In acknowledging that the Hansard Oral Question Period records did not focus on the increasing personnel expenditures, this thesis will seek to identify and analyze how political party members convey their support or opposition for these austerity measures, during the first session of the 41st Parliament Oral Question Period exchanges; in particular, how these exchanges are structured within the setting of parliamentary debate and for what purposes. Furthermore this thesis examines, how parliamentary exchanges relate to the five (5) debate purposes identified in the literature: (1) position claiming; (2) persuading; (3) negotiating; (4) agenda-setting; and, (5) opinion-building (Ilie, 2017), within the four (4) categories identified in the review of the Hansard records; that is: safety and security concerns, Canada’s official language policies, regional cuts, and public service reductions in areas directly related to the Canadian Forces and Canadian Veterans.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The provision of quality services is important for the overall welfare of South Africans. However, the Apartheid legacy appears to have long lasting effects on the provision of quality services at local level, with a range of undesirable effects, especially for ordinary people at grassroots level. Nevertheless, this concern has been made possible the legacy of apartheid, which makes it practically impossible to address the immediate needs of ordinary South Africans. For over a decade, South African local government has been condemned for poor service delivery, which is as a result of inefficiency, unproductiveness and incompetency of the public servants. These factors have hindered the prospect of delivering quality services at the most efficient and effective level, hence the introduction of a long- term plan by the South African government to improve the productiveness of the local government, and this plan is known as Performance Management System (PMS). The introduction of performance management system is critical because it ensures that plans are being implemented, that they are having the desired development impact and that resources are being used efficiently.This thesis critically analyzes the implementation processes of Performance Management System at O.R. Tambo District Municipality. Its principal aims is to investigate the factors that hinder the effective implementation of performance management system at local government in South Africa, to assess the effectiveness of PMS at ORTDM, to identify and explore different theories on performance management system. This thesis also seeks to be a guide to effective public policy implementation and provide recommendation and clear analysis of the municipal activities which can help improve the current state of affairs at O.R Tambo District Municipality. This thesis therefore looks at the challenges that are faced by the Section 57 employees (i.e. Municipal manager, directors and assistant directors) in the implementation of Performance Management System within the O.R. Tambo District Municipality. It uses qualitative research methods to assess patterns of PMS in ORTDM. This enquiry produces descriptive data, based on the written and spoken words of the interviewees. This method allows the researcher to see the world from participant‟s point of view.This thesis begins by introducing the subject of Performance Management, giving the historical background of performance management, as well as the current state of O.R. Tambo District. The introduction of the topic is followed by a theoretical overview of the subject of performance management. This is followed by the research methodology used in this study. The findings are presented in the chapter following the research methodology chapter, giving a synopsis of what the interviewees disclosed during the interview process. The last chapter provides conclusions and recommendations on how do the municipality ensure that performance management is effectively implemented and it has desired outcomes.

Abstract To build the clean government has become a new trend of the political reforms all over the world, and an important symbol of high national competitiveness. In order to establish people¡¦s trust to the government and ensure public servants done their duty justice, Act on Recusal of Public Servants Due to Conflicts of Interest (ARPSCI) is enacted to protect the value of democracy and the foundation of ethics and also implement the accountability. With the social changes and the evolution of democracy, ARPSCI has been implemented during the past decade since July 12, 2000, and there are a lot of issues waiting for solutions. This paper studies on ARPSCI by five major principles of administrative law, and collects data from newspapers and literatures. It reveals the policy-making background of ARPSCI through prospects of society, economy, politics, and legislation. Furthermore, the author compares Taiwan¡¦s legislation with the other countries¡¦ conflict of interest systems, and reviews ARPSCI by the three principles of rule by law, the seven principles of due process; identifies the purpose and value of ARPSCI by the viewpoints of the local self-governing and the individual¡¦s participation. As mentioned above, this paper clarifies the orientation and value of ARPSCI; then discusses about the design of administrative organizations, staff, and budget to support ARPSCI. It also researches whether ARPSCI was designed properly for good performance under the review of nine kinds of administrative authority. Moreover, it discusses whether ARPSCI¡¦s remedy procedure is proper, and advice to improve self-control function of the act. In short, after analyzing completely, it finds that ARPSCI has lots of institutional problems in the dimensions of basic principle, administrative organization, restriction of administrative power, administrative remedy, and administrative supervision. Therefore, in order to meet people's expectations and construct a fair conflict of interest system, the author proposes personal suggestions.

