xix, 122 leaves : ill., fold., diags. ; 28 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Biochemistry, 1971

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Biochemistry, 1971.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, This thesis presented as a series of manuscripts 1993 / In this study the morphologic, cytokinetic, biochemical, and molecu1w: consequences of low-dose continuous Puromycin-exposure were examined in HL-60 cells, and in a variety of malignant and non-malignant human and murine cell types. Puromycin (PM) is a composite of the amino nucleoside dimethyladenosine and tyrosine-o-methylether. Functionally it is an analogue of the terminal aminoacyl-adenosine portion of aminoacyl-tRNA, more specifically of tyrosyl..tRNA. At high concentrations 5-S0#tg/ml (10-100#tM) PM has been found to block protein synthesis completely by causing the premature release from the ribosomes of truncated peptide chains which are bound to PM through their carboxyl termini. The nascent PMGpeptide complexes (PMPs) are rapidly degraded through a ubiquitin-dependent pathway and are of interest because of (i) their potential to compete for degradation with the natural substrates of the ubiquitin-dependent pathway, including cyclin B, and (ii) because their structure predicts an inhibitory effect on tyrosine kinase activity. In the current' study then, special consideration was given to the effect of PM on the cell cycle, on apoptosis (programmed. cell death), and on tyrosine kinase activity, As a means of comparison, certain of these effects were also examined with respect to another translation inhibitor Cycloheximide (CHX), to two other substituted purines Puromycin Amino nucleoside (PAN) and 6..Dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP), as well as to the cyclophospbamide derivative Mafosfamide (ASTA Z 7557). / GR2017

Estudos com células tronco (CT) têm despertado grande interesse devido ao seu promissor potencial terapêutico. Neste contexto, as CT mesenquimais (CTm) representam uma alternativa para o tratamento de diversas patologias em diferentes órgãos, inclusive o rim e as glomerulopatias que o acometem. As doenças glomerulares constituem uma freqüente causa de doença renal crônica e se caracterizam por apresentar proteinúria. Neste processo, os podócitos são células que apresentam um papel crucial, sendo que as podocitopatias se associam com o aparecimento de proteinúria e desenvolvimento de esclerose glomerular. A obtenção de um modelo de podocitopatia através da administração de aminonucleosídeo de puromicina (PAN), permite a melhor compreensão dessas células altamente diferenciadas que não possuem potencial de proliferação ou regeneração. O presente projeto teve como objetivo estabelecer o modelo experimental de nefropatia crônica induzida por PAN associado à nefrectomia unilateral (UniNx) para induzir lesões glomerulares mais exuberantes e, neste modelo experimental, avaliar o efeito da infusão de CTm derivadas da medula óssea. Ratos Wistar (n=52) foram divididos em três grupos: Controle (UniNx), PAN (PAN+UniNx) e PAN+CTm (PAN+UniNx+CTm). As CTm foram inoculadas na região subcapsular renal no dia 0 e os animais foram sacrificados após 30 e 60 dias. O efeito da infusão das CTm no tecido renal foi avaliado através de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais, além de análise histológica, imunohistoquímica, microscopia eletrônica e PCR em tempo real. Paralelamente, o projeto analisou a diferenciação in vitro de CTm em podócitos através do estímulo com colágeno tipo IV e através de cocultura de glomérulos isolados de ratos com CTm. A diferenciação celular das CTm foi analisada por citometria de fluxo, imunocitoquímica e PCR em tempo real para genes de proteínas podocitárias. No modelo in vivo foi possível observar a presença de CTm até 15 dias após a inoculação na região subcapsular renal. As CTm foram capazes de diminuir significativamente a proteinúria e a albuminúria com 30 e 60 dias, assim como a pressão arterial aos 60 dias. Não houve diferença nos valores de creatinina, uréia sérica, glomeruloesclerose e fibrose intersticial entre o grupo PAN e o grupo PAN+CTm. As CTm foram responsáveis pela diminuição significativa da fusão dos pedicelos à microscopia eletrônica, com melhora da expressão relativa de WT1 aos 60 dias e melhora parcial da expressão gênica de nefrina, podocina e sinaptopodina. A expressão proteica de WT1 também foi significativamente maior no grupo PAN+CTm em comparação ao grupo PAN. Além disso, houve melhora significante da expressão relativa de IL-4 e IL-10, e diminuição de IL-1? e TNF-? no grupo tratado. Ainda, as CTm promoveram