Resilience engineering first appeared as a new approach for both system design and system safety in the last decade. One of the first substantive publications on resilience as applied to engineering was Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts [Hollnagel et al. 2006]. Hollnagel, Woods, and Leveson developed the basic concepts behind resilience engineering in order to understand and prevent tragedies such as the Columbia Challenger accident and the September 11 terrorist attack.<p> In its present stage, resilience engineering has several fundamental problems. 1. There is not an appropriate definition for resilience. 2. The differences between resilience and other similar concepts are not clarified. 3. There is no quantitative method which can measure resilience. The three questions need to be addressed in order to advance the concept of resilience engineering and form a theoretical concept to an applied science. These three issues then form the foundation of this thesis.<p> As a first step, a resilience definition is presented based on the concepts of system function and damage. Then, the differences between resilience and five similar concepts (reliability, robustness, repairing, redundancy, and sustainability) are clearly elaborated. As a last step, a method for quantifying resilience is proposed in the form of a resilience index. This method exclusively measures system resilience by analyzing the system recoverability from two points of view: reconfiguration and replacement of components.<p> In order to illustrate the approach to and definitions of resilience, an actual application is considered: a water pumping station operated by SaskWater in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (the Clarence Booster Station). This pumping station is a complicated system consisting of mechanical electrical and chemical subsystems. The resilience of Clarence Booster Station is analyzed using the proposed definition of resilience and resilience index.<p> This thesis is just an initial step establishing a comprehensive definition (qualitatively and quantitatively) for resilience. The resilience index so defined in this work appears to have potential but much more scrutiny and refinement must be pursued to ensure that it is truly applicable to more universal engineering applications.

Resilience engineering first appeared as a new approach for both system design and system safety in the last decade. One of the first substantive publications on resilience as applied to engineering was Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts [Hollnagel et al. 2006]. Hollnagel, Woods, and Leveson developed the basic concepts behind resilience engineering in order to understand and prevent tragedies such as the Columbia Challenger accident and the September 11 terrorist attack.<p> In its present stage, resilience engineering has several fundamental problems. 1. There is not an appropriate definition for resilience. 2. The differences between resilience and other similar concepts are not clarified. 3. There is no quantitative method which can measure resilience. The three questions need to be addressed in order to advance the concept of resilience engineering and form a theoretical concept to an applied science. These three issues then form the foundation of this thesis.<p> As a first step, a resilience definition is presented based on the concepts of system function and damage. Then, the differences between resilience and five similar concepts (reliability, robustness, repairing, redundancy, and sustainability) are clearly elaborated. As a last step, a method for quantifying resilience is proposed in the form of a resilience index. This method exclusively measures system resilience by analyzing the system recoverability from two points of view: reconfiguration and replacement of components.<p> In order to illustrate the approach to and definitions of resilience, an actual application is considered: a water pumping station operated by SaskWater in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (the Clarence Booster Station). This pumping station is a complicated system consisting of mechanical electrical and chemical subsystems. The resilience of Clarence Booster Station is analyzed using the proposed definition of resilience and resilience index.<p> This thesis is just an initial step establishing a comprehensive definition (qualitatively and quantitatively) for resilience. The resilience index so defined in this work appears to have potential but much more scrutiny and refinement must be pursued to ensure that it is truly applicable to more universal engineering applications.

Electrical energy has become a very important and integrated part of the current era. Electricity cost saving interventions, such as load shifting, form part of demand side management (DSM) interventions. DSM interventions have been successfully implemented in the past to ensure reliable supply of electricity during the Eskom peak periods. It has been established that there is a need to implement an electricity cost saving intervention on a large water distribution utility. This dissertation focuses on the integration of electricity cost saving interventions on a water distribution utility. An investigation methodology, as well as an integration strategy for implementing an electricity cost saving intervention were developed. This study expands on the importance of an integrated approach. It further discusses the shortcomings of the current control philosophies of a large water distribution utility in South Africa. A load shifting project was implemented as an electricity cost saving intervention on a large water distribution utility in South Africa. The proposed integrated strategy was simulated and an optimised approach developed. It was found that the implementation of the strategy was limited due to process constraints and increasing water demand. Utilising the large combined installed capacity of the pumps in the water distribution utility and the storage capacity, the strategy was implemented and cost savings obtained. It was concluded that load shifting was possible on individual pumping stations in the water distribution utility subsystems, and could, therefore, be quantified to an integrated approach. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Electrical energy has become a very important and integrated part of the current era. Electricity cost saving interventions, such as load shifting, form part of demand side management (DSM) interventions. DSM interventions have been successfully implemented in the past to ensure reliable supply of electricity during the Eskom peak periods. It has been established that there is a need to implement an electricity cost saving intervention on a large water distribution utility. This dissertation focuses on the integration of electricity cost saving interventions on a water distribution utility. An investigation methodology, as well as an integration strategy for implementing an electricity cost saving intervention were developed. This study expands on the importance of an integrated approach. It further discusses the shortcomings of the current control philosophies of a large water distribution utility in South Africa. A load shifting project was implemented as an electricity cost saving intervention on a large water distribution utility in South Africa. The proposed integrated strategy was simulated and an optimised approach developed. It was found that the implementation of the strategy was limited due to process constraints and increasing water demand. Utilising the large combined installed capacity of the pumps in the water distribution utility and the storage capacity, the strategy was implemented and cost savings obtained. It was concluded that load shifting was possible on individual pumping stations in the water distribution utility subsystems, and could, therefore, be quantified to an integrated approach. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In this Master of Interior Design practicum project I apply the choreographic principles of Stephanie Ballard’s “Landscape Dancing” projects to the design of a secular event space within the James Avenue Pumping Station site in Winnipeg, Manitoba. A landscape dancer’s relationship with their surroundings allows them to create meaning and event in quotidian environments; therefore the application of Ballard’s dance methodology to design can create interior design that affects the human spirit. The process of cultural analysis in conjunction with relevant theories related to the moving body and performance were studied to understand how landscape dancers transform the emotional qualities of an environment through gesture and positioning. This theoretical framework informs the adaptive reuse of an existing structure that reacts to the industrial interior and builds upon its inherent aesthetic to breathe new life into the environment.

In this Master of Interior Design practicum project I apply the choreographic principles of Stephanie Ballard’s “Landscape Dancing” projects to the design of a secular event space within the James Avenue Pumping Station site in Winnipeg, Manitoba. A landscape dancer’s relationship with their surroundings allows them to create meaning and event in quotidian environments; therefore the application of Ballard’s dance methodology to design can create interior design that affects the human spirit. The process of cultural analysis in conjunction with relevant theories related to the moving body and performance were studied to understand how landscape dancers transform the emotional qualities of an environment through gesture and positioning. This theoretical framework informs the adaptive reuse of an existing structure that reacts to the industrial interior and builds upon its inherent aesthetic to breathe new life into the environment.

The task of the diploma thesis ‚‚Adjustment of the pumping station and delivery pipeline of the raw water to location of JETE for considered building up of new nuclear sources‘‘ is to figure out a capability of the pumping station Hněvkovice to draw a sufficient capacity of a raw water to the Temelín nuclear power plant. In case of necessity, it designs useful adjustment of a pumping station and deliver pipeline for increasing the raw water delivery rate.

