems to deal with the increasing pollution caused by automobiles. Organizations adopt certain environmental standards for many different reasons, such as commitment to environmental issues affecting their industry. Other organizations could also benefit, both economically and environmentally, by utilizing such standards. The LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system is one of the more commonly-used environmental standards which presents guidelines for making decisions regarding land development while preserving the environment. However, only a few studies have attempted to evaluate this voluntary rating system which makes it difficult to justify the motivation of organizations that have adopted such voluntary standards. In this respect, this research primarily aims to explore the economic influence on the market value of undeveloped land through an analysis of public transportation in San Francisco, CA. Population density and area of each parcel are the factors considered to make the predictive model more powerful. Findings in this study show that LEED PTA (Public Transportation Accessibility) criteria, and population density significantly affect the appraised land unit value in specific purposed zones. Particularly, the economic impact of public transportation accessibility tended to be positive. With these findings, the statistical model for predicting land value was created. The result of this research can assist developers to make better site selections to accelerate the growth of sustainable construction.

This study measures the influence of public bus services on traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Lima and Callao. The effect of the flow of buses on the transportation network is measured by way of a dynamic traffic assignment program, Dynasmart. The database is constructed on the basis of the 2005-2025 Master Plan. To this end, the transportation network is verified using Google Earth, and field measurements of capacity, speed, and volume- relay functions to describe traffic congestion are used. The flow of buses is calculated using the Emme3 program. Origin-destination matrices are calculated for each hour based on the 24-hour origindestination matrix from the Master Plan. In the case of congestion, both the exact and the maximum influence of the flow of buses are measured, and the case of segregating a traffic lane for a Rapid Bus System—a much-discussed topic—is also considered. In the case of pollution, the exact influence of the flow of buses is used to measure fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for the option of reducing public bus services as well as a further five options, including the implementation of a Rapid Bus System featuring gas-powered buses. It is found that halving the size of the bus fleet increases the speed of the transportation network by between 2 and 7% per day, and between 9 and 14% until 11 am, and yields 46% of the benefits of promoting clean fuels and inspection and maintenance; that is, that this measure is of limited worth in reducing congestion, and should not be considered a priority means of alleviating pollution. / Se mide la influencia del transporte público de buses sobre la congestión vehicular y sobre la contaminación ambiental de Lima y Callao. Se modela el efecto de los flujos de buses sobre la red de transporte mediante un software de asignación dinámica de tráfico Dynasmart. Se construye la base de datos sobre el Plan Maestro 2005-2025. Para ello, se verifica la red de transporte por Google Earth, y se utilizan mediciones de campo sobre capacidad, velocidad, y funciones volumen-demora que describen la congestión vial. Se calculan los flujos de uses con el software Emme3. Se construyen las matrices origen-destino por cada hora a partir de la matriz origendestino de 24 horas del Plan Maestro. En el caso de la congestión, se mide una influencia exacta y otra máxima de los flujos de buses, y también el caso de segregar un carril de vía para un sistema de buses rápidos, un tema frecuente de discusión. En el caso de la contaminación, se utiliza la influencia exacta de los flujos de buses para medir consumo de combustible y emisión de contaminantes para la alternativa de reducción de buses de transporte público y otras cinco alternativas más, entre ellas la implementación de un sistema de buses rápidos con buses a gas. Se obtiene que, reducir la flota de buses a la mitad, incrementa la velocidad de la red de transporte entre 2 y 7% diario y entre 9 y 14% a las 11 am, y que produce un 46% de los beneficios de promover combustibles limpios e inspección como mantenimiento; es decir, que esta medida es poco efectiva en reducir la congestión y que su prioridad debiera reducirse en aliviar la contaminación.

