This dissertation consists of two independent essays on public economics. The first essay studies the consequences of fiscal decentralization on poverty and income inequalities. This essay describes the possible channels through which fiscal decentralization might affect poverty and income inequalities, and carries out an empirical analysis with data of a large number of countries at different stages of development, for the period 1971-2000. Fiscal decentralization is found to have significant effects on poverty and income inequalities. These findings are important because they suggest, contrary to the traditional public finance theory, that sub-national governments can play an important role in the reduction of poverty and income inequalities. The second essay studies the second best solution to the public expenditures’ problem in the presence of a proportional labor income tax. By allowing the tax base to vary with the taxpayers’ behavioral responses to taxation, we derive the “effective” budget constraint faced by the government, which describes the set of affordable combinations of public and private goods. We show that the optimal solution to the government problem corresponds to the point of tangency between the effective budget constraint and the highest attainable social indifference curve. The traditional normative prescription for public expenditures under a second-best scenario does not satisfy this condition, and therefore it provides a suboptimal solution. Finally, we use the same analytical framework in order to explain the flypaper effect, an empirical regularity that has for long challenged the conventional theory.

A percepção de que a economia é um sistema isolado e sem influência de fatores externos é, em algumas circunstâncias, incompleta. Considerando a validade deste raciocínio, o propósito principal desta tese é prover evidências empíricas a respeito de como fatores econômicos podem influenciar e ser influenciados por um elemento social que vem recebendo atenção especial e crescente da literatura econômica: Política. Particularmente, os municípios brasileiros durante os anos de 1989 a 2003 são o foco de três investigações distintas, separadas em três capítulos que preservam uma característica comum: uma abordagem de Econometria de dados em painel. O primeiro capítulo é uma análise a respeito de dois fenômenos específicos: o primeiro é a ocorrência, em anos eleitorais, de alterações em categorias distintas de despesas públicas ? comumente conhecido como ciclos políticos oportunistas. O segundo é a ocorrência de alterações fiscais em função de diferenças partidárias por parte dos governantes ? em outras palavras, os ciclos políticos partidários. O segundo capítulo é uma extensão natural da análise realizada no capítulo anterior, em que a possibilidade de reeleição é analisada levando em consideração como a mesma é influenciada pela política fiscal dos municípios brasileiros e pela existência de diferentes partidos políticos. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo pode ser visto como uma avaliação particular, em que os superávits e déficits dos municípios do estado de São Paulo são analisados através da implementação da metodologia de viés de seleção numa estrutura de dados em painel, uma vez que a possibilidade de ocorrência de um superávit (déficit) fiscal não deveria ser assumida como um evento puramente aleatório. Embora resultados específicos sejam apresentados em cada capítulo, a substancial relação entre elementos econômicos e políticos, providos por uma avaliação geral desta tese, pode ser vista como sua principal contribuição. / The perception that the economy is an isolated system with no influence from external factors is, occasionally, incomplete. By considering the legitimacy of such thought, the main purpose of this thesis is to provide empirical evidences of how economic factors can influence and be influenced by a particular social element which has been receiving special and increasing interest from the economic literature: Politics. Particularly, Brazilian cities over the 1989 ? 2003 period is the focus of three different investigations, separated in three chapters which preserve a common characteristic: a panel data Econometrics approach. The first chapter is an investigation about the possibility of two specific phenomena: the first is the occurrence of changes in election years in different types of public expenditures ? commonly understood as political opportunistic cycles. The second is the occurrence of fiscal changes due to government partisanship differences - in other words, the political partisanship cycles. The second chapter is a natural extension of the analysis provided in the previous chapter, as the possibility of reelection is analyzed taking into consideration how it is influenced by Brazilian cities fiscal policy and by the existence of different political parties. Finally, the third chapter can be observed as a particular examination, as the fiscal surpluses and deficits of São Paulo state municipalities are evaluated by applying the sample selection approach in a panel data structure, due to the possibility that the occurrence of a fiscal surplus (deficit) should not be taken as a purely random outcome. Even though specific results are presented by each chapter, the substantial relation connecting economic and political elements, provided by a general evaluation of the current thesis, can be seen as its foremost contribution.