¡§Rewards¡¨ and ¡§Punishments¡¨ of public organizations are two crucial tools of personnel management and pivotal impetus factor in organizations.Rewarding is a positive and active way of impetus; punishing is a negative and passive way of impetus. The purpose of rewarding is to meet employees¡¦ requirements, lift morale, and enhance efficiency; the purpose of punishing is to alert stubbornness, eliminate illegitimacy, and maintain discipline. Making use of rewards and punishments well can make its positive function take effect immediately; on the contrary, it will cause damage to organizations. The leading class of public organizations should apply measures of rewards and punishments well. Police organizations, which are always performance-oriented, often highlight the importance of performance by means of project duties and regulate provisions of rewards and punishments in the practical plans of projects. This kind of project execution means that the police organization requests policemen achieve specific performance in some period for certain interim works of the policy and usually accompany with double rewards and punishments, which make common people misunderstand that police officers¡¦ works are ¡§optional¡¨ and ¡§emphatic¡¨ while handling cases. Besides, the business of police officers must focus on service and exhortation and reduce unnecessary interference and compulsion. However, serving for people and preventing crimes cannot underline the performance. Focusing on pursuing criminal cases, which bring immediate performance, and ignoring minor cases around common people for a long time cannot enhance the service quality. Police officers are partial to the performance, away from the public farther and farther. But, the business of police officers cannot be connected efficiently without people¡¦s supports and assistances. The performance cannot earn any credit of the public even though individual police officer is rewarded, but the whole image is getting worse. Thus, how to design a proper rewards and punishments system is worth studying. The objective of the legal system of rewards and punishments of public servants is, in the positive aspect, to lead public servants¡¦ behaviors towards organizational goals and respond to the expectation of the common people; in the negative aspect is to prevent public servants from conducting behaviors unfavorable of organizations goals or the common people¡¦s interests. The fairness of rewards and punishments system, the principle of rewarding from the basic level, and the principle of instant rewards and punishments have not only a great influence on morale encouragement to police officers but also on the position promotion of police officers. How to make the rewards and punishments system of police organizations fair and carry out principles of rewarding from the basic level, and instant rewards and punishments are worth further discussion. The thesis takes the legal system of rewards and punishments of police officers as research target and is supported by other relevant administrative laws and regulations. The research method adopts the primary theories of the administrative law, including administrative principles, administrative organizations, administrative authority, administrative remedy, and administrative supervision to view the rewards and punishments system of our police officers.

Esta Dissertação demonstra a evolução dos contratos e do volume de crédito consignado dos servidores públicos de Roraima, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2005/2008. Nesta análise foram percorridos os caminhos do surgimento do crédito desde os sistemas econômicos primitivos e o seu desenvolvimento até os dias atuais. Dos problemas advindos com a “Crise do Crédito” os Sistemas Financeiros Mundiais assumiram o encargo de regular e controlar a criação de moeda via mercado de crédito. Nesse sentido, foram abordados elementos de atuação dos sistemas financeiros no mundo, especialmente do Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Em seguida, foi estudado o papel da moeda e sua função de lastrear o crédito, bem como as principais modalidades de empréstimo ao consumidor até se chegar ao crédito consignado, considerado o responsável pela evolução do crédito nos últimos quatro anos, tanto no Brasil como em Roraima. A SEGAD, órgão responsável pela Folha de Pagamento no Estado de Roraima, forneceu os principais dados comentados no trabalho. Na metodologia da pesquisa de campo foi utilizado um questionário, respondido via intranet pelos servidores públicos estaduais, com o objetivo de se verificar o perfil dos tomadores de empréstimo; o grau de endividamento; a necessidade de intervenção do Judiciário nos contratos, entre outras particularidades. Por fim, foram analisados os dados do Poder Judiciário no ano de 2008, para se auferir o volume de demandas específicas de crédito consignado, bem como as instituições financeiras com maior número de reclamações na Justiça de Roraima. / This dissertation aimed to portray the evolution of contracts and the volume of credit set of public servants of Roraima, in the period between the years 2005/2008. This analysis were recorded the paths of credit since the emergence of primitive economic systems and their development until the present day. The problems resulting from "the Credit Crisis" the Global Financial Systems took charge on regulating and controlling the creation of money via credit market. Accordingly been addressed elements of performance of financial systems in the world, especially the National Financial System. Then studied the role of money and the credit function of the ballast and the main types of consumer credit to get credit and, where appropriate, considered the most responsible for the evolution of credit in the last four years, both in Brazil and in Roraima. The SEGAD, the body responsible for payroll in the state of Roraima, provided the main figures in the research. In the field research methodology was used a questionnaire, answered by Intranet by state civil servants, aiming to verify the profile of the borrower, the degree of indebtedness and the need for intervention by the judiciary in the contracts, among other features. Finally, we analyzed the data of the Judiciary in the year 2008; to obtain the volume of specific demands contained credit and financial institutions with the highest number of complaints in the courts of Roraima.