Målet med detta arbete har varit att ta fram en metod för att bestämma prestandan för en pumpanläggning samt åtgärdsprogram för dessa. Detta med utgångspunkt från tidigare gjord forskning inom området. Testkörningar, beräkningar och simuleringar visar att det går att bestämma de undersökta anläggningarnas prestanda, samt dess möjligheter till förbättring med den framtagna metodiken. Arbetet visar även att undersökningens referensramar är av stor vikt för att värdera anläggningens prestanda samt kunna bestämma dess förbättringspotential. Testkörningarna gav prov på detta då jämförelsen för en av dessa anläggningar fick baseras på teoretisk och antagen data. Vilket bidrar till osäkerheten i bedömningen av den anläggningens förbättringspotential. Vid avvikelser i prestanda för anläggningen gentemot referensvärden bör förluster i anläggningens individuella delar bestämmas. Detta för att göra förbättringsinsatserna mer effektiva. Exempel på detta är att undvika byte till en effektivare pump när det är dess förutsättningar som det är fel på. De framtagna nyckeltalen visar på att en anläggning med hög verkningsgrad inte alltid kan likställas med lägre energianvändning jämfört med låg verkningsgrad. Vilket liknas med att nyckeltalen för den aktuella eller liknande anläggningar inte kan jämföras rakt av med anläggningar som har andra förutsättningar. Vidare visar studien på vikten av att säkerställa tillgänglig mätdata finns för att utföra analysen av en anläggning. Därmed blir förarbetet för att garantera att önskvärda parametrar blir mätta en dela av anläggningens prestandabedömning och förbättringsarbete. Då varje enskild anläggning har en mängd unika förutsättningar har dessa testanläggningar fått representera en variation av dessa. Vilka måste vid analysen beaktas för varje enskild anläggning för att förbättringarna ska kunna nå dess potential. / The purpose of this thesis has been to create a methodology to determine the performance of a pumping station and action program for it. The starting point of the thesis takes its steps in previously done research in the current field. Continuing with test runs, calculations and simulations shows that it´s possible to determine the performance of the station and improvements of it with the created methodology. The study also shows that frame of reference of the station is an important part of determining it´s performance and it´s potential of improvement. This was proven with the test runs that showed some difficulties in determining the stations intended performance. In those cases the stations is measured with theoretical and assumed values. This adds to the uncertainty of the stations actual potential of improvement. To determine the performance of the station against a reference value it´s important to determine what parts that affects the final result. The cause of that is to get more effective actions plans. Example of that is to avoid changing a water pump when it´s the prerequisites that are affecting the performance of the station. The produced key figures of the stations show that a station with high efficiency is not the same thing as low energy usage compared to a station with low efficiency. That can be compared with the key figures is only comparable with the actual station or ones alike. Other stations differences have to be taken accounted for when make comparisons. The study also reveals the importance of securing the necessary measuring data to be able perform the analysis of the station. Therefore is the preparatory work to acquire the key parameters of the station a part of the study that determines the performance and it´s improvement. Thou each and every station have its unique prerequisites the test run stations have served as an representation of these variations. These prerequisites have to be individually addressed for each and every station to be able to reach it´s potential of improvement.

Krav om förbättrad spillvattenrening och städer som förgrenar sig över större områden är några av anledningarna till att dagens avloppsledningsnät får allt längre ledningssträckor. Att med gravitationens hjälp föra avloppsvatten framåt kräver ett kontinuerligt fall som vid långa avstånd kan innebära mycket schaktning, den ekonomiskt mest belastande delen vid nyinstallation av avloppsledningsnät. Ett fördelaktigt alternativ kan vara trycksatt avloppssystem, som sedan 70-talet har kompletterat de traditionella självfallssystem i kuperade och bergiga områden. På senare tid har trycksatt avloppsystem fått större användningsområde utanför sina etablerade bruksområden med anledning av skärpta krav på rening och kostnadseffektivitet. Självfallssystem är dock det mest använda avloppssystemet i urbana områden. För ett bostadsområde i utkanten av centrum, utanför de båda systemens vedertagna användningsområden, vore det därför intressant att undersöka vilket av avloppssystemen som är bäst lämpat. För VA-branschen generellt vore det också intressant att utreda hur de båda systemen står sig vid en jämförelse. Med anledning av detta var syftet med examensarbetet att jämföra trycksatt avloppssystem med självfallssystem på grundval av ekonomi, miljö och kapacitet. I tillägg undersöktes om några generella slutsatser kunde fastställas utifrån fallstudien. Undersökningen baserades på ett bostadsområde i utkanten av Fredrikstad centrum, som nyligen projekterats med självfall. Ett teoretiskt trycksatt avloppssystem projekterades. Ekonomi värderades utifrån drift- och underhållskostnader samt grund- och reinvesteringskostnader. Kapaciteten jämfördes numeriskt och via dimensioneringsmodeller. Vad gäller den miljömässiga jämförelsen utvärderades systemet med hjälp av rapporter utgivna av Svenskt Vatten och Norsk Vann. Det planerades en utbyggnad för området till dubbla antalet fastigheter vilket visade sig bli avgörande för det ekonomiska resultatet. Den vitala faktorn var de höga investerings- och driftskostnaderna för pumpenheterna vilket gjorde självfallssystemet mer ekonomiskt lämpligt. Även ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv var självfallssystemet marginellt