Submitted by Antonio Marcos Martins (marcosheavy2006@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T23:37:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_ant_marcos.pdf: 2209443 bytes, checksum: 5809322bcbd49c13b3078583b66e75ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jacqueline de Almeida null (jacquie@franca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-27T18:38:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_AM_me_fran.pdf: 2209443 bytes, checksum: 5809322bcbd49c13b3078583b66e75ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T18:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_AM_me_fran.pdf: 2209443 bytes, checksum: 5809322bcbd49c13b3078583b66e75ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / O objetivo deste estudo encontra-se alicerçado na busca por elementos de matriz quantitativo-qualitativa sobre a natureza dos gastos com Cultura no município de Taquaritinga (SP) entre os anos de 2005 e 2016, a partir da análise documental disponível sobre o tema retratado, ou seja, Leis de matriz orçamentária (Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias-LDO; Lei Orçamentária Anual-LOA) enquanto estimativas projetadas pelo Poder Executivo Municipal em contrapartida com a efetivação do montante projetado a partir da análise dos gastos ano a ano no recorte proposto. A ferramenta contábil, por nós utilizada, para fazer esse contraponto entre os gastos estimados nas leis orçamentárias e o que foi efetivado será Balanço de Gastos Anuais entre 2005-2016 para o setor da Cultura, fornecido pela Prefeitura Municipal. Os dados quantitativos aferidos servem como subsídio para a construção de padrões qualitativos de aplicação do montante de verbas públicas aplicadas pela Secretaria da Cultura no setor. A análise qualitativa do montante aplicado nos concede indícios, padrões e especificidades sobre a qualidade do gasto e nos permite questionar em quais setores da Cultura os valores foram aplicados. Outro viés utilizado, para a construção de nosso objeto de pesquisa, encontra-se ancorado na produção bibliográfica relacionada à elaboração, implementação e avaliação das políticas públicas, principalmente no tocante ao âmbito municipal. Como escopo almejado, pretendemos contribuir para os estudos que possuem o espaço subnacional ou municipal como foco de atenção, e a análise das políticas públicas, em particular no campo da Cultura, como meta estruturante. / The objective of this study is based on the search for elements of quantitative-qualitative matrix nature of expenses with Culture in the city of Taquaritinga (SP) between the years of 2005 and 2016, based on the documentary analysis on the subject, in other words, Laws of Budgetary Matters (Law of Budgetary Guidelines- LDO; Annual Budgetary Law- LOA) as estimates projected by the Municipal Executive Power in counterpart with the effectiveness of the projected amount from the analysis of expenses year by year in the proposed cut. The accounting tool used by us to make this counterpoint between the expenditures estimated in the budget laws and what was done will be Annual Expenditure Balance between 2005-2016 for the Culture sector, provided by the City Hall. The quantitative data obtained serve as a subsidy for the construction of qualitative standards of application of the amount of public funds applied by the Secretariat of Culture in the sector, consequently the qualitative analysis of the amount applied grants us indications, standards and specificities on the quality of spending and allows us question in which sectors of the culture the values were applied. Another way used for the construction of our research object is anchored in bibliographical production related to the elaboration, implementation and evaluation of public policies, mainly in the municipal scope. As a desired scope, we intend to contribute to the studies that have the subnational or municipal space as the focus of attention, and the analysis of public policies, particularly in the field of Culture, as a structuring goal.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-28T13:58:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Jonathan Alves Galdino.pdf: 1262744 bytes, checksum: 8f6cacc59b148c19453770868d933cb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-05T12:49:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Jonathan Alves Galdino.pdf: 1262744 bytes, checksum: 8f6cacc59b148c19453770868d933cb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-05T12:55:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Jonathan Alves Galdino.pdf: 1262744 bytes, checksum: 8f6cacc59b148c19453770868d933cb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-05T12:55:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Jonathan Alves Galdino.pdf: 1262744 bytes, checksum: 8f6cacc59b148c19453770868d933cb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Não informada / Policies in public security, possible through public expenditures, are key variables in the control of deadly violence. However, public expenditures on security policies can be inefficient when executed without producing the expected benefits to society. So, this exploratory and descriptive study analyzes the related efficiency of budgetary expenditures with public security in Brazil, between 2008 and 2010, by bibliographic and documental research, from the clusters resulting from the crossing of the per capita expenditures in public security with the rates of homicidal violence in Brazilians states and the Federal District, with a quantitative approach and using the comparative method and the statistical method as methodological strategy. Then, it is evaluated the budget and financial management of the relatively more efficient Brazilian states based on indicators developed by the Brazilian Association of Public Budget - BAPB and it was made a profile about the planning and execution of its budgetary expenditures in public security. During the period analyzed, the relatively more efficient federal units were the Amazonas, Maranhão, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte; and as relatively less efficient federal units: Alagoas, Amapá, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Rio de Janeiro. In general, the relatively more efficient Brazilian states, in relation to their public security expenditures, have demonstrated a low efficacy of their planning and expenditure programming in this function when preparing its annual budget. The budgetary and financial execution of the expenditures with public security of the most efficient Brazilian states showed, on average, a regular effectiveness in the years 2008-2010, with emphasis on the state of Amazonas that showed a good performance in these same years. / Políticas em segurança pública, viabilizadas por meio das despesas públicas, são variáveis determinantes no controle da violência homicida. Porém, despesas públicas com políticas em segurança podem ser ineficientes quando executadas sem produzir os benefícios esperados para a sociedade. Nesse sentido, este estudo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo quanto aos seus fins, analisa, por meio de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica como meios de investigação, a eficiência relativa das despesas orçamentárias com segurança pública no Brasil, nos anos de 2008 a 2010, a partir de clusters resultantes do cruzamento das despesas per capita em segurança pública com as taxas de violência homicida dos Estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal. Com abordagem quantitativa, este trabalho elege o método comparativo e o método estatístico como estratégia metodológica. Por conseguinte, avalia-se, com base em indicadores desenvolvidos pela Associação Brasileira de Orçamento Público – ABOP, a gestão orçamentário-financeira das unidades federativas brasileiras relativamente mais eficientes e traça-se um perfil do planejamento e da execução de suas despesas orçamentárias em segurança pública. Durante o lapso temporal analisado, as unidades federativas relativamente mais eficientes foram o Amazonas, Maranhão, Piauí e o Rio Grande do Norte; e, como unidades federativas relativamente menos eficientes: Alagoas, Amapá, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro e Rondônia. De modo geral, as unidades federativas brasileiras relativamente mais eficientes em relação às suas despesas com segurança pública demonstraram possuir uma baixa eficácia de planejamento e programação de suas despesas orçamentárias nessa função quando da elaboração de suas peças orçamentárias anuais. A execução orçamentário-financeira das despesas com segurança pública das unidades federativas brasileiras mais eficientes se mostrou, em média, no que diz respeito à sua eficácia, regular nos anos de 2008 a 2010, com destaque para o Estado do Amazonas, que apresentou, em média, um desempenho bom nesse mesmo período.