aumento significativo da expressão gênica de VEGF aos 60 dias. Nos resultados in vitro não houve diferenciação das CTm em podócitos quando cultivadas com colágeno IV, assim como a cocultura com glomérulos não proporcionou alteração na expressão de marcadores de superfície das CTm. Concluímos que a terapia celular com CTm foi capaz de induzir proteção renal caracterizada por diminuição da proteinúria, da albuminúria e da pressão arterial, associado a menor fusão dos pedicelos, maior expressão gênica de proteínas podocitárias e de expressão celular de WT1. As citocinas inflamatórias IL-1?, TNF-?, IL-4 e IL-10, em conjunto com o VEGF, foram os possíveis mediadores responsáveis por estes resultados / Stem cells (SC) have emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for several diseases. In this context, the mesenchymal SC (mSC) are considered an alternative for the treatment of kidney diseases such as glomerulopathies. Glomerular diseases are an important cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are characterized by proteinuria. In this process, the podocytes are cells that have a critical role, and the podocytopathies are associated with the onset of proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis. The achievement of a podocytopathy model through administration of puromycin (PAN) allows a better understanding of these highly differentiated cells which do not have the potential for proliferation or regeneration. The aim of the present study was to establish an experimental model of chronic nephropathy induced by PAN associated with unilateral nephrectomy (UniNx), to induce early and marked glomerular lesions and, in this experimental model, to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mSC infusion. Wistar rats (n=52) were randomly divided into three groups: Control (UniNx), PAN (PAN+UniNx) and PAN+mSC (PAN+UniNx+mSC). mSC were inoculated into the subcapsular renal region on day 0, and the animals were sacrificed after 30 and 60 days. The mSC infusion effects in renal tissue were evaluated by clinical and laboratory parameters, histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and real-time PCR. In parallel, we analyzed whether mSC could differentiate in vitro into podocytes through stimulation with collagen type IV or by means of co-culture of isolated rat glomeruli with mSC. The cell differentiation was analyzed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR. In the in vivo model, mSC were detected until 15 days after inoculation in the renal subcapsular region. mSC were able to significantly reduce the proteinuria and albuminuria with 30 and 60 days, as well as blood pressure at 60 days. There was no difference in the values of creatinine, BUN, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis between the groups PAN and PAN+mSC. The treated group showed lower effacement of foot process by electron microscopy, with significant improvement in the relative expression of WT1 in 60 days and partial improvement of nephrin, podocyn and synaptopodin. The WT1 protein expression was also significantly higher in the PAN+mSC group compared to the PAN group. In addition, mSC treatment significantly reduced gene expression of IL-1? and TNF-?, as well as increased the expression of IL-4 and IL-10. At 60 days mSC promoted significant increase of VEGF relative expression. In vitro results, mSC cultived with collagen type IV did not show differentiation to podocytes and the co-culture with glomeruli provided no change in expression of mSC surface markers. In conclusion, mSC therapy in the PAN model was able to induce renal protection characterized by the reduction of albuminuria, proteinuria and blood pressure, associated with a lower effacement of foot process, increased gene expression of podocytes proteins and cellular expression of WT1. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1?, TNF-?, IL-4 and IL-10 associated with VEGF were the probable mediators of these results, promoting podocyte protection