O transporte público coletivo urbano merece atenção pelo fato de ser fundamental para o desenvolvimento das cidades e para a qualidade de vida da população, sendo considerada uma condição primordial para o crescimento da economia de um município. A dissertação teve como objetivo, verificar a percepção dos usuários do transporte coletivo público urbano da cidade de Santiago-RS, em relação à acessibilidade e ao nível do serviço prestado. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de caso através da aplicação de questionários a uma amostra composta por 468 usuários do transporte coletivo de diversos bairros do município de Santiago/RS. No que tange à acessibilidade, à mobilidade, às características dos locais de parada, ao sistema de informação, à frequência de atendimento, ao tempo de viagem, à confiabilidade, ao comportamento dos operadores, verificou-se que são considerados satisfatórios. Porém, quanto às condições do pavimento das ruas por onde trafegam os ônibus, quanto ao transporte de idosos e de pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais, bem como ao custo da viagem; o estudo demonstrou que os munícipes estão insatisfeitos com os serviços prestados pelo transporte urbano. Apesar da percepção dos usuários em maior parte ter sido revelada satisfatória em relação à acessibilidade e ao nível de serviço prestado, foi possível concluir que são necessárias: melhoras nas condições gerais de acessibilidade priorizando a otimização do pavimento, otimização das condições gerais do serviço com ênfase ao acesso de portadores de necessidades especiais - PNEs e de idosos, bem como em relação ao valor da tarifa. / The urban public transportation deserves attention because it is fundamental to the evelopment of cities ant the quality of being considered a prerequisite for economic growth of a municipality.The paper aimed to verify the users’ perception of urban public transportation of the city of Santiago-RS, in relation to accessibility and the level of service offered. The methodology used was a case study through the application of questionnaires to a sample of 468 users of public transportation from various districts of Santiago/RS. Regarding accessibility, mobility, the characteristics of the stopping places, the information system, the frequency of service, the travel time, reliability, the behavior of operators, it was found that they are satisfactory.However, the conditions of the pavement of the streets where the buses travel,in relation to the transportation of the elderly and people with disabilities, as well as the cost of travel, the study showed that residents are dissatisfied with the services provided by urban transportation. Despite the perception of most users have been revelead satisfactory in relation to accessibility and level of service offered, it was possible to conclude that it is necessary: improvement in general conditions of accessibility prioritizing the optimization of the pavement of streets, optimization of the general conditions of service with emphasis on access for people with disabilities- HSP and elderly as well as in relation to the ticket price.

La popularité des plateformes mobiles telles que smartphones et tablettes génère un volume croissant de données à transférer. La principale raison de cette croissance est l'accès simplifié aux contenus vidéo sur ces plateformes. La future génération (5G) de téléphonie mobile est en cours de développement et a pour objectif d'offrir une bande passante suffisante pour de tels volumes de données. Néanmoins, un déploiement en masse de la 5G n'est pas envisagé avant 2020. De plus, la croissance est telle qu'il sera forcément intéressant de développer des solutions alternatives et complémentaires capables de délester le réseau cellulaire. L'exemple actuel le plus représentatif est le délestage de données cellulaires vers des réseaux d'accès WiFi par les principaux opérateurs mobiles. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons de déployer un nouveau réseau de contenus qui s'appuie sur les réseaux de transports publics urbains. Cette solution déploie des bornes sans-fil dans les bus et sur certaines stations de bus pour offrir du contenu aux passagers des bus. Les bus enregistrent et transportent les données, et se comportent donc comme des mules qui peuvent s'échanger des données dans certaines stations de bus. L'ensemble des bus créé un réseau de transport de données tolérantes au délai telles que de la vidéo à la demande. La création d'un tel réseau soulève de nombreuses questions. Les questions traitées dans les trois parties de cette thèse sont les suivantes: (i) le choix des stations de bus sur lesquelles une borne sans-fil doit être déployée, (ii) le choix du protocole de routage des données, (iii) la gestion efficace de la contention dans les stations et enfin (iv) la réduction du coût d'une telle infrastructure. La première partie de la thèse présente notre réseau de contenu dont l'objectif principal est de transporter de larges volumes de données. Nous montrons pour cela qu'il suffit de déployer des bornes sans-fil aux terminus des lignes de bus. Ce résultat provient de l'analyse des réseaux de transports publics des villes de Toulouse, Helsinki et Paris. Connaissant les horaires et la topologie de ces réseaux de transports, nous proposons de pré-calculer les routes pour