Esta Dissertação demonstra a evolução dos contratos e do volume de crédito consignado dos servidores públicos de Roraima, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2005/2008. Nesta análise foram percorridos os caminhos do surgimento do crédito desde os sistemas econômicos primitivos e o seu desenvolvimento até os dias atuais. Dos problemas advindos com a “Crise do Crédito” os Sistemas Financeiros Mundiais assumiram o encargo de regular e controlar a criação de moeda via mercado de crédito. Nesse sentido, foram abordados elementos de atuação dos sistemas financeiros no mundo, especialmente do Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Em seguida, foi estudado o papel da moeda e sua função de lastrear o crédito, bem como as principais modalidades de empréstimo ao consumidor até se chegar ao crédito consignado, considerado o responsável pela evolução do crédito nos últimos quatro anos, tanto no Brasil como em Roraima. A SEGAD, órgão responsável pela Folha de Pagamento no Estado de Roraima, forneceu os principais dados comentados no trabalho. Na metodologia da pesquisa de campo foi utilizado um questionário, respondido via intranet pelos servidores públicos estaduais, com o objetivo de se verificar o perfil dos tomadores de empréstimo; o grau de endividamento; a necessidade de intervenção do Judiciário nos contratos, entre outras particularidades. Por fim, foram analisados os dados do Poder Judiciário no ano de 2008, para se auferir o volume de demandas específicas de crédito consignado, bem como as instituições financeiras com maior número de reclamações na Justiça de Roraima. / This dissertation aimed to portray the evolution of contracts and the volume of credit set of public servants of Roraima, in the period between the years 2005/2008. This analysis were recorded the paths of credit since the emergence of primitive economic systems and their development until the present day. The problems resulting from "the Credit Crisis" the Global Financial Systems took charge on regulating and controlling the creation of money via credit market. Accordingly been addressed elements of performance of financial systems in the world, especially the National Financial System. Then studied the role of money and the credit function of the ballast and the main types of consumer credit to get credit and, where appropriate, considered the most responsible for the evolution of credit in the last four years, both in Brazil and in Roraima. The SEGAD, the body responsible for payroll in the state of Roraima, provided the main figures in the research. In the field research methodology was used a questionnaire, answered by Intranet by state civil servants, aiming to verify the profile of the borrower, the degree of indebtedness and the need for intervention by the judiciary in the contracts, among other features. Finally, we analyzed the data of the Judiciary in the year 2008; to obtain the volume of specific demands contained credit and financial institutions with the highest number of complaints in the courts of Roraima.

Esta Dissertação demonstra a evolução dos contratos e do volume de crédito consignado dos servidores públicos de Roraima, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2005/2008. Nesta análise foram percorridos os caminhos do surgimento do crédito desde os sistemas econômicos primitivos e o seu desenvolvimento até os dias atuais. Dos problemas advindos com a “Crise do Crédito” os Sistemas Financeiros Mundiais assumiram o encargo de regular e controlar a criação de moeda via mercado de crédito. Nesse sentido, foram abordados elementos de atuação dos sistemas financeiros no mundo, especialmente do Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Em seguida, foi estudado o papel da moeda e sua função de lastrear o crédito, bem como as principais modalidades de empréstimo ao consumidor até se chegar ao crédito consignado, considerado o responsável pela evolução do crédito nos últimos quatro anos, tanto no Brasil como em Roraima. A SEGAD, órgão responsável pela Folha de Pagamento no Estado de Roraima, forneceu os principais dados comentados no trabalho. Na metodologia da pesquisa de campo foi utilizado um questionário, respondido via intranet pelos servidores públicos estaduais, com o objetivo de se verificar o perfil dos tomadores de empréstimo; o grau de endividamento; a necessidade de intervenção do Judiciário nos contratos, entre outras particularidades. Por fim, foram analisados os dados do Poder Judiciário no ano de 2008, para se auferir o volume de demandas específicas de crédito consignado, bem como as instituições financeiras com maior número de reclamações na Justiça de Roraima. / This dissertation aimed to portray the evolution of contracts and the volume of credit set of public servants of Roraima, in the period between the years 2005/2008. This analysis were recorded the paths of credit since the emergence of primitive economic systems and their development until the present day. The problems resulting from "the Credit Crisis" the Global Financial Systems took charge on regulating and controlling the creation of money via credit market. Accordingly been addressed elements of performance of financial systems in the world, especially the National Financial System. Then studied the role of money and the credit function of the ballast and the main types of consumer credit to get credit and, where appropriate, considered the most responsible for the evolution of credit in the last four years, both in Brazil and in Roraima. The SEGAD, the body responsible for payroll in the state of Roraima, provided the main figures in the research. In the field research methodology was used a questionnaire, answered by Intranet by state civil servants, aiming to verify the profile of the borrower, the degree of indebtedness and the need for intervention by the judiciary in the contracts, among other features. Finally, we analyzed the data of the Judiciary in the year 2008; to obtain the volume of specific demands contained credit and financial institutions with the highest number of complaints in the courts of Roraima.

Thesis advisor: Sarah Babb / American discrimination law is a paradox: it attempts to eradicate discrimination – an inherently systemic problem impacting the most marginalized groups – using bureaucratic procedures. As a result, public servants tasked with investigating violations of discrimination law must pursue the fulfillment of such a sweeping goal through incremental means, adhering to laws that define discrimination narrowly. There is an extensive literature arguing that this misalignment between the law’s driving goals and its methods of enforcement renders it ineffective; there is also considerable research on the public servant’s unique position in this sense. Applying these literatures together to twelve discrimination investigators at three state-level commissions, it seems investigators are aware of the law’s limitations, but are able to close the gap between the bureaucratic nature of their work and its driving goals by rationalizing these limitations, allowing them to remain idealistic about the efficacy of the law. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Sociology.

There is a democratic ideal that politicians are the decision- and policymakers while the public servants should serve as their policy executers. However, this ideal could be questioned as the public servants also have the capacity to make decisions that concerns the citizens. This thesis answers the questions whether there are differences and similarities of power held by the public servants in one larger and one smaller Swedish municipality, and if there is a larger extent to power for the public servants in the smaller municipality. By analysing and comparing interviews and control documents this study shows that the public servants in the larger municipality may have less power because of a different structure of the organisation and more political frameworks that regulate the administration. The public servants in the smaller municipality have more power in contributing ideas and knowledge for decision-making and implementation. It’s easier for the executive manager in the smaller municipality to influence in evaluations and the agenda setting.

A partir de discussões arquivísticas relacionadas ao documento em meio digital, cujos produtos foram especificações, recomendações e instrumentos legais, procurou-se compreender como as pessoas que trabalham em seu dia-a-dia com os documentos de uma entidade pública foram inseridas nestes debates. Como forma de complementar a análise, um estudo exploratório buscou levantar as percepções que os agentes públicos da Universidade de São Paulo possuem sobre a relação entre o documento em meio digital e as suas características arquivísticas. Concluiuse que, apesar de alguns projetos arquivísticos apontarem a importância da incorporação do conhecimento das pessoas no desenvolvimento de sistemas informatizados de gerenciamento de documentos, há ainda muitos limites quanto aos critérios adotados nesse processo. Na maioria dos casos, essa participação tem repercutido apenas na definição de diferentes níveis de acesso aos sistemas informatizados. Tal ausência de uma efetiva inserção da experiência dos agentes públicos nas discussões e nos projetos arquivísticos implica, ainda, no agravamento de outra situação constatada no estudo exploratório: a dificuldade dos agentes públicos em promover a associação entre o documento em meio digital e suas características arquivísticas. / Based on the debate around archives, focused on digital documents, whose products under analysis were specifications, recommendations and legal instruments, we have tried to understand how the servants at public entities have been included in those debates. As a means of supplementing such analysis, we have conducted an exploratory study aimed at surveying the perceptions of the relationship between digital documents and their archiving features, provided by the public servants at the University of São Paulo. We have concluded that, although a few archival projects emphasize the importance of incorporating user knowledge into the development of computer-based document management systems, there still are limitations as to the criteria adopted in this course. For most cases, user contribution has but influenced on the creation of different access levels to computer-based systems. Failure to effectively include the expertise of public servants in debates and archival projects implies still the intensification of another situation observed during the exploratory study: the struggle by the public servants in promoting the relationship between digital documents and their archiving features.