<p>Nearly thirty percent of all newly synthesized polypeptides are targeted for rapid proteasome-mediated degradation. These rapidly degraded polypeptides (RDPs) are the primary source of antigenic substrates for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation pathway, allowing for the immunosurveillance of newly synthesized proteins by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Despite the recognized role of RDPs in MHC class I presentation, it remains unclear what molecular characteristics distinguish RDPs from their more stable counterparts. It has been proposed that premature translational termination products may constitute a form of RDP; indeed, in prokaryotes translational drop-off products are normal by-products of protein synthesis and are subsequently rapidly degraded. </p><p>To study the cellular fate of premature termination products, the antibiotic puromycin was used to modulate prematurely terminated polypeptide production in human cells. At low concentrations, puromycin doubled the fraction of rapidly degraded polypeptides, with enhanced degradation predominantly affecting small polypeptides, consistent with rapid degradation of truncated translation products. Immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-puromycin antisera demonstrated that the majority of peptidyl-puromycins are rapidly degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner. Low concentrations of puromycin increased the recovery of cell surface MHC class I-peptide complexes, indicating that prematurely terminated polypeptides can be processed for presentation via the MHC I pathway. In the continued presence of puromycin, MHC I export to the cell surface was inhibited, coincident with the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins. The time- and dose-dependent effects of puromycin suggest that the pool of peptidyl-puromycin adducts differ in their targeting to various proteolytic pathways which, in turn, differ in the efficiency with which they access the MHC class I presentation machinery. These studies highlight the diversity of cellular proteolytic pathways necessary for the metabolism and immunosurveillance of prematurely terminated polypeptides which are, by their nature, highly heterogeneous.</p> / Dissertation

abstract: ABSTRACT Manipulation of biological targets using synthetic or naturally occurring organic compounds has been the focal point of medicinal chemistry. The work described herein centers on the synthesis of organic small molecules that are targeted either to cell surface receptors, to the ribosomal catalytic center or to human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Bleomycins (BLMs) are a family of naturally occurring glycopeptidic antitumor agents with an inherent selectivity towards cancer cells. DeglycoBLM, which lacks the sugar moiety of bleomycin, has much lower cytotoxicity in cellular assays. A recent study using microbbuble conjugates of BLM and deglycoBLM showed that BLM was able to selectively bind to breast cancer cells, whereas the deglyco analogue was unable to target either the cancer or normal cells. This prompted us to further investigate the role of the carbohydrate moiety in bleomycin. Fluorescent conjugates of BLM, deglycoBLM and the BLM carbohydrate were studied for their ability to target cancer cells. Work presented here describes the synthesis of the fluorescent carbohydrate conjugate. Cell culture assays showed that the sugar moiety was able to selectively target various cancer cells. A second conjugate was prepared to study the importance of the C-3 carbamoyl group present on the mannose residue of the carbohydrate. Three additional fluorescent probes were prepared to improve the uptake of this carbohydrate moiety into cancer cells. Encouraged by the results from the fluorescence experiments, the sugar moiety was conjugated to a cytotoxic molecule to selectively deliver this drug into cancer cells. The nonsense codon suppression technique has enabled researchers to site specifically incorporate noncanonical amino acids into proteins. The amino acids successfully incorporated this way are mostly &#945;-L-amino acids. The non-&#945;-L-amino acids are not utilized as substrates by ribosome catalytic center. Hoping that mutations near the ribosome peptidyltransferase site might alleviate its bias towards &#945;-L-amino acids, a library of modified ribosomes was generated. Analogues of the naturally occurring antibiotic puromycin were used to select promising candidates that would allow incorporation of non-&#945;-L-amino acids into proteins. Syntheses of three different puromycin analogues are described here. The reverse transcriptase enzyme from HIV-1 (HIV-1 RT) has been a popular target of HIV therapeutic agents due to its crucial role in viral replication. The 4-chlorophenyl hydrazone of mesoxalic acid (CPHM) was identified in a screen designed to find inhibitors of strand transfer reactions catalyzed by HIV-1 RT. Our collaborators designed several analogues of CPHM with different substituents on the aromatic ring using molecular docking simulations. Work presented here describes the synthesis of eight different analogues of CPHM. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2013