transmettre les données dans ce réseau. Nous montrons que ce routage statique permet de réduire drastiquement le nombre de réplications de messages quand on le compare à un routage épidémique. La seconde contribution de cette thèse s'intéresse à l'échange des messages au niveau des bornes sans-fil déployées aux terminus des lignes de bus. En effet, les protocoles d'accès actuels partagent équitablement la bande passante entre les bus et le point d'accès. Dans notre cas, il en résulte une congestion importante que nous proposons de résoudre en introduisant un codage réseau XOR de proche en proche. Les flux qui se croisent sont alors combinés par la borne. Les bus transportent des paquets codés qui seront décodés au prochain saut par la borne suivante. Une analyse théorique de ce mode de communication montre que la probabilité de réception des messages peut-être augmentée au maximum de 50% et la surcharge diminuée au maximum de 50%. Pour les 3 villes européennes considérées, nous montrons par simulation que ce protocole permet d'augmenter de 35% à 48% le nombre de messages reçus. La dernière partie de cette thèse a pour objectif de réduire le coût de déploiement d'une telle architecture. Elle classifie les terminus des lignes de bus en trois ensembles qui sont équipés par des bornes sans fil de nature différentes. Les résultats de simulation montrent que pour les trois villes il est possible de garantir la connectivité de bout-en-bout tout en réduisant les coûts de déploiement d'un facteur 3. Cette architecture, dénommée 3-tier, transporte 30% plus de messages que le déploiement basique proposé en première partie. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de décharger un grand volume de données avec notre architecture. Par exemple, pour Paris, notre architecture permet de / Mobile data traffic is increasing at an exponential rate with the proliferation of mobile devices and easy access to large contents such as video. Traffic demand is expected to soar in the next 5 years and a new generation of mobile networks (5G) is currently being developed to address the looming bandwidth crunch. However, significant 5G deployments are not expected until 2020 or even beyond. As such, any solution that offloads cellular traffic to other available networks is of high interest, the main example being the successful offloading of cellular traffic onto WiFi. In this context, we propose to leverage public transportation networks (PTNs) created by regular bus lines in urban centers to create another offloading option for delay tolerant data such as video on demand. This PhD proposes a novel content delivery infrastructure where wireless access points (APs) are installed on both bus stops and buses. Buses act as data mules, creating a delay tolerant network capable of carrying content users can access while commuting using public transportation. Building such a network raises several core challenges such as: (i) selecting the bus stops on which it is best to install APs, (ii) efficiently routing the data, (iii) relieving congestion points in major hubs and (iv) minimizing the cost of the full architecture. These challenges are addressed in the three parts of this thesis. The first part of the thesis presents our content delivery infrastructure whose primary aim is to carry large volumes of data. We show that it is beneficial to install APs at the end stations of bus lines by analyzing the publicly available time tables of PTN providers of different cities. Knowing the underlying topology and schedule of PTNs, we propose to pre-calculate static routes between stations. This leads to a dramatic decrease in message replications and transfers compared to the state-of-the-art Epidemic delay tolerant protocol. Simulation results for three cities demonstrate that our routing policy increases by 4 to 8 times the number of delivered messages while reducing the overhead ratio. The second part of the thesis addresses the problem of relieving congestion at stations where several bus lines converge and have to exchange data through the AP. The solution proposed leverages XOR network coding where encoding and decoding are performed hop-by-hop for flows crossing at an AP. We conduct a theoretical analysis of the delivery probability and overhead ratio for a general setting. This analysis indicates that the maximum delivery probability is increased by 50% while the overhead ratio is reduced by 50%, if such network coding is applied. Simulations of this general setting corroborate these points, showing, in addition, that the average delay is reduced as well. Introducing our XOR network coding to our content delivery infrastructure using real bus timetables, we demonstrate a 35% - 48% improvement in the number of messages delivered. The third part of the thesis proposes a cost-effective architecture. It classifies PTN bus stops into three categories, each equipped with different types of wireless APs, allowing for a fine-grained cost control. Simulation results demonstrate the viability of our design choices. In particular, the 3-Tier architecture is shown to guarantee end-to-end connectivity and reduce the deployment cost by a factor of 3 while delivering 30% more packets than a baseline architecture. It can offload a large amount of mobile data, as for instance 4.7 terabytes within 12 hours in the Paris topology.