The thesis enticingly describes a synergetic mix of productivity related topics at macroeconomic level. It aims at whetting potential readers to understand in more insightful ways topics such as: (1) the use of human capital in sectoral growth; (2) the role played by rising public expenditures (health and education) in strengthening production activities; (3) the role played by disaggregation in improving models’ forecasting ability and policy guidance; etc. The current research constitutes a valuable tool for understanding and predicting a country’s overall economic behavior and the behavior of important industrial sectors. In the present study, lack of data on important variables at sectoral level led to the use of advanced econometric estimation methods such as the implied transfer function equations system. As cited in the thesis, the literature reports a set of interesting economic investigations in this field that have been successful in describing some of the features included in this study. However, this research not only enhances the theoretical discussion on the issue but also provides empirical evidence using South African data. It is anticipated that further use and development of the outcomes of this thesis will yield additional explanatory, predictive and policy-making results that will be useful to many. In addition to the usefulness of this thesis’ contribution to the body of knowledge, several suggestions for further improvement are considered. Most predominantly, the work presented in this thesis has been reported in two interrelated papers (chapters). In the first paper, a methodical discussion is provided on the use and the size of social ingredients estimated as the level of normalized human capital per capita together with the conditional convergence process applied to South African sectoral growth. In the second paper, the parameters obtained are embodied into a full-fledged Macroeconometric (Marshallian) Model employing South African economic sectors. In fact, the second paper goes beyond the simple discussion of a Disaggregated Macroeconometric Model. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects that freedom (Thatcher-like) reforms may induce to the South African economy. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Economics / unrestricted