Estudos com células tronco (CT) têm despertado grande interesse devido ao seu promissor potencial terapêutico. Neste contexto, as CT mesenquimais (CTm) representam uma alternativa para o tratamento de diversas patologias em diferentes órgãos, inclusive o rim e as glomerulopatias que o acometem. As doenças glomerulares constituem uma freqüente causa de doença renal crônica e se caracterizam por apresentar proteinúria. Neste processo, os podócitos são células que apresentam um papel crucial, sendo que as podocitopatias se associam com o aparecimento de proteinúria e desenvolvimento de esclerose glomerular. A obtenção de um modelo de podocitopatia através da administração de aminonucleosídeo de puromicina (PAN), permite a melhor compreensão dessas células altamente diferenciadas que não possuem potencial de proliferação ou regeneração. O presente projeto teve como objetivo estabelecer o modelo experimental de nefropatia crônica induzida por PAN associado à nefrectomia unilateral (UniNx) para induzir lesões glomerulares mais exuberantes e, neste modelo experimental, avaliar o efeito da infusão de CTm derivadas da medula óssea. Ratos Wistar (n=52) foram divididos em três grupos: Controle (UniNx), PAN (PAN+UniNx) e PAN+CTm (PAN+UniNx+CTm). As CTm foram inoculadas na região subcapsular renal no dia 0 e os animais foram sacrificados após 30 e 60 dias. O efeito da infusão das CTm no tecido renal foi avaliado através de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais, além de análise histológica, imunohistoquímica, microscopia eletrônica e PCR em tempo real. Paralelamente, o projeto analisou a diferenciação in vitro de CTm em podócitos através do estímulo com colágeno tipo IV e através de cocultura de glomérulos isolados de ratos com CTm. A diferenciação celular das CTm foi analisada por citometria de fluxo, imunocitoquímica e PCR em tempo real para genes de proteínas podocitárias. No modelo in vivo foi possível observar a presença de CTm até 15 dias após a inoculação na região subcapsular renal. As CTm foram capazes de diminuir significativamente a proteinúria e a albuminúria com 30 e 60 dias, assim como a pressão arterial aos 60 dias. Não houve diferença nos valores de creatinina, uréia sérica, glomeruloesclerose e fibrose intersticial entre o grupo PAN e o grupo PAN+CTm. As CTm foram responsáveis pela diminuição significativa da fusão dos pedicelos à microscopia eletrônica, com melhora da expressão relativa de WT1 aos 60 dias e melhora parcial da expressão gênica de nefrina, podocina e sinaptopodina. A expressão proteica de WT1 também foi significativamente maior no grupo PAN+CTm em comparação ao grupo PAN. Além disso, houve melhora significante da expressão relativa de IL-4 e IL-10, e diminuição de IL-1? e TNF-? no grupo tratado. Ainda, as CTm promoveram aumento significativo da expressão gênica de VEGF aos 60 dias. Nos resultados in vitro não houve diferenciação das CTm em podócitos quando cultivadas com colágeno IV, assim como a cocultura com glomérulos não proporcionou alteração na expressão de marcadores de superfície das CTm. Concluímos que a terapia celular com CTm foi capaz de induzir proteção renal caracterizada por diminuição da proteinúria, da albuminúria e da pressão arterial, associado a menor fusão dos pedicelos, maior expressão gênica de proteínas podocitárias e de expressão celular de WT1. As citocinas inflamatórias IL-1?, TNF-?, IL-4 e IL-10, em conjunto com o VEGF, foram os possíveis mediadores responsáveis por estes resultados / Stem cells (SC) have emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for several diseases. In this context, the mesenchymal SC (mSC) are considered an alternative for the treatment of kidney diseases such as glomerulopathies. Glomerular diseases are an important cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are characterized by proteinuria. In this process, the podocytes are cells that have a critical role, and the podocytopathies are associated with the onset of proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis. The achievement of a podocytopathy model through administration of puromycin (PAN) allows a better understanding of these highly differentiated cells which do not have the potential for proliferation or regeneration. The aim of the present study was to establish an experimental model of chronic nephropathy induced by PAN associated with unilateral nephrectomy (UniNx), to induce early and marked glomerular lesions and, in this experimental model, to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mSC infusion. Wistar rats (n=52) were randomly divided into three groups: Control (UniNx), PAN (PAN+UniNx) and PAN+mSC (PAN+UniNx+mSC). mSC were inoculated