The thesis is focus on the public investment in village development. The theoretical part explains the concept of public investment, describes the sources of financing these investment and describes the methods which can be use for public investment evaluated. Then it discribe status and functioning of the municipality in the legal system, processes of budgeting and facility management. The practical part is already focused on the village Chyšky, which decided to invest to improve development. In the thesis are described two specific investment projects, determined their cash flows and evaluated using the eCBA program. The output of the thesis is to determine the project, which will be more advantageous for the municipality.

This paper explores the link between agriculture investment and agriculture output in Namibia. The existing theory on investment and growth constitutes a basis for empirical work on investment-output nexus. Neither the neoclassical nor the new growth theories on investment have considered the growth effects of investment at sector and industry level and its implication on capital allocation, particularly for developing countries that are resource constrained. The key question addressed in this paper is whether investment in agriculture is associated with agriculture output, both at the sector and sub-sector levels. The paper adopted the ARDL bounds test model constructed with quarterly data for the period 2000 to 2020 and found that investment and agricultural output exhibit a long-run relationship. The coefficient estimates showed that public investment, development bank loans and agriculture export have a positive impact on agricultural output while inflation, lending rates and commercial bank loans have a deleterious effect. The long-run causality tests suggest that there is unidirectional causality between commercial credit expenditure and aggregate agriculture output, as well as a unidirectional causality running from exports to livestock and crop sub-sector output. Based on error correction terms, agriculture output tends to rapidly adjust to short-term disturbances, hence rebound of agriculture output to a long-run growth path can take place with minimum or no delays. This study concludes that the Keynesian hypothesis is valid for Namibia's agriculture and the direction of causality is from investment to agriculture growth. Therefore, the role of government in supporting sustainable development of the agricultural sector cannot be overemphasised.

In the empirical literature on the revenue consequences of trade liberalization, most studies have focused on cross-country analysis. Because these studies are static in nature, they have not addressed the short-run and long-run dynamic public revenue and public investment consequences of economic reforms in developing countries. This dissertation contributes to the literature employing a dynamic time series analysis of the three East African countries-Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The dissertation uses a co-integration and error-correction framework to distinguish between short-run and long-run relationships. The results indicate that trade reforms in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda had varying impacts on government revenue, tax performance and public investment spending in these three countries. It is demonstrated that trade reforms had adverse impact on government revenue in Uganda, but not in Tanzania and Kenya. The results also show that Tanzania has had the weakest overall tax revenue and public investment. Poor tax performance and erratic revenue generation have been problems in all three countries, contributing to adverse impacts on public investment spending.

This thesis examines trends in the socio-economic well-being in rural counties where Blacks represent one-third or more of the population. In addition, this thesis also examines the impact that college education has on the economic development of these counties, with particular focus on the role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. The thesis is composed of two papers: "Education and Socioeconomic Wellbeing in Racially Diverse Rural Counties", and "Economic Growth in Racially Diverse Rural Counties: The Contribution of Historically Black Colleges and Universities." The first of the two papers provides a descriptive review of the racially diverse rural counties (RDRCs) which are located exclusively in the rural south and generally have very low levels of economic well-being. On a positive note, college education levels in RDRCs are found to have increased rapidly between 1990 and 2000. County-level, regression analysis suggests that these increases were in part due to the concentration of Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the region. Local investments in K__12 education are also found to be linked to county education levels. The second paper uses county subdivision level regression analysis, and finds that proximity to HBCUs influences college education amongst Blacks in RDRCs positively. Further county subdivision-level regression analysis suggests that the rate of college education attainment in these counties amongst Blacks and the general population has a significant positive impact upon income growth in RDRCs. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Gomes Amaral.pdf: 451874 bytes, checksum: b7ad8b294eef3134f937d99bcef1b69d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / This study aims to analyze the Brazilian fiscal policy in the period 1995 to 2010, especially government spending, so that one can opine about the character procyclical or countercyclical that. We can say that the measures adopted by the Brazilian government were pro-cyclical during almost every year belonging to the period 1995-2010, except 2001 and 2009. In these years, fiscal policy was countercyclical, given the tax cuts in 2009 and the increase of fixed capital formation of government in both. However, it wasn t identified evidence that the expansion of investment occurred in 2001 was deliberate, unlike 2009, when the Federal Government aimed to mitigate the recessionary phase of the cycle, as proposed by Keynes. Therefore, the fiscal stimuli to aggregate demand were possible because the economy was in a position to absorb during crisis possible adverse effects of tax cuts, the increase in public investment and reducing the primary surplus / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a política fiscal brasileira, no período de 1995 a 2010, em especial a despesa governamental, a fim de que se possa opinar quanto ao caráter pró-cíclico ou anticíclico daquela. Pode-se dizer que as medidas adotadas pelo governo brasileiro foram pró-cíclicas durante quase todos os anos pertencentes ao período 1995-2010, exceto em 2001 e 2009. Nestes anos, a política fiscal foi anticíclica, haja vista as desonerações tributárias, em 2009, e o aumento da formação bruta de capital fixo das administrações públicas, em ambos. Contudo, não se identificou evidência de que a expansão do investimento ocorrida em 2001 tenha sido deliberada, ao contrário de 2009, quando o Governo Federal visou à atenuação da fase recessiva do ciclo econômico, conforme proposto por Keynes. Considera-se, com isso, que os estímulos fiscais à demanda agregada foram possíveis porque a economia estava em condição de absorver, num contexto de crise, eventuais efeitos colaterais das desonerações tributárias, da elevação do investimento público e da redução do superávit primário

