Com a evolução do uso dos computadores e dos meios de comunicação, definiram-se novas formas para os modelos de relacionamento Estado-sociedade cada vez mais baseadas nas novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação - TICs. Essas tecnologias teriam, portanto, potencial para construir uma nova relação entre governo e cidadão, ao pressupor-se que possibilitam uma administração pública mais eficiente, democrática e transparente. Nesse contexto, se insere a governança eletrônica, a qual tem como foco a utilização das facilidades das TICs, aplicadas a um amplo arco das funções de governo na busca de uma melhor atuação social. Assim sendo, esta tese tem como questão de pesquisa: quais práticas representam a governança eletrônica dos Estados Brasileiros e Distrito Federal, qual seu nível de implantação e sua relação com desenvolvimento econômico e social? Para responder a essa questão, pretende-se identificar um conjunto de práticas de governança eletrônica para os Estados Brasileiros e Distrito Federal, mensurá-las e relacioná-las com desenvolvimento econômico e social dos respectivos Estados. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram divididos em quatro fases: na primeira fase, utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica para a construção da plataforma teórica sobre a governança eletrônica e controladoria na gestão pública, permitindo, assim, a discussão de teorias relacionadas à comprovação desta tese; na segunda fase, a identificação das práticas de governança eletrônica ocorreu por intermédio da literatura da área de estudo, obtida na pesquisa bibliográfica; na terceira fase, a proposição do IGEB (Índice de Governança Eletrônica dos Estados Brasileiros) ocorreu considerando os subgrupos de práticas ponderados igualmente (pesos iguais) e validado com o auxílio de modelagem de equação estrutural; na quarta e última fase, foi realizado teste de hipótese, utilizando o teste de correlação de Pearson, para verificar a correlação entre a governança eletrônica e os índices de desenvolvimento econômico (PIB e PIB per capita) e social (IDH e Gini). Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos nas websites dos Estados Brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, no período de 18 a 28 de fevereiro de 2009. A proposta de estrutura teórica de governança eletrônica ficou constituída por 2 grupos: governo eletrônico e democracia eletrônica, os quais são divididos em 5 subgrupos de práticas (conteúdo com 13 práticas, serviços com 16 práticas, participação cidadã com 10 práticas; privacidade e segurança com 8 práticas e usabilidade e acessibilidade com 19 práticas). Por meio do IGEB proposto, foi possível verificar o percentual de práticas implantadas pelos Estados e Distrito Federal, com destaque aos Estados de SP, que já implantou 71,40% das práticas sugeridas, e MS com apenas 37,31%. Com relação aos testes de correlação, esses demonstraram que o IGEB tem correlação significativa com todos os índices de desenvolvimento utilizados. Dentre eles, o PIB foi quem se mostrou estar altamente correlacionado, não somente com o IGEB, mas com todos os subgrupos. Comparando os resultados da correlação e o percentual de práticas implantadas, obtido pelo IGEB, conclui-se que, de modo geral, os Estados mais desenvolvidos (com maior PIB, maior IDH e menor Gini), são aqueles mais bem classificados, ou seja, com maior número de práticas de governança eletrônica implantadas. Acredita-se que esta tese tenha contribuído para demonstrar que a governança eletrônica pode ser considerada um importante instrumento de controladoria governamental. / The evolution in the use of computers and communication means caused new models of Government-Society relationship to be defined, and these have been increasingly based on the new information and communication technologies ICTs. These technologies would, therefore, bear the potential to build a new relationship between government and citizens if one assumes that they permit a more efficient, democratic, and transparent public administration. Electronic governance is inserted in this context, and it focuses on the use of the benefits generated by ICTs applied to a broad range of government functions in search of better social action. Thus, the research question posed in this thesis is: which practices represent electronic governance within the Brazilian States and in the Distrito Federal, what is their implementation status, and what is their relationship with the economic and social development? In order to answer this question, we aim at not only identifying the set of electronic governance practices in the Brazilian States and the Distrito Federal, but also measuring them and relating them to the economic and social development of those States. The methodological procedures were divided into four phases: phase one made use of bibliographical research so as to build the theoretical framework on electronic governance and controllership in public management, thus allowing the discussion of related theories and the corroboration of this thesis; in the second phase, the identification of practices of electronic governance was possible by means of the literature in the area, obtained through bibliographical research; in the third phase the proposition of IGEB (Index of Electronic Governance of Brazilian States) occurred taking into consideration the subgroups of practices equally weighed (equal weight) and validated with the help of structural equation modeling; the fourth and last phase presented the testing of the hypothesis with the use of Pearsons correlation test, in order to verify the correlation between electronic governance and the indices of both economic (GDP and per capita GDP) and social (HDI and Gini) development. The data were obtained in websites of Brazilian States and Distrito Federal in the period between the 18th and the 28th of February, 2009. The proposal of the theoretical structure of electronic governance was composed of two groups: electronic government, and electronic democracy, which are divided into 5 subgroups of practices (content presenting 13 practices; services presenting 16 practices; citizen participation 10 practices; privacy and security 8 practices; and usability and accessibility 19 practices). The use of the proposed IGEB made it possible to verify the percentage of practices implemented by the States and the Distrito Federal, and the States of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul must be highlighted with percentages of 71.40% and 37.31%, respectively. As for correlation tests, they showed that IGEB correlates significantly with all the development indices used. Among them, GDP was the one bearing high correlation, not only to IGEB, but to all subgroups. Comparing the results of correlation with the percentages of practices implemented, obtained with the use of IGEB, it is possible to conclude that, in general, the more developed States (with higher GDP, higher HDI and lower Gini) are those ranked better, that means, those with the highest number of practices of electronic governance implemented. It is our belief that this thesis has contributed to show that electronic governance may be considered an important tool for governmental controllership.

Os motivos que levavam as pessoas a procurar emprego no setor público, baseavam-se principalmente na busca pela segurança, tanto financeira quanto de carreira, além de outros benefícios. O contexto dos dias atuais está um pouco modificado, uma vez que reformas foram feitas no Estado a fim de promover mudanças na máquina administrativa do governo. Com esse novo modelo de gestão em pauta, o governo iniciou uma reforma do Estado, atuando, entre outras áreas importantes do governo, na área de Recursos Humanos. Assim, o presente estudo é relevante, também, para a literatura que trata do PSM - Public Service Motivation, uma vez que os principais estudos da área se concentram nos EUA, e alguns em desenvolvimento na Bélgica e na Coréia. O objetivo principal deste estudo, portanto, é cumprir as etapas da validação de constructo da escala de medida do PSM - Public Service Motivation para as secretarias pesquisadas no município de Ribeirão Preto. O presente estudo pode ser caracterizado como quantitativo e descritivo, uma vez que utilizará o método survey para a coleta dos dados e identificará e descreverá um fenômeno. A amostra é caracterizada como não-probabilística por acessibilidade e composta por servidores públicos que compõem os quadros funcionais das secretarias municipais pesquisadas. O instrumento de medida será um questionário formado pela escala do PSM - Public Service Motivation, pela escala de comprometimento organizacional de Meyer e Allen, além de dados demográficos. A conclusão foi de que a escala pode ser utilizada, porém necessita de ajustes para melhor adequação de seu uso. / The reasons that used to take people to seek job in the public sector were based, mainly, in the search for stability and financial security, plus the benefits. Nowadays, this context has been modified, once reforms were made in the State in order to promote changes in the government\'s administrative machine. With that new administration model on the agenda, the government began a State reform that took action, among other important areas of the government, in the area of Human Resources. The study is relevant for the PSM (Public Service Motivation) literature since the main studies are concentrated in the USA, with some few that are under development in Belgium and in Korea. The main objective of this study, therefore, it is to do the steps of the construct validation of the scale of measurement of PSM - Public Service Motivation for the municipals agencies researched in Ribeirão Preto. The present study can be characterized as quantitative, descriptive and exploratory, once it will use the survey method for data collection, it will identify and it will describe a phenomenon and will familiarize with this phenomenon, in order to obtain a new perception on the same. The sample is characterized as non-probabilistic for accessibility and it will be composed by public workers from the agencies researched. The measurement instrument will be a questionnaire formed by the Perry\'s scale of PSM - Public Service Motivation, by Meyer and Allen\'s scale of organizational commitment, and some demographic data. The conclusion is that the scale can be used, but it\'s necessary to improve it to use it with more adequacy.

Magister Commercii - MCom / In Rwanda, there is a serious concern that the human resource capacities to formulate and implement policies and programmes and deliver quality services to meet the Government's development priorities are not only limited but are eroding as well, despite efforts to the contrary. The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges of Human Resource capacity building and retention in the Rwandan Public Sector. Specific objectives are (i) to identify the civil servants' perceived reasons that make them quit the public sector after acquiring the desired skills by their working institutions; (ii) to identify the civil servants' perceptions on the measures to improve capacity retention in Rwandan public sector; (iii) to review the capacity building and retention challenges facing the Rwandan public sector; (iv) to contextualize problems of capacity building and capacity retention within the broader literature; and (v) to make recommendations regarding the specific strategies the Rwandan Public Sector should adopt to retain civil servants. The study was carried out in Western Cape Province, at the Universities of University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), University of Cape Town (UCT) and University of Stellenbosch (US). The eligible study participants were postgraduate Rwandan students pursuing masters and doctoral studies in various fields. A descriptive quantitative study design was used to collect data on the participants' perceived reasons as to why, after training, civil servants are likely to quit the public sector, together with the measures participants feel the Rwanda Public sector could put in place to retain the employees after training, as well as the human resource challenges facing Rwandan public sector. All 40 Rwandan postgraduate students pursuing masters and doctoral studies at the selected universities (based on Rwandan Embassy Records for 2010) were the sample for this study, and there was a 100% response rate. A structured self-administered, close-ended and pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analysed using the SPSS software programeme, and descriptive statistics were used to describe various variables to answer the research questions. With regard to research ethics permission was granted by the Higher Degrees Committee of UWC and ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Grants and Study Leave Committee at UWC. Permission to conduct the study among Rwandanmasters and doctoral students on capacity building programmes supported by the Government of Rwanda was granted by the Rwandan Embassy. The purpose of the study was explained to the participants using the participants' information sheet. Signed informed consent both written and verbal was obtained from each individual participant. Participation was voluntary, anonymity of participants was assured, participants information was kept confidential and voluntary withdraw from the study at any time was guaranteed to participants. The findings demonstrate that 45% of the respondents do not intend to continue working in the Public Sector after training due to both financial considerations and workplace working conditions.The findings also indicate that 55% of the respondents intend to work in the public sector after training. The research recommends, amongst other things, that a larger survey be conducted among Rwandan students on study abroad programmes to ascertain if the reasons for quitting and perceived measures to remain in the public sector after training hold for all the civil servants on capacity building programmes.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the recruitment process in the private and public sector and to compare its complexity, flexibility and efficiency. Based on a comparative analysis, these approaches to employee recruitment and selection will be compared across two completely different employment environments, including the privately-owned transnational company Clearstream, s.r.o. on one hand, and the Revenue Authority in Prague on the other. The first part of the thesis deals with the theoretical definition of the issue of recruitment and selection of workers. The practical part deals with the analysis of the recruitment and selection of employees in the private and public sector. The attractiveness of these institutions on the labor market and the different approaches to recruitment are assessed on the basis of data obtained through systematic observation of practices and studies of relevant internal resources. The conclusion of the practical part is the deduction of the main differences between the private and public sector, the evaluation of suitability and effectiveness of used methods and recommendations leading to the possible improvement of the recruitment processes.

The concept of social media is top of mind for Canadians today. Decision makers, such as the Canadian government, try to identify ways in which they can benefit from tools such as Twitter. This thesis is an investigative analysis that studies how the Canadian government currently uses social media networks. Based on the conceptual framework of Rogers’ diffusion of innovations (2003) and Qualman’s socialnomics theory (2013), the study aims to define how members of the Parliamentary Press Gallery use the Government of Canada tweets. Through a series of interviews with members of the press and government communications executives, a themed analysis was conducted to demonstrate how Twitter is being used and if a dialogue exists between federal institutions and reporters. The research unveiled that the Government of Canada uses social media as a one-to-many broadcasting channel, not actively engaging in online dialogue with members of the press. Conversely, journalists use Twitter as a wire service to obtain instant information, and to gain insight from the consumers. However, they are not interested in conversing with the public service on social media as they want to protect the exclusivity of their story, and they criticize the anonymity of the government corporate accounts as having an impact on its credibility.

Main subject of this work characterisation of PPP projects and barriers that inhibit application of PPP projects in Czech Republic. First there are characterised main concepts as public sector and his mission in providing public goods and services. Attention is also paid to characterization of PPP projects and to the differences between providing public goods and services through PPP scheme or by traditional way. Afterwards there is described the whole process of preparation and implementation of a PPP project including the key moments, that can't be ignored. If ignored, it could cause incorrigible faults in the implementation phase. This work also includes analysis of interviews made with a view to find out, how are Czech citizens informed about PPP projects. The produces of this work serve as basis for setting strategy and policy, which should be observed. Otherwise there is a risk that the project won't be finished successfully with positive public evaluation.

The professional work includes the analysis of modern methods which inrease efficiecy in the public sector. This work also applies these methods to the particular case. The pattern CAF is briefly described. The last topic is focused on the purpose of the introduction of the central project office.

The thesis focuses on the analysis of various performance management approaches, generally from the private sector, and their applicability in the public sector. The applied part aims to evaluate the quality of current public sector performance management in Czech Republic, to identify the current challenges and cast some light on possible solutions.

This thesis investigates how the Thai public sector, particularly at the provincial level, makes sense of the performance management system (PMS) aimed at driving forward the improvement in public service and enhancing the sustainability of service quality. The study explores the implications of the PMS implementation after the major civil service reform in 2002. The core aspects of this development include the nation-wide implementation of the PMS, the Provincial CEO scheme, as well as the incentive schemes put force to motivate and enhance such development and improvement. Although there is rich literature on performance management, there is limited in the Thai context, particularly at the provincial level. The empirical study relies on a qualitative approach through intensively exploring five provincial case studies. In-depth, semi-structure interviews have been conducted within the provinces, as well as with executives from central agencies, training and development institutes, and key resource persons who are directly involved in the PMS implementation. The data analysis reveals that a strong commitment of the government at policy level brought in support and coordination among central agencies and has altered attention and resources towards the system implementation. Additionally, the PMS implementation together with the promotion of the Provincial CEO scheme has created new challenges for the Provincial Governors and the provincial administration in which there is shown to be a shift from an administrative approach to a more managerial and participative one. The performance agreement (PA) has played a crucial role in improving and evaluating performance, driving public sector development, and linking performance with the monetary incentive schemes. However, the study also finds a limitation of the PA execution in relation to its linkages with incentive distribution to individuals. Furthermore, several incentive schemes are available for different groups of people and cause misunderstanding and demotivating affects which, in turn, has impacts on the PMS as a whole. The findings of this research provide new evidence on the PMS implications at the provincial level in the Thai public sector in which political policies are cascaded down into real practices and execution. Therefore, the result could be considered as extending the knowledge boundary in the context of public management. Crucially, the research highlights significant implications and specified factors enabling and inhibiting success in the PMS implementation.

The theme of the re-aggregation of public organisations has been embraced in the recent public sector reforms of some developed countries such as the UK. The re-aggregation of public organisations may benefit the government in terms of focusing its interests on policy coordination. This is an alternative way of reforming the public sector in order to increase greater outcomes and the performance of public organisations with regard to the achievement of particular policy goals. The reform inevitably affects the targeted public organisations in both tangible and intangible ways. Since organisational culture is an important issue that can affect organisational outcomes and performance, including the achievement of policy goals, the research aims to analyse how organisational cultures have been changed following the integration of Thai public organisations. In this respect, the researchers used an integrated model of Competing Values Framework and human paradox theory to assess cultural changes of integrated public organisations.The research was based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered in field research conducted in Thailand’s four integrated public organisations. It was found that, overall, organisational cultures were altered following the organisational integration. Public employees perceived that the hierarchy culture hardly changed following a reform. However, the clan value has largely reduced, while market and adhocracy values have increased rather significantly within the new organisations. In terms of clan value, the research found that the reduction was a result of power struggles between groups of people who came from different organisational backgrounds. Power-struggling between clans could lead to lower team cooperation, a lack of trust and diminished loyalty to organisations. Public officials also perceived that a significant development of market and adhocracy cultures in organisations could be a result of external forces, as well as the integration reform. With regard to these changes, the development of market values was inimical to human relations within integrated organisations. Together with the existence of a patronage system in the Thai public organisations, leadership also contributed to a paradox of competition and cooperation where members of a dominant clan could be favoured over the others. People who came from minor cultures might feel a disadvantage from being part of the minority and then give minimal cooperation to the integrated organisation. In this respect, teamwork and organisational cohesion could be difficult to build if the tension is unbalanced. It can be concluded that the cultural model of the organisations studied changed and seemed to be more balanced than was previously found. The integration of organisations also has a great influence on cultures and paradoxes in organisations. The dissertation hopes to contribute to the existing literature, with regard to the application of a Competing Values Framework and human paradox theory to the underexplored context of integration reform in the public sector. Findings from the use of this instrument can offer a fresh point of view towards the reality of organisational integration reforms, especially for academics, Thai reformers and public employees themselves.