Κατά τη διάρκεια των τελευταίων δεκαετιών, το διεθνές ενδιαφέρον για την φωτοβολταϊκή μετατροπή της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας αυξάνει συνεχώς. Έχει δοθεί ιδιαίτερη σημασία στην ανάπτυξη φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων για την σύνδεσή τους με το δίκτυο, έτσι ώστε να αξιοποιείται η ηλιακή ακτινοβολία για παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο. Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μελέτη των φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και σκοπός αυτής είναι η κατασκευή ενός συστήματος μετατροπής συνεχούς τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη για τη διασύνδεση μιας πηγής συνεχούς τάσης με το μονοφασικό δίκτυο. Το σύστημα αυτό αποτελείται από ένα ηλεκτρονικό μετατροπέα ισχύος διπλής βαθμίδας. Το πρώτο τμήμα είναι ένας μετατροπέας συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή τάση υψηλότερης τιμής. Συγκεκριμένα, ο μετατροπέας αυτός ανυψώνει την τάση του φωτοβολταϊκού συστήματος του Εργαστηρίου στα 400V. Στη συνέχεια υπάρχει το δεύτερο τμήμα, αποτελούμενο από το σύστημα μετατροπής συνεχούς τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη, το οποίο μετατρέπει την εισερχόμενη συνεχή τάση των 400V σε εναλλασσόμενη τάση συχνότητας 50 Hz και ενεργού τιμής 220V. Η διπλωματική αυτή εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, υπό την επίβλεψη του Ομότιμου Καθηγητή Δρ.-Μηχ. Αθανασίου Σαφάκα. Αρχικά, αναλύεται η αρχή λειτουργίας των ηλιακών κυττάρων και περιγράφονται οι υπάρχουσες τεχνολογίες τους. Έπειτα γίνεται αναφορά στα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα και τους τρόπους που μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθούν, δηλαδή συνδεδεμένα με το δίκτυο ή αυτόνομα. Στη συνέχεια, αναφέρονται και αναλύονται διάφορες τεχνικές συγχρονισμού μετατροπέων με το μονοφασικό δίκτυο και τρόποι ρύθμισης της ενεργού και αέργου ισχύoς που παρέχεται από τις πηγές ενέργειας στο δίκτυο. Παρατίθενται στοιχεία του μετατροπέα συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή και γίνεται η μελέτη του μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα που πρόκειται να κατασκευαστεί. Επιπρόσθετα γίνεται προσομοίωση του συστήματός στο λογισμικό MATLAB/Simulink. Συγκρίνεται η λειτουργία του αντιστροφέα με τη μέθοδο παλμοδότησης SPWM (Ημιτονοειδής Διαμόρφωση του Εύρους Παλμών) με διπολική και μονοπολική τάση εξόδου και παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης για παραλληλισμό του συστήματος με το δίκτυο και προσφορά ισχύος από πηγή συνεχούς τάσης προς το δίκτυο. Αναλύονται τα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά του αντιστροφέα που κατασκευάστηκε, καθώς και ο τρόπος κατασκευής των απαραίτητων κυκλωμάτων για την οδήγηση του. Τέλος, παρατίθενται πειραματικά αποτελέσματα από τη λειτουργία του συστήματος. / During the last decades, the international interest in the photovoltaic conversion of solar radiation is increasing. Special attention has been given to the development of photovoltaic systems for their connection to the utility grid, in order to use solar radiation for electricity generation in the best possible way. In this diploma thesis, the photovoltaic power generation is studied and the purpose of this work is to construct a single phase grid connected dc/ac converter system in order to connect a dc voltage source to the grid. This system consists of a dual-stage electronic power converter. The first part is a dc-dc converter, which converts a source of direct current (dc) from one voltage level to another, with an output voltage greater than its input voltage. Specifically, the dc/dc converter increases the voltage of the photovoltaic system, which is installed on the laboratory, to 400V DC. The second part consists of a dc/ac inverter, which converts the incoming voltage of 400V DC to 220V AC at 50Hz. The work presented on this diploma thesis was carried out at the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, under the supervision of Emeritus Professor Dr.-Ing. Athanasios Safacas. Initially, the working principle of solar cells is analysed and its current technologies are described. Then, reference is given to the photovoltaic systems and their applications, i.e. stand-alone PV systems and grid-connected PV systems. Next, reference and analysis are given to the various grid synchronization techniques for single phase inverter systems and control methods to regulate the active and reactive power supplied from sources of energy into the grid. Data are presented about the dc/dc converter and the study of the single-phase inverter to be constructed. Additionally, the system is simulated with MATLAB/Simulink software and the simulation results of the specific system are presented. A comparison of the operation of the inverter is made using sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique (“SPWM”) with bipolar and unipolar output voltage and simulation results of the grid connected converter system are presented. The technical characteristics of the constructed inverter and the design of its necessary integrated circuits are analysed. Finally, experimental results from the operation of the grid connected dc/ac inverter are presented.