A partir do estudo de eventos de protesto relacionados ao tema do transporte público, tendo as mobilizações de 2013 e seus desdobramentos como objeto empírico central, busca-se analisar como, através de diferentes performances que conformam tais eventos, são produzidas inovações nos repertórios de contestação. Para responder a este problema, foram estudadas as performances desenvolvidas nas manifestações que ocorreram em Porto Alegre nas últimas décadas e que tiveram como principal reivindicação a tarifa do transporte público. A literatura sobre as manifestações no Brasil em 2013 não desenvolve análises mais específicas sobre as inovações nos repertórios e nas performances identificadas. A literatura sobre “repertório” e sobre “performance” traz alguns elementos importantes para a compreensão do processo de inovação, porém tende a não apresentar uma sistematização ou um modelo explicativo para abordar tal processo. A proposta desta pesquisa é, portanto, avançar na formulação de um modelo que sistematize o processo de inovação nos repertórios de contestação, tendo como objeto as transformações nas manifestações sobre o transporte público em Porto Alegre. Como resultados, a pesquisa apresenta três mecanismos importantes no processo de inovação: adaptação, experimentação interativa (para explicação da emergência das performances) e rotinização (para explicação da incorporação no repertório). A entrada de novos atores no processo de mobilização foi uma característica central em 2013. O mecanismo de adaptação se daria através da trajetória desses atores e de dinâmicas de difusão. O mecanismo de experimentação interativa diz respeito a improvisações não previstas na interação. A rotinização das performances acontece através das noções de eficácia, de identificação, pela importância das organizações e pelo diálogo que estabelecem com o público. Algumas dimensões importantes no processo de inovação, que não foram previstas, apareceram no decorrer da pesquisa: o contexto político institucional, as disputas interpretativas sobre o confronto e os impactos das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), influenciando o processo de inovação nos repertórios de contestação. / This dissertation draws on previous studies on protest events related to the topic of public transport and particularly on studies that have as their main empirical object the Brazilian mobilizations in 2013 and their aftermath. It seeks to analyze how different performances that took place in such events produced innovations in contentious repertoires. To address this problem, we studied performances developed in demonstrations that took place in Porto Alegre in recent decades and that had as their main object the public transport fare. The literature on demonstrations in Brazil in 2013 does not develop more specific analysis of innovations in repertoires and performances. The literature on "repertoire" and "performance" indicates important elements for understanding the innovation process, but in general does not present a theoretical systematization or an explanatory model to explain this process. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to contribute for the construction of a model that systematizes the innovation process in protest repertoires. For this purpose, we define as our object the transformations in demonstrations focused on public transportation in Porto Alegre. Our results suggest that three important mechanisms affect innovation processes: adaptation, interactive experimentation (for explaining the emergence of performances), and routinization (for explaining the incorporation of repertoires). The arrival of new actors was a central feature in the mobilization process of 2013. The adaptation mechanism took place through the trajectory of these actors and diffusion dynamics. The interactive experimentation mechanism is about the unforeseen improvisations in interactions. The routinization of perfomances is mediated by: the notions of effectiveness and identification; the importance of organizations; and the dialogue established with the public. Some important dimensions of the innovation process, which were not foreseen, were identified during the research: the political and institutional context, the interpretative disputes over confrontation and the impact of Information and Communication Technologies.

O rápido crescimento dos serviços de solicitação de viagem por aplicativo, também conhecidos por serviços de ridesourcing, causou um efeito disruptivo na área dos transportes. Por serem uma utilidade recente, ainda são poucos os estudos que buscam entender o efeito do ridesourcing em padrões de viagem e sua relação de complementariedade ou concorrência com outros modos de transporte, principalmente no contexto brasileiro ou de países em desenvolvimento. O impacto no transporte público coletivo destaca-se por estar entre os que mais têm preocupado técnicos e pesquisadores, visto que é o principal meio de transporte utilizado pela população e tem importante papel em tornar as cidades mais sustentáveis e equitativas. O transporte coletivo por ônibus no Brasil vem perdendo usuários nas últimas décadas e o ridesourcing tem sido visto como um potencial agravador desta tendência. Este estudo buscou explorar o ridesourcing e sua relação com o transporte público coletivo no contexto brasileiro através de um estudo de caso na cidade de Porto Alegre. A partir de uma pesquisa com 408 usuários de ridesourcing, encontrou-se evidências sobre o perfil dos usuários e seus padrões de escolha de viagem e sobre possíveis tendências de longo prazo A partir de dados de origem e destino de viagens de um aplicativo que opera na capital, calculou-se o potencial de substituição das viagens realizadas por ridesourcing pelo serviço de transporte público por ônibus e a relação entre o tempo de viagem destes dois modos. Estes dados de origem e destino também contribuíram para a caracterização geral das viagens e investigação inicial de correlações entre a geração e atração de viagens com características territoriais. Os resultados indicam similaridades com as características dos usuários e das viagens encontradas em estudos estrangeiros, com exceção dos motivos de escolha modal. Há indícios de que as trocas modais geradas pelo ridesourcing sejam desfavoráveis do ponto de vista ambiental e que o caráter do ridesourcing é simultaneamente concorrente e complementar ao transporte coletivo. Considerando apenas critérios de acessibilidade, cerca de 44% das viagens de ridesourcing da cidade poderiam ser substituídas pelo transporte coletivo, porém levariam em média quase três vezes mais tempo se realizadas por ônibus. A pesquisa identificou também possível tendência de redução de posse de veículos em decorrência do ridesourcing e correlação linear positiva entre a geração e atração de viagens com número de serviços e comércios. / The rapid growth of online on demand ride services, also known as ridesourcing services, caused a disruptive effect on the transportation sector. For being a recent utility, there are still few studies attempting to understand the effect of ridesourcing in travel patterns and it´s complementary or competitive relationship with other modes of transportation, especially in the Brazilian context or other developing countries. The impact on public transport stands out for being among those which have most worried experts and researchers, since it is the primary mode used by the general public and has an important role in making cities more sustainable and equitable. Bus public transportation in Brazil has been losing users over the past few decades and ridesourcing is being seen as a potential aggravator of this trend. This study sought to explore ridesourcing and its relation with public transport in the Brazilian context through a case study in the city of Porto Alegre. From a survey applied to 408 ridesourcing users, evidences of user characteristics, their patterns of travel choice and possible long-term trends were found. From an origin and destination dataset of a ridesourcing application that operates in the capital city, the potential for replacing ridesourcing trips by the bus public system and the relation between these modes’ travel times were calculated This origin and destination dataset also contributed to the general characterization of trips and the initial investigation of correlations between trip generation and attraction with territorial characteristics. The results show many similarities with foreign studies for user and travel characteristics, with the exception of modal choice motivations. There is evidence that the modal shifts generated by ridesourcing are detrimental from an environmental point of view and that the character of ridesourcing is simultaneously competitive and complementary to public transportation. Considering criteria of accessibility only, about 44% of ridesourcing of the city could be replaced by the bus system, but they would take on average almost three times as long if carried out by bus. The research has identified also a potential trend for reduction of vehicle ownership due ridesourcing and a positive linear correlation between trip generation and attraction with the amount of services and retail locations.

Les travaux effectués dans cette thèse industrielle concernent l'amélioration du calculateur d'itinéraire de Cityway, société spécialisée dans les technologies de l’information appliquées à la mobilité.Nous avons d'abord établi un état de l'art exhaustif, accompagné d'une mise en perspective de l'existant Cityway avec celui-ci. Cela nous a permis d'aider l'entreprise à prendre du recul sur son produit et de justifier les axes de recherche choisis pour nos travaux.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à l'aspect multicritère du problème. En effet, le calculateur, basé sur l'algorithme de Dijkstra, permet de trouver des trajets minimisant une somme pondérée de critères. Nous avons développé un algorithme multilabel permettant de conserver et étendre plusieurs labels au même nœud. Malgré une légère augmentation des temps de calculs, des résultats satisfaisants ont été obtenus dans une application bicritère de ce nouvel algorithme.Nous avons également travaillé sur la génération et la sélection de trajets alternatifs. La génération s'appuie sur les algorithmes monolabel ou multilabel. La sélection s'appuie quant à elle sur la définition d'une distance entre les solutions et des méthodes de regroupement.Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'optimisation du calcul du critère lexicographique de durée minimale dans le cas bicritère. Pour qu'un trajet soit intéressant, il faut qu'il soit optimal sur les critères usuels, mais aussi qu'il dure le moins longtemps possible. L'utilisation de certaines propriétés sur ce critère permet de réduire des temps de calcul initialement trop longs. / The work carried out in this industrial PhD aims at improving the route planner of Cityway, a company specialized in information technologies applied to mobility. We first established an exhaustive state of the art, and compared it to the existing Cityway product. This allowed us to help the company take a step back from its urgent needs, and justify the research guidelines chosen for our work.We then looked at the multi-criteria aspect of the problem. Indeed, the trip planner, based on the Dijkstra algorithm, makes it possible to find paths minimizing a weighted sum of criteria. We have developed a multilabel algorithm to maintain and extend multiple labels at the same node. Despite a slight increase in computation time, satisfactory results were obtained in a bicriteria application of this new algorithm.We also worked on the generation and selection of alternative routes. The generation algorithm relies on the existing monolabel or newly developed multilabel algorithms. The selection algorithm is based on the definition of a distance between trips and adaptations of existing clustering algorithms to this specific case.Finally, we were interested in what we called the lexicographic criterion. For a trip to be interesting, it must be optimal on the usual criterion of earliest arrival, and, for trips arriving at the same time, on the latest departure criterion. The use of certain properties on this criterion makes it possible to reduce computation times on the bicriteria case.

Resumo: Esse trabalho tem por objetivo, mostrar a evolução do sistema de transporte coletivo intermunicipal do Estado de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, partimos do processo de industrialização e nacionalização da indústria automobilística. Procuramos também mostrar a evolução do Departamento de Estradas e Rodagem [DER], no papel de direcionador e gerenciador do sistema. Nesse processo, detalhamos o papel de todos os governos do Estado de São Paulo, na implantação de sistema viário estadual [1950-2006]. Também procuramos demonstrar o surgimento dos principais grupos que monopolizam cada vez mais o setor dos transportes coletivo intermunicipal. Assim, vamos comprovar a tese de que as empresas do transporte coletivo intermunicipal estão utilizando as linhas suburbanas para fazer frente ao grande avanço do transporte clandestino intermunicipal no Estado de São Paulo. / Abstract: This work has objective, to show the evolution of the system inter cities collective transport of São Paulo State. In this direction, the starting point is the process of industrialization and nationalization of the automobilistic industry. We also show the evolution of the Departamento de Estradas e Rodagem [DER], in the paper of directing and managing system. In this process we detail the place of all governments of São Paulo State, in the implantation of the State road system [1950-2006]. We also demonstrate the sprouting of the main groups that monopolize each time more the sector of the collective inter cities transportation. Thus, we intend to prove the thesis that the companies of inter cities collective transport are using the suburban lines to make front to the great advance of the inter cities clandestine transport in São Paulo State.