into the subcapsular renal region on day 0, and the animals were sacrificed after 30 and 60 days. The mSC infusion effects in renal tissue were evaluated by clinical and laboratory parameters, histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and real-time PCR. In parallel, we analyzed whether mSC could differentiate in vitro into podocytes through stimulation with collagen type IV or by means of co-culture of isolated rat glomeruli with mSC. The cell differentiation was analyzed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR. In the in vivo model, mSC were detected until 15 days after inoculation in the renal subcapsular region. mSC were able to significantly reduce the proteinuria and albuminuria with 30 and 60 days, as well as blood pressure at 60 days. There was no difference in the values of creatinine, BUN, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis between the groups PAN and PAN+mSC. The treated group showed lower effacement of foot process by electron microscopy, with significant improvement in the relative expression of WT1 in 60 days and partial improvement of nephrin, podocyn and synaptopodin. The WT1 protein expression was also significantly higher in the PAN+mSC group compared to the PAN group. In addition, mSC treatment significantly reduced gene expression of IL-1? and TNF-?, as well as increased the expression of IL-4 and IL-10. At 60 days mSC promoted significant increase of VEGF relative expression. In vitro results, mSC cultived with collagen type IV did not show differentiation to podocytes and the co-culture with glomeruli provided no change in expression of mSC surface markers. In conclusion, mSC therapy in the PAN model was able to induce renal protection characterized by the reduction of albuminuria, proteinuria and blood pressure, associated with a lower effacement of foot process, increased gene expression of podocytes proteins and cellular expression of WT1. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1?, TNF-?, IL-4 and IL-10 associated with VEGF were the probable mediators of these results, promoting podocyte protection

No description available.

Isolé d’une bactérie, Streptomyces alboniger, la puromycine est un nucléoside antibiotique naturel du fait de sa ressemblance structurale avec l’adénosine terminale de l’extrémité 3’ de l’ARNt - aminoacyle. Grâce à cette similarité, cette petite molécule, qui peut diffuser au sein du site A (actif) du ribosome, a la faculté d’inhiber la synthèse protéique. La puromycine est exploitée seulement comme outils pour la recherche fondamentale. En effet, elle n’a encore jamais été exploitée à des fins thérapeutiques chez l’homme car elle est à l’origine de la métabolisation d’un produit toxique. A la suite des travaux du Dr Benoit Michel sur l’analogue nord de la puromycine, l’objectif du projet a été de confectionner un analogue carbocyclique de la puromycine, dont le ribofuranose est bloqué en conformation sud à l’aide d’un pont cyclopropane. L’étape ultérieure serait le test et la comparaison de l’activité dans le ribosome de la molécule obtenue avec celle des analogues précédemment synthétisés. De plus, ces études biochimiques pourraient démontrer si l’équilibre conformationnel du ribofuranose participe ou non à la catalyse du transfert peptidique au même titre que l’hydroxyle 2’ de l’A2451 du peptidyle transférase center. Dans la synthèse énantiosélective de l’analogue sud de la puromycine, la plus grande difficulté vient de l’introduction stéréosélective de l’azote se trouvant en jonction de cycle à 3 et 5 chainons. Dans le but de mettre au point une synthèse la plus courte possible nous avons décidé de former le carbocycle contenant l’azote correctement installé en une seule étape dite de cyclisation intramoléculaire de Kulinkovich – De Meijere. Dans le cas idéal ou la réaction marche convenablement, l’ensemble des 5 centres asymétriques présents de la molécule serait dans la stéréochimie optimale pour la suite de la synthèse. Après de nombreux problèmes, l’objectif directeur du projet a été quelque peu modifié mais est resté l’essai, voir l’optimisation de cette réaction intramoléculaire dans le but de confirmer ou d’infirmer la validité du chemin réactionnel choisi dès le départ / Isolated by a bacterium, Streptomyces Alboniger, the puromycine is a natural nucleoside antibiotic because of its structural similarity with the terminal adenosine of the extremity 3’ of the ARNt-aminoacyle. Thanks to this resemblance, this small molecule, which can spread within the site A of the ribosome, is able to inhibit the protein synthesis. The puromycine is used only as tools for the basic