abstract: This thesis describes the design of a Single Event Transient (SET) duration measurement test-structure on the Global Foundries (previously IBM) 32-nm silicon-on insulator (SOI) process. The test structure is designed for portability and allows quick design and implementation on a new process node. Such a test structure is critical in analyzing the effects of radiation on complementary metal oxide semi-conductor (CMOS) circuits. The focus of this thesis is the change in pulse width during propagation of SET pulse and build a test structure to measure the duration of a SET pulse generated in real time. This test structure can estimate the SET pulse duration with 10ps resolution. It receives the input SET propagated through a SET capture structure made using a chain of combinational gates. The impact of propagation of the SET in a >200 deep collection structure is studied. A novel methodology of deploying Thick Gate TID structure is proposed and analyzed to build multi-stage chain of combinational gates. Upon using long chain of combinational gates, the most critical issue of pulse width broadening and shortening is analyzed across critical process corners. The impact of using regular standard cells on pulse width modification is compared with NMOS and/or PMOS skewed gates for the chain of combinational gates. A possible resolution to pulse width change is demonstrated using circuit and layout design of chain of inverters, two and three inputs NOR gates. The SET capture circuit is also tested in simulation by introducing a glitch signal that mimics an individual ion strike that could lead to perturbation in SET propagation. Design techniques and skewed gates are deployed to dampen the glitch that occurs under the effect of radiation. Simulation results, layout structures of SET capture circuit and chain of combinational gates are presented. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-11-08T17:29:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao_Felipe_Correa_CD.pdf: 5991890 bytes, checksum: bf897f6d56367daee94655b05dc520e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T17:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao_Felipe_Correa_CD.pdf: 5991890 bytes, checksum: bf897f6d56367daee94655b05dc520e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Capes / O conversor nove chaves (Nine-Switch Inverter - NSI) foi proposto recentemente e, desde então, um grande número de aplicações foi explorado para esta nova topologia, especialmente como um possível substituto do tradicional conversor back-to-back. A principal vantagem do NSI é o menor número de chaves (nove em vez de doze do conversor back-to-back), que, como consequência, acarreta em restrições nas amplitudes de saída do inversor. Na literatura, foram propostas diferentes técnicas de modulação por largura de pulso (Pulse Width Modulation - PWM) que respeitam estas restrições. Diante deste cenário, o presente trabalho propõe duas abordagens para a generalização da modulação no NSI: a modulação escalar quasi generalizada e a generalizada, que são baseadas no conceito de generalização para o inversor trifásico fonte de tensão (VSI) convencional e que podem ser facilmente implementadas com um reduzido esforço computacional. Este conceito propicia, através de uma abordagem sistemática e direta, a geração de qualquer técnica de PWM, seja ela contínua ou descontínua, através do ajuste de graus de liberdade específicos. Objetivando a redução de perdas, são apresentados os graus de liberdade específicos que, quando aplicados nas modulações propostas, aumentam o rendimento do inversor. Resultados de simulação confirmam a funcionalidade das modulações. / The nine-switch inverter (NSI) has been proposed recently and, since then, a large number of applications were explored for this new topology, specially as a possible substitute to the traditional back-to-back converter. The main advantage of the NSI is its lesser number of switches (nine instead of twelve of the back-to-back converter), which, as a consequence, leads to some restrictions in the total attainable amplitude at its outputs. In literature, many pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques were proposed respecting those restrictions. In this scenario, this paper proposes two generalization approaches for the modulation of the NSI: the quasi generalized scalar modulation and the generalized scalar modulation, which are based on the generalization concept for the voltage source inverter (VSI), easily implemented with a reduced computational effort. Such concept leads to a systematic and straight approach to the generation of any continuous or discontinuous PWM technique for the NSI, simply adjusting a few degrees of freedom of the modulation strategy. Aiming the reduction of the power losses, specific degrees of freedom are presented, for the proposed modulations. Simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed methods.

A aplicação de defensivos é um dos fatores de maior impacto em um sistema de produção agrícola, para o sucesso dessa prática o sistema de pulverização deve alocar o princípio ativo no alvo com eficiência e custo reduzido. Em uma área irrigada por pivô central o agricultor possui como alternativas para a aplicação de agroquímicos a pulverização tratorizada, aplicação aérea, quimigação e sistemas de pulverização acoplados ao equipamento de irrigação. Com o intuito de diminuir o custo fixo envolvido na implantação de um sistema de pulverização acoplado foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de dimensionamento, um aplicativo com as rotinas de cálculo e sugeridos novos modelos de emissor, que possuem válvulas anti gotas integradas, também estudados neste trabalho. São comparados quatro cenários para o dimensionamento: (a) barras de PVC intercambiáveis; (b) barras de PVC não intercambiáveis; (c) barras de PEMD intercambiáveis; e (d) barras de PEMD não intercambiáveis. As principais inovações do novo desenho do sistema são barras com a metade do comprimento de outros equipamentos acopláveis, de diâmetro telescópico, e o dimensionamento específico para cada torre. Os cenários com barras intercambiáveis obtiveram uniformidades estatísticas no limiar das faixas excelente e muito bom, mas apresentaram amplitudes entre a calda máxima e mínima aplicada da ordem de 60 L ha-1, favorecendo a adoção de sistemas com barras exclusivas. O aplicativo pode utilizar quaisquer modelos de emissor conhecidos pelo usuário exportando os resultados para um arquivo com valores separados por vírgula / Chemical application is a major factor into agricultural systems, to be succeeded in this practice the application system must allocate the active ingredient on target with efficiency and at low costs. In a center pivot irrigation area a farmer have some alternatives for chemical application as tractor mounted sprayers, aerial application, chemigation and pivot attached spray systems. Aiming lower deploying costs of a spray system coupled to the irrigation device, a design method and a software have been developed. New emitter models, which have built-in no leakage valves was also studied in this work. Four design scenarios have been studied: (a) interchangeable PVC spray boom; (b) unique PVC spray boom for each tower; (c) interchangeable MDPE spray boom (e) unique MDPE spray boom for each tower. The main innovations obtained by the new design were spray boom with half the length of the predecessors, telescopic diameter and specific design for each tower. Both the scenarios have reached excellent statistical uniformity, hence the interchangeable scenario had a range greater than 50 L ha-1 between maximum and minimum application rate. The software can design the spray booms for any emitter model known by the user

Three-level diode-clamped inverter is being widely used these days. Extensive research has been carried out on pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for a three-level inverter. The most widely used PWM strategies are sine-triangle pulse width modulation (SPWM) and centered space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM). The influence of these PWM strategies on the DC-link capacitor current and voltage ripple is studied in this thesis. The sizing of the DC capacitor depends on value of the maximum RMS current flowing through it. In this work, an analytical expression for capacitor RMS current is derived as a function of operating conditions like modulation index, power factor angle of the load and peak load current. The worst case current stress on the capacitor is evaluated using the analytical expression. The capacitor RMS current is found to be the same in SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The analytical expression is validated through simulations and experiments on a 3kVA MOSFET based three-level inverter. Harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is helpful in better evaluation of capacitor power loss. Therefore, harmonic analysis of the capacitor current is carried out, using the techniques of geometric wall model and double Fourier integral for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes. The theoretical predictions are validated through experiments. The capacitor RMS current is divided into low-frequency RMS current (where low frequency component is defined as a component whose frequency is less than half the switching frequency) and high-frequency RMS current. The capacitor voltage ripple is estimated analytically for SPWM and CSVPWM schemes, using the low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor RMS current. The voltage ripples due to SPWM and CSVPWM schemes are compared. It is found that the voltage ripple with SPWM is higher than that with CSVPWM. A simplified method to estimate the capacitor power loss, without the requirement of FFT analysis of capacitor current, is proposed. The results from this simplified method agree reasonably well with the results from the detailed method. A space vector based modulation scheme is proposed, which reduces the capacitor RMS current at high power factor angles. However, the proposed method leads to higher total harmonic distortion (THD) than CSVPWM. Simulation and experimental results, comparing CSVPWM and the proposed PWM, are presented.

This work describes the design of audio amplifiers operating in switching mode. The first part describes basic principles of the power stage switching concept. There is described differences between classes of amplifiers according to technology. The second larger part includes design and construction of the switching amplifiers. Design is implemented, including the preamplifier and power supply. Power supply works in switching mode. The measured parameters of the proposed facility are given in the last part.

The aim of the Master´s thesis is proposing and implementation of computer controlled optical radiation source. The theoretical part describes the photometric, the radiometric quantities, applied components such as LED, the microcontroller and possible methods for the LED brightness control. The development of the device is described from the selection of the individual LEDs to the end of the device assembling and programing. On the several LEDs were made properties measurement. A circuit with microcontroller was designed and then was fabricated. The device was programmed for communication and control from the PC. The entire electronic is fitted in the metal frame of the construction box and finally the device functionality is tested.

No description available.

A dominating source for the radiated acoustic noise from a train at low speeds is the traction motor. This noise originates from electromagnetic forces acting on the structure resulting in vibrations on the surface and thus radiated noise. It is often perceived as annoying due to its tonal nature. To achieve a desirable acoustic behavior, and also to meet legal requirements, it is of great importance to thoroughly understand the generation of noise of electromagnetic origin in the motor and also to be able to control it to a low level. In this work, experimental tests have been performed on a traction motor operated from pulse width modulated (PWM) converter. A PWM converter outputs a quasi-sinusoidal voltage created from switched voltage pulses of different widths. The resulting main vibrations at PWM operation and their causes have been analyzed. It is concluded that an appropriate selection of the PWM switching frequency, that is the rate at which the voltage is switched, is a powerful tool to influence the noise of electromagnetic origin. Changing the switching frequency shifts the frequencies of the exciting electromagnetic forces. Further experimental investigations show that the trend is that the resulting sound power level decreases with increasing switching frequency and eventually the sound power level reaches an almost constant level. The underlying physical phenomena for the reduced sound power level is different for different frequency ranges. It is proposed that the traction motor, similar to a thin walled cylindrical structure, shows a constant vibration over force response above a certain frequency. This is investigated using numerical simulations of simplified models. Above this certain frequency, where the area of high modal density is dominating, the noise reducing effect of further increasing the switching frequency is limited. / <p>QC 20180109</p>

The emergence of silicon-carbide (SiC) devices has been a 'game changer' in the field of power electronics. With desirable material properties such as low-loss characteristics, high blocking voltage, and high junction temperature operation, they are expected to drastically increase the power density of power electronics systems. Recent state-of-the-art designs show the power density over 17 ; however, certain factors limit the power density to increase beyond this limit. In this dissertation, three key factors are selected to increase the power density of SiC-based grid-connected three-phase converters. Throughout this dissertation, the techniques and strategies to increase the power density of SiC three-phase converters were investigated. Firstly, a magnetic integration method was introduced for the coupled inductors in the interleaved three-phase converters. Due to limited current-capacity compared to the silicon insulated-gate bipolar transistors (Si-IGBTs), discrete SiC devices or SiC modules, operate in parallel to handle a large current. When three-phase inverters are paralleled, interleaving can be used, and coupled inductors are employed to limit the circulating current. In Chapter 2, the conventional integration method was extended to integrate three coupled inductors into two; one for differential-mode circulating current and the other for common-mode circulating current. By comparing with prior research work, a 20% reduction in size and weight is demonstrated. From Chapter 3 to Chapter 5, a full-SiC uninterruptible power supply (UPS) was investigated. With the high switching frequency and fast switching dynamics of SiC devices, strategies on electromagnetic inference become more important, compared to Si-IGBT based inverters. Chapter 3 focuses on a common-mode equivalent circuit model for a topology and pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme selection, to set a noise mitigation strategy in the design phase. A three terminal common-mode electromagnetic interference (EMI) model is proposed, which predicts the impact of the dc-dc stage and a large battery-rack on the output CM noise. Based on the model, severe deterioration of noise by the dc-dc stage and battery-rack can be predicted. Special attention was paid on the selection of the dc-dc stage's topology and the PWM scheme to minimize the impact. With the mitigation strategy, a maximum 16 dB reduction on CM EMI can be achieved for a wide frequency range. In Chapter 4, an active PWM scheme for a full-SiC three-level back-to-back converter was proposed. The PWM scheme targets the size reduction of two key components: dc-link capacitors and a common-mode EMI filter. The increase in switching frequency calls for a large common-mode EMI filter, and dc-link capacitors in the three-level topology may take a considerable portion in the total volume. To reduce the common-mode noise emission, different combinations of the voltage vectors are investigated to generate center-aligned single pulse common-mode voltage. By such an alignment of common-mode voltage with different vector combinations, noise cancellation between the rectifier and the inverter can be maximally utilized, while the balancing of neutral point voltage can be achieved by the transition between the combinations. Also, to reduce the size of the dc-link capacitor for the three-level back-to-back converter, a compensation algorithm for neutral point voltage unbalance was developed for both differential-mode voltage and the common-mode voltage of the ac-ac stage. The experimental results show a 4 dB reduction on CM EMI, which leads to a 30% reduction on the required CM inductance value. When a 10% variation of neutral point voltage can be handled, the dc-link capacitance can be reduced by 56%. In Chapter 5, a 20 kW full-SiC UPS prototype was built to demonstrate a possible size-reduction with the proposed PWM scheme, as well as a selection of topologies and PWM schemes based on the model. The power density and efficiency are compared with the state-of-the-art Si-IGBT based UPSs. Chapter 6 seeks to improve power density by a change in a modulation method. Triangular conduction mode (TCM) operation of the three-level full-SiC inverter was investigated. The switching loss of SiC devices is reported to be concentrated on the turn-on instant. With zero-voltage turn-on of all switches, the switching frequency of a three-level three-phase SiC inverter can be drastically increased, compared to the hard-switching operation. This contributes to the size-reduction of the filter inductors and EMI filters. Based on the design to achieve a 99% peak efficiency, a comparison was made with a full-SiC three-level inverter, operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), to verify the benefit of the soft switching scheme on the power density. A design procedure for an LCL filter of paralleled TCM inverters was developed. With 3.5 times high switching frequency, the total weight of the filter stage of the TCM inverter can be reduced by 15%, compared to that of the CCM inverter. Throughout this dissertation, techniques for size reduction of key components are introduced, including coupled inductors in parallel inverters, an EMI filter, dc-link capacitors, and the main boost inductor. From Chapter 2 to 5, the physical size or required value of these key components could be reduced by 20% to 56% by different schemes such as magnetic integration, EMI mitigation strategy through modeling, and an active PWM scheme. An optimization result for a full-SiC UPS showed a 40% decrease in the total volume, compared to the state-of-the-art Si-IGBT solution. Soft-switching modulation for SiC-based three-phase inverters can bring a significant increase in the switching frequency and has the potential to enhance power-density notably. A three-level three-phase full-SiC 40 kW PV inverter with TCM operation contributed to a 15% reduction on the filter weight. / Doctor of Philosophy / The power density of a power electronics system is regarded as an indicator of technological advances. The higher the power density of the power supply, the more power it can generate with the given volume and weight. The size requirement on power electronics has been driven towards tighter limits, as the dependency on electric energy increases with the electrification of transportation and the emergence of grid-connected renewable energy sources. However, the efficiency of a power electronics system is an essential factor and is regarded as a trade-off with the power density. The size of power electronics systems is largely impacted by its magnetic components for filtering, as well as its cooling system, such as a heatsink. Once the switching frequency of power semiconductors is increased to lower the burden on filtering, more loss is generated from filters and semiconductors, thus enlarging the size of the cooling system. Therefore, considering the efficiency has to be maintained at a reasonable value, the power density of Si-based converters appears to be saturated. With the emergence of wide-bandgap devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN), the switching frequency of power devices can be significantly increased. This is a result of superior material properties, compared to Si-based power semiconductors. For grid-connected applications, SiC devices are adopted, due to the limitations of voltage ratings in GaN devices. Before commercial SiC devices were available, the power density of SiC- based three-phase inverters was expected to go over 20 𝑘𝑊 𝑑𝑚3 ⁄ . However, the state-of-the art designs shows the power density around 3 ~ 4 𝑘𝑊 𝑑𝑚3 ⁄ , and at most 17 𝑘𝑊 𝑑𝑚3 ⁄ . The SiC devices could increase the power density, but they have not reached the level expected. The adoption of SiC devices with faster switching was not a panacea for power density improvement. This dissertation starts with an analysis of the factors that prevent power density improvement of SiC-based, grid-connected, three-phase inverters. Three factors were identified: a limited increase in the switching frequency, large high-frequency noise generation to be filtered, and smaller but still significant magnetic components. Using a generic design procedure for three-phase inverters, each chapter seeks to frame a strategy and develop techniques to enhance the power density. For smaller magnetic components, a magnetic integration scheme is proposed for paralleled ac-dc converters. To reduce the size of the noise filter, an accurate modeling approach was taken to predict the noise phenomena during the design phase. Also, a modulation scheme to minimize the noise generation of the ac-ac stage is proposed. The validity of the proposed technique was verified by a full-SiC three-phase uninterruptible power supply with optimized hardware design. Lastly, the benefit of soft-switching modulation, which leads to a significant increase in switching frequency, was analyzed. The hardware optimization procedure was developed and compared to hard-switched three-phase inverters.