INTRODUCTION: In India, internal combustion (IC) engines are the main concern, due to the exhaustion of natural fossil fuelled buses. These are the three major factors which is considered as an urgency to find an alternate solution. First, the energy and emission trends from transports. Second, efficient urban infrastructures, such as mass transit system. Third, the policies to adopt the cleaner and efficient technologies such as electric vehicles and other available alternate fuels. This made the Indian government to think about adopting electric vehicles as a mode of public transportation. PURPOSE: By initiating the use of electric buses this thesis will assist the three state transport corporations in India who are willing to initiate use of electric bus by overcoming their barriers. Furthermore, this research will be an implication for automotive industries in India towards their diffusion of electric buses. FRAMEWORK: Electric buses usage has been a major part of this diffusion process where it helped the authors to analyse how important it is. Adding to this the different perceived attributes of innovation from Rogers model has been analysed in this research to find out the different factors affecting towards the diffusion of electric buses. METHODOLOGY: This study uses the case study method to study the diffusion of electric buses in three municipalities. Primary data has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with representatives from the municipalities and suppliers. In Addition, secondary data, such as press releases from the municipalities and suppliers, has been collected CONCLUSION: It is been concluded that the adoption of electric buses is one of the major solution which will help the country carbon emission rate to go low with the technicalities involved in the electric buses. In addition to that if the private and municipality transports plan to expand their fleet of electric buses, complexity and nature of social system are the one of the major attributes which should be considered initially during the diffusion of electric buses. LIMITATIONS: This research has a limit in the role of internal organisation (Government or Companies) of the municipalities, supplier’s business model, policy related issues between the municipality and the government has not been analysed. All these limitations in turn is a future research for the further researchers.

O transporte público coletivo urbano merece atenção pelo fato de ser fundamental para o desenvolvimento das cidades e para a qualidade de vida da população, sendo considerada uma condição primordial para o crescimento da economia de um município. A dissertação teve como objetivo, verificar a percepção dos usuários do transporte coletivo público urbano da cidade de Santiago-RS, em relação à acessibilidade e ao nível do serviço prestado. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de caso através da aplicação de questionários a uma amostra composta por 468 usuários do transporte coletivo de diversos bairros do município de Santiago/RS. No que tange à acessibilidade, à mobilidade, às características dos locais de parada, ao sistema de informação, à frequência de atendimento, ao tempo de viagem, à confiabilidade, ao comportamento dos operadores, verificou-se que são considerados satisfatórios. Porém, quanto às condições do pavimento das ruas por onde trafegam os ônibus, quanto ao transporte de idosos e de pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais, bem como ao custo da viagem; o estudo demonstrou que os munícipes estão insatisfeitos com os serviços prestados pelo transporte urbano. Apesar da percepção dos usuários em maior parte ter sido revelada satisfatória em relação à acessibilidade e ao nível de serviço prestado, foi possível concluir que são necessárias: melhoras nas condições gerais de acessibilidade priorizando a otimização do pavimento, otimização das condições gerais do serviço com ênfase ao acesso de portadores de necessidades especiais - PNEs e de idosos, bem como em relação ao valor da tarifa. / The urban public transportation deserves attention because it is fundamental to the evelopment of cities ant the quality of being considered a prerequisite for economic growth of a municipality.The paper aimed to verify the users’ perception of urban public transportation of the city of Santiago-RS, in relation to accessibility and the level of service offered. The methodology used was a case study through the application of questionnaires to a sample of 468 users of public transportation from various districts of Santiago/RS. Regarding accessibility, mobility, the characteristics of the stopping places, the information system, the frequency of service, the travel time, reliability, the behavior of operators, it was found that they are satisfactory.However, the conditions of the pavement of the streets where the buses travel,in relation to the transportation of the elderly and people with disabilities, as well as the cost of travel, the study showed that residents are dissatisfied with the services provided by urban transportation. Despite the perception of most users have been revelead satisfactory in relation to accessibility and level of service offered, it was possible to conclude that it is necessary: improvement in general conditions of accessibility prioritizing the optimization of the pavement of streets, optimization of the general conditions of service with emphasis on access for people with disabilities- HSP and elderly as well as in relation to the ticket price.