bättre, givet att riskeffekterna inte rankades inbördes. Kapacitetsmässigt dimensioneras självfallssystem för nästan det dubbla flödet jämfört med trycksatt system, vilket ger det trycksatta systemet en kapacitet mer anpassad till behovet. Generellt sett antydde resultatet att trycksatt system var mer gynnsamt vid glesare bebyggelse. / As a result of stricter treatment requirements and city expantion the length of the sewer network is steadily increasing. To drain wastewater by gravity requires a continuous slope which often results in great excavation - a very costly part in the process. An advantageous alternative could be a pressurized sewer system, which has been a useful complement to traditional gravity systems in hilly or rocky areas since the 70’s. Even though pressurized sewer systems lately have tended to be more frequently used outside their common application area due to stricter requirements on treatment and cost-efficiency, gravity systems are still the most common sewer system in urban areas. Concerning this, it would be intresting to investigate which of the two systems that suites a residental area on the outskirts of a city center best, since the area is outside the traditional usage of the two established systems. In addition it would be interesting for the wastewater industry in general to investigate how the two systems compare.  For this reason the aim of this master thesis was to compare pressure sewer systems with gravity systems on the basis of economy, environment and capacity. In addition, it was examined whether any general conclusions could be determined from the case study. The survey was based on a residental area in the outskirts of Fredrikstad city center, recently designed with a gravity system. A theoretical pressure sewer system was designed. Economy was evaluated based on the operating and maintenance costs and basic and reinvestment costs. The capacity was compared numerically and through design templates. As for the environmental comparison, an evaluation was done on the basis of reports from the Swedish Water &amp; Wastewater Association and Norwegian Water BA. An expansion to double the number of real properties was planned for the area of study, which proved to be crucial to the financial results. The gravity system was most appropriate from an economic standpoint and the vital factor was the high investment and operating costs for the pumping units. Even from an environmental point of view, the gravity system was maginally better. Given that the risk effects are not ranked relative to each other. In terms of capacity the gravity system was dimensioned for almost twice the flow compared to the pressure sewer systems, which gave the pressure sewer system a more adusted capacity. The result indicated that the pressure sewer system is favorable in densely built flexible areas.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-17T12:44:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissetação-Hudson-OTIMIZAÇÃO EM ESTAÇÃO ELEVATÓRIA DE SISTEM.pdf: 6157352 bytes, checksum: f068bb8afd877ced8f8d15b70cea33af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T12:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissetação-Hudson-OTIMIZAÇÃO EM ESTAÇÃO ELEVATÓRIA DE SISTEM.pdf: 6157352 bytes, checksum: f068bb8afd877ced8f8d15b70cea33af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / O crescimento da população vem demandando água em quantidades maiores, o que obriga as empresas de saneamento a encontrarem alternativas técnicas que sejam viáveis economicamente para o déficit de água das áreas urbanas. Na sua maioria essas alternativas modificam o comportamento operacional do sistema de bombeamento, geralmente aumentando o tempo de bombeamento e/ou aumentando os números de conjuntos motor-bomba em funcionamento. Os conjuntos elevatórios são responsáveis pela maior parte do consumo de energia elétrica e embora estes equipamentos sejam necessários para transportar a água através dos sistemas e garantirem a confiabilidade do abastecimento de água, o grande consumo de energia elétrica dificulta o equilíbrio financeiro das empresas de saneamento. Com esta preocupação, o presente estudo apresenta uma otimização na rotina operacional das estações elevatórias, buscando a operação ótima que minimize o custo com energia elétrica e atenda os limites físicos e operacionais envolvidos no sistema elevatório. Aplicando-se a plataforma de otimização em elevatórias reais, obteve-se uma redução na potencia utilizada de 20% se comparada à potência nominal dos conjuntos motor-bomba das estações elevatórias, originando economia de aproximadamente 7% no custo com energia elétrica das unidades. / Population growth has been demanding water in larger quantities, which requires sanitation companies to find alternative techniques that are economically viable for the water shortage in urban areas. These alternatives, in most cases, modify the operational performance of the pumping system, generally increasing the pumping time and / or increasing the number of motor-pump sets in operation. The motor-pump sets are responsible for most of the electricity consumption and although these equipment are needed to transport the water through the system and ensure the reliability of water supply, the large consumption of electricity hinders the financial stability of the sanitation company. With this in mind, this study presents an optimization routine for operating the pumping stations; seeking the optimal operation that minimizes the cost of electricity while also meeting the physical and operational limits involved in the pumping stations. Applying the optimization platform of this study on actual pumping stations, it obtained an average reduction of 20% of the nominal power of the motorpump sets of pumping stations, resulting in savings of approximately 7% in the cost of electric energy of the pumping stations.