The diploma thesis describes the definition, function and the stucture of public expenditures. It deals with general factors of increase in public expenditures, important growth theories and their efficiency. This thesis explains the formation and the character of the public administration, reasons for its decentralisation. It shows the position of the regional structure in the public administration system and it handles with the basic ideas of the regional policy. The second part presents the public administration and the stucture of public expenditures in the Czech Republic. The analysis of expenditures of the state budget in the Czech Republic during the period 1995 -- 2007 follows. It observes their stucture, development and the most important growth factors where the influence of growth in GDP and the inflation excels. The main chapter deals with the analysis of regional expenditures during last years. It uses the regional contribution to GDP and the number of the population for the comparison of expenditures of the particular regions and demonstration of their minor disproportions. In the sphere of managing of regional expenditures it denominates recognized deficiencies and suggests some solutions to problemes such as the breatch of plans, non-transparent subsidies, unnoticed documentation, missing penal system, slow implementation of modern budgeting methods.

The goal of this master thesis is the analysis of trends in public and private expenditures on health care in the Czech republic, which have a tendency to develop above possibility o public budget in the context of long-term sustainability. This create pressure on the increase of share of private expenditures. In this thesis will be attention also focus on the proportion of public and private expenditures in total expenditures with evaluation of consequences for availability of needed health care for citizen in social deprivation. Part of the thesis will be focus on elasticity of demand for health care in view of the sensitivity, that have citizen in social deprivation to the increase of private expeditures on health care. The thesis will include quest to find a possibility of financing health care from private resources and describe prices of health care in the public system of health service.

No description available.

No description available.

Le Cameroun est un pays engagé dans une stratégie de développement volontariste, faisant toutefois face à d’importantes difficultés de croissance économique et à une corruption chronique. Suivant ce contexte, la présente étude a pour objet d’effectuer une analyse théorique et empirique des effets de la corruption sur la croissance économique du Cameroun. A cet effet, notre premier axe d’analyse vise à déterminer la nature de la corrélation entre la corruption et la croissance économique au Cameroun. Notre étude révèle qu’à long terme, la corruption affecte négativement le taux de croissance économique, suivant des effets directs d’une part, et suivant des effets indirects d’autre part, à travers l’investissement privé, le niveau d’éducation et les dépenses publiques. Dès lors, un deuxième axe d’analyse nous a paru intéressant à aborder, cherchant cette fois à évaluer l’effet indirect de la corruption sur la croissance économique via les distorsions dans la répartition des dépenses publiques. Les résultats obtenus ici montrent que la corruption provoque des distorsions tendant d’une part, à accroître les allocations aux des dépenses publiques d’investissement, pour un effet induit non significatif sur la croissance économique, et d’autre part, à réduire la part des dépenses publiques de fonctionnement, pour un effet induit négatif sur la croissance économique. / Cameroon is an economy committed to an expansionist development strategy, yet faced with major economic growth challenges and chronic corruption. In this context. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to carry out a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of corruption on Cameroon's economic growth. The first analysis framework is aimed at determining the nature of causal relationship between corruption and economic growth in Cameroon. The estimations reveal that in long run, an increase in the level of corruption leads to a reduction in the rate of economic growth. This negative relationship is following a direct effect as well as indirect effects through private investment, education and public spending. The second axis of analysis seeks to assess the indirect effect of corruption on economic growth through distortions in the distribution of public expenditure. Our results show that corruption brings about distortions aimed at increasing allocations to public investment spending thereby producing an insignificant effect on economic growth on the one hand, and reducing the share of public recurrent expenditure with a negative effect on economic growth, on the other hand.