A possibilidade de que a existência de um time de futebol em uma determinada localidade tenha a capacidade de atrair investimentos econômicos e melhorar o desempenho da economia, vem sendo o argumento de governantes e dirigentes que defendem o apoio financeiro às equipes. Com base em alegações como esta, a partir do ano de 2010, algumas equipes de futebol do Brasil deram início a um movimento de realocação espacial, fenômeno recente que teve como pano de fundo motivacional o fator econômico, sendo oferecido a estas equipes incentivos por meio de subsídios públicos ou cessão de administração e exploração econômica, por vezes gratuita de equipamentos esportivos públicos. Partindo da hipótese de que existam impactos positivos na economia de uma localidade em razão da atividade futebolística, e também, de que a população local primeiro desejava uma equipe de futebol no município apoiando, portanto os investimentos do poder público na equipe, hipóteses estas que tiveram por base a bibliografia nacional existente e também por meio de conversas com atores que estão envolvidos no processo. Buscou-se investigar se ocorrem impactos econômicos positivos para um município em virtude da existência de um time de futebol e qual a percepção que os atores envolvidos no processo têm em relação a este impacto. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória que tomou por respondentes de 290 questionários estruturados, como amostra da população de um município do Sul de Minas Gerais, 54 comerciantes do setor de serviços e ainda uma amostra com 1100 frequentadores dos jogos de futebol que ocorreram ao longo do ano de 2013 nesse mesmo município. A análise quantitativa demonstrou que o investimento realizado pelo poder público para manter a equipe, em relação à capacidade de geração de recursos por parte desse time de futebol não se mostrou compensatória para a municipalidade do ponto de vista econômico, quando se faz a relação de custo benefício, que é o que se vai discutir. A pesquisa exploratória também demonstrou que os atores envolvidos na interação: futebol, financiamento público de times e retorno econômico possuem uma ideia objetivada da relação de impactos positivos e ganhos para a coletividade, o que vai sendo desconstruído quando são aprofundadas questões que tratam da realidade e do cotidiano desses atores, isto por meio de perguntas específicas que pudessem ser relacionadas com os impactos econômicos pretendidos. / The possibility of the existence of a football team in a particular locality has the ability to attract economic investment and improve the performance of the economy, has been the argument of rulers and leaders who advocate financial support to the teams. Based on allegations like this, from the year 2010, some soccer teams in Brazil began a movement space reallocation recent phenomenon had as background the economic motivational factor, these incentives being offered to teams through public subsidies or transfer of administration and economic exploitation, sometimes free public sports equipment. Assuming that there are positive impacts on the economy of a locality by reason of soccer activities, and also, that the local people first wanted a football team in the county, thus supporting the investments of public power in the team, that these assumptions were based on existing national literature and also through conversations with actors who are involved in the process. We sought to investigate whether positive economic impacts occur to a municipality by virtue of the existence of a football team and the perception that the actors involved in the process have regarding this impact. An exploratory research that took 290 respondents by structured questionnaires, as a sample of the population of a municipality in southern of Minas Gerais state brazilian, 54 merchants of the service sector and even a sample with 1100 goers football matches that took place throughout the year was held 2013 in that county. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the investment made by the government to keep the team in relation to the capacity to generate resources by this football team was not compensatory for the municipality's economic point of view, when it is both cost benefit, which is what we will discuss. Exploratory research has also demonstrated that the actors involved in the interaction football, public finance and economic return teams have an objectified view of the relationship of positive impacts and benefits for the community, which is being deconstructed depth issues when dealing with reality and the daily lives of these actors, by means of specific questions that could be related to the expected economic impacts.

Esta dissertação, que se baseia em um questionamento teórico, não se pauta na análise de dados numéricos e quantitativos, tão comuns na consideração do investimento público. A escolha vem a desafiar os padrões de análise atualmente adotados para avaliar o investimento público no Brasil. Nesse sentido, busca uma rediscussão da significação do investimento público na ordem social brasileira, a partir de uma análise da semântica do investimento e do público, para verificar sua natureza e seu regime no sistema jurídico brasileiro. A análise do significado leva a concluir que investimento é efeito do agir, mas também da renúncia de agir, renúncia fiscal para incentivar a ação de outro sujeito de direito. Sua natureza de efeito decorrente de um ato jurídico ou uma atividade faz com que seja avaliado em relação à legitimidade, ao objeto e ao próprio processo de tomada de decisão, assim como quanto aos princípios administrativos aplicáveis ao ato que o produz enquanto efeito. Sua natureza de efeito decorrente da renúncia fiscal faz com que seja enquadrado em uma análise de finança pública, de abdicação de receita tributária. A apreciação da função, enquanto exercício do poder a guardar o fim e o resultado, para produção do efeito investimento público, leva à verificação da causa e da sua compatibilidade no que concerne ao objetivo de desenvolvimento. Por fim, seu enquadramento no plano dos efeitos leva à análise final da significação do investimento público quanto à eficácia, efetividade e eficiência para se questionar se o investimento público, considerado segundo padrões econômico-quantitativos, é instrumento efetivo para observância dos preceitos constitucionais. / This dissertation, based on a theoretical enquiry, is not on a numerical data analysis or a quantitative analysis, commonly considered in relation to the public investment. The choice challenges the standards of analysis currently used to evaluate the public investment, in Brazil. It tries to discuss the meaning of the public investment in the Brazilian social order. It begins through the analysis of the meaning of the concept of investment and public in order to check their nature and their framework in the Brazilian legal system. The analysis of its meaning leads to the conclusion that investment is an effect of the action and an effect of the non action, the fiscal waiver to encourage another agents investment. The nature of the public investment as an effect produced by an act or an activity takes into account its legitimacy, its purpose and its decision making as well as the administrative principles applicable to the act that produces the effect. The nature of the public investment as an effect produced by a non action, a fiscal waiver, takes into account the investment in the public finance. The function of the public investment as the conduction of the power in consideration to the purposes and the results compels to the analysis of the cause and its adequacy to the development. At the end, as an effect the investment has to be verified as capability, effectiveness and efficiency to challenge if the investment, according to quantitative and economics criteria, is an effective instrument to accomplish the Brazilian constitutional provisions.

La inversión pública contribuye al desarrollo humano mediante la ampliación de la capacidad productora de bienes o servicios públicos. Por lo que el presente trabajo investiga el efecto de la inversión pública en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) según niveles de gobierno durante el periodo 2007-2015. Para ello se emplea modelos de efectos fijos con estimadores within en un panel balanceado, así como se analiza si los resultados permanecen en regiones de bajo, medio o alto IDH y en regiones donde se realiza bajo, medio o alto monto de inversión según niveles de gobierno. Los resultados muestran que a nivel agregado la inversión pública no tiene un efecto en el IDH. En contraste, al segmentarlo por niveles de gobierno, se encuentra que solo la Inversión de Gobiernos Locales contribuye positivamente al IDH, sobre todo en las regiones de menor IDH o con niveles medios de inversión. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a la finalización o no de proyectos en el caso de la inversión de los gobiernos regionales (GR), concluyendo que no fue posible afirmar tal efecto en el IDH. Por último, se contribuyó a la literatura empírica del Perú mediante el hallazgo de otras determinantes del IDH. / Public investment contributes to human development by expanding the capacity to produce public goods or services. Therefore, the present work investigates the effect of public investment in the Human Development Index (HDI) by government levels during the period 2007-2015. For this purpose, fixed effects models are used with within estimators in a balanced panel, as well as analyzing whether the results remain in regions of low, medium or high HDI and in regions where low, medium or high investment amounts are made according to levels of government. The results show that, at the aggregate level, public investment has no effect on the HDI. In contrast, when the public investment was segmented by levels of government, it is found that only Local Government Investment contributes positively to the HDI, especially in regions with lower HDI or with medium levels of Local Government Investment. Additionally, this investigation explored the existence of differences regarding the ending or not of projects in the case of investment by regional governments (GR) was evaluated, concluding that it was not possible to affirm that effect in the HDI. Finally, we contributed to the empirical literature of Peru by finding other determinants of the HDI. / Trabajo de investigación

過去四十年， 我國經濟快速成長， 國民所得不斷提高，　公共部門的經 費不斷增加， 但所提供的公共財貨與勞務的數量與品質，卻遠落後於人 民期望之後， 這是造成投資環境惡化、 私人投資(private investment) 意願低落、 及生活素質低落的主要因素之一。 目前台灣地區諸多經濟與 社會結構失衡問題的癥結，在於公共投資(public investment)政策反應 社會需求的速度過於遲緩。因此， 深入了解台灣地區公共投資的情形， 對於我國解決目前所面臨的經濟問題、 追求進一步的經濟成長、及提升 生活素質將有很大的助益。然公共投資是整體投資活動的一環， 與私人 投資同是支持經濟成長的重要角色。 公共投資增加是否會排擠私人投資 ， 需視兩種相對力量大小而定。 一方面較高水準公共投資對私人投資產 出排擠(cro wd-out)；但某些公共資本主要在提供公共基礎設施，藉此可 降低私人的生產成本， 提升私人投資意願。 若公共投資增加， 致使私 人投資減少則排擠產生； 再者公共投資提供的公共基礎設施， 輔助私經 濟的運作， 使私人的邊際生產力提升， 進而使私人投資增加， 則誘導( crowd-in)產生。本篇論文共分為五個部分， 依序為諸論、 公共投資與 私人投資之文獻回顧 、 台灣地區公共投資的回顧、 公共投資與私人投 資關係的實證分析、 及結論。

Exhaustible resource rents are an important taxable base in many countries, with revenue sharing often part of the scheme. In some cases large shares are retained for the central government. Generally, the discussions of exhaustible resource taxation consider assignment of resource rent tax base and revenue sharing from the limited perspectives of efficiency and stability. Tax assignment and sharing arrangements are assumed to have a neutral effect on investment of resource rents in long-lived public goods. We attempt to demonstrate that this may not be the case, specifically looking at the question of whether rent assignment is neutral to effects on investment of rents in long-lived public goods, a normative policy objective, and under what conditions it occurs. We test the theoretical propositions with data from the Russian Federation to derive empirical results. The results from the Russian Federation point toward an important dimension of rent tax assignment in a federation. They results show that ceteris paribus, higher share of rent for the federation may lead to lower investment in long-lived public goods and may be constrained by stability. Another argument has been made for reconsidering rent tax assignment using assertive ethnic identity as a manifestation strong ownership claims. Communities with strongly valued identities value ownership over land and exhaustible resource endowments in their areas. This may be the case especially if ethnic identity is important to the resource owning community. The empirical results show that a decrease in the regional share of rent resulted in a fall in investments in the republics and regions with strong ethnic identity. Republics among the producing regions have historical claims to a distinct identity and may have a preference for preserving their identity. This preference is manifested as higher levels of rent investment. Following this line of argument, it can be concluded that rent assignment, through rent tax or revenue assignment, should favor producing regions within the range of stability in a federation, if the objective is achieving higher investment in long-lived public goods.