research. Indeed, it was still never run in therapeutics purposes insofar as it is at the origin of the metabolization of a toxic product. Following the work of Dr Benoit Michel on the north analogue of the puromycine, the aim of the project is to synthesize a carbocyclique analogue of the puromycine, whose ribofuranose is blocked in south conformation by means of cyclopropyl bridge. The later step would be the test and the comparison of the activity previously synthesized. Furthermore, these biochemical studies could demonstrate if the conformational equilibrium of the ribofuranose participates or not in the catalysis of the peptide transfer as well as the hydroxyl 2’ of A2451 of the peptidyle transferase center. In the enantioselective synthesis of the south analogue of the puromycine, the highest difficulty comes from the stereoselective introduction of the nitrogen which is found in junction of cycle in 3 and 5 links. With the aim of working out the shortest possible synthesis we decided to form the carbocycle bicyclo[3,1,0]hexane, with the nitrogen correctly set up, in a single step called intramolecular Kulinkovich-De Meijere cyclization. In the ideal case the reaction works suitably, all five asymmetrics contiguous centers of the carbocycle would be obtained in the optimal stereochemistry for next step of the synthesis. After numerous problems, the guiding objective of the project was a little modified but stayed the try and the optimization of this intramolecular reaction with the aim of confirming or invalidating the cogency of the reactive pathway chosen from the beginning

Isolée d'une bactérie, Streptomyces alboniger, la puromycine est un nucléoside antibiotique naturel présentant une analogie structurale avec l'adénosine terminale de l’extrémité 3’ de l'ARNt aminoacylé. Cette similarité confère à cette molécule la faculté de pouvoir s'insérer dans le site A (actif) du ribosome et d'inhiber la synthèse des protéines. Cependant, du fait de la formation d'un produit toxique lors de sa métabolisation, la puromycine n'a jamais été employée à des fins thérapeutiques chez l'homme. Néanmoins, utilisée en tant qu'outil synthétique, elle a largement contribué à une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme du transfert peptidique. Au travers de cette thèse, six analogues carbobicycliques (deux en série ribo et quatre en série 2'-désoxy), mimant de façon optimale les conformations extrêmes nord ou sud de la puromycine, ont été synthétisés puis testés dans le ribosome. Outre confirmer que la présence d'un groupement 2'-hydroxyle améliorait l'activité inhibitrice, ces expériences in vitro ont apporté une preuve que, dans le site actif, le déplacement de l'équilibre conformationnel du ribofuranose de l'adénosine terminale de l'ARNt aminoacylé – analogue structural de la puromycine – en faveur de son conformère nord pourrait être directement impliqué dans la catalyse ribosomale du transfert peptidique. Par ailleurs, un projet annexe sur le développement de nouveaux antipaludiques potentiels a permis la synthèse, en série xylo, de la puromycine et de son métabolite naturel le puromycine aminonucléoside. Ces composés ont été testés sur les souches 3D7 et Dd2 du parasite Plasmodium falciparum. / Puromycin, a natural antibiotic nucleoside isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces alboniger, has been used to approach and to clear up the understanding of the mechanism of protein biosynthesis. In fact, its structural similarity to the 3' terminal 3'-O-aminoacyl adenylate moiety of aminoacyl-tRNA explains its activity in the ribosomal A site causing the inhibition of the protein synthesis. Since its metabolism generates a toxic product, puromycin cannot be used as therapeutical purposes for humans. During this PhD work, six carbobicyclic analogues of puromycin, conformationally restricted into the northern or southern conformations with the help of a cyclopropane moiety, were synthesized (two ribo-derivatives and four in the 2'-deoxy ribo-series) then tested for pep¬tidyl transfer efficiency in ribosomes. In addition to confirming that the 2'-hydroxyl function is necessary to improve the inhibition properties, these enzymological tests brought an evidence that the conformational switching: southern to northern, occurring in the A site, could directly be involved in the ribosomal catalysis of the peptidyl transfer. Besides, a side project on the elaboration of potential antimalarial compounds provided new xylo-analogues of puromycin and its natural metabolite PAN. These derivatives were tested on the 3D7 and Dd2 strains of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite