Water is an essential part of human life. According to the sustainable development goal (SDG), monitoring water quality is a fundamental goal of the international community. Therefore, there has been research on how the quality of water can be monitored and improved.  Data related to water quality can provide service opportunities such as to inform if the water is suitable for drinking by monitoring the quality of water resources. However, there has been limited research exploring opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services to fulfill requirements in rural areas, such as clean and safe water for drinking. Some challenges can be due to the geographical location of the area or avoiding certain regions for implementing a service due to political agenda or infrastructure, especially in less developed countries or areas. The lack of exploration of opportunities points to the need to further investigate service opportunities like to inform if the water is suitable for drinking in rural areas. It is crucial to monitor water quality and offer services because bad water quality can lead to health issues or poor yield in agriculture, some of the few consequences. Therefore, in my paper, using the Design Science Research (DSR) approach, I have explored various opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services in Indian rural areas. The result demonstrates opportunities related to the exploration of digital water quality monitoring services in rural areas and the challenges that need to be overcome in order to realize the opportunities. This overview can inform researchers, designers, and stakeholders to understand new service opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services in rural areas.

In the last decade, data networks have shifted from the static deployment of resources to a dynamic approach. With the help of Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Visualization (NFV), information and data about the network can be collected. Also, deployment and allocation of resources can be delegated to a central controller. In this thesis we investigate the power of SDN and how central management of resources can help produce better and efficient data networks. It begins with an introduction to SDN and its capabilities. The added benefits of SDN over traditional network frameworks and topics that SDN contributed most to. We show the power of collecting data using SDN and how it enables different approaches to accomplish the needed task. This was facilitated by the programmability and the separation of the control and data planes. We tackle the simple task of measuring the delay between two communicating devices in the network. The results show that SDN is capable of providing a rich infrastructure to build future networks. Also, it illustrates that using SDN to measure the delay between devices in the network can give accurate results. The differences between the tested techniques is shown and evaluated. After collecting the data from the network, the next step is getting an insight on that data. Next we used collected network bandwidth data to predict future bandwidth usage. We used various prediction models to establish prediction intervals. We created a state of the art metric that evaluates and compares the performance of each model. We show that the network bandwidth is highly predictable and that dynamic allocation of network bandwidth is attainable. The next logical step is to act upon those insight which is investigated next. We establish the same prediction models investigated but instead of prediction intervals we establish upper quantiles. Prediction is done on data center resources data set. The results show that using quantile prediction can give guarantees on resources usage boundaries which implies a guarantee on service level agreements. Allocating just the needed resources, produce a more efficient data center and in turn cuts a lot of the needed energy. Our estimate show that upto 56% of power can be saved without violating the service level agreement. / Graduate

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Hoy en día, vivimos en un mundo digitalizado, donde cada vez más las empresas intentan brindar mejores servicios para diferenciarse entre unas y otras. De esta manera, los chatbots permiten atender las consultas de los clientes y brindar un servicio diferente. En esta investigación, se analiza el uso de chatbots en el sector bancario peruano y cómo impacta en la satisfacción del cliente. Además, se observa el efecto que tiene la calidad de servicio, calidad de información y facilidad de uso. Los datos fueron recolectados de 250 encuestados. Los resultados proporcionan una visión a los bancos para poder fortalecer la satisfacción de sus clientes a través de los chatbots. / Nowadays, we live in a digitized world, where more and more companies try to provide better services to differentiate between them. In this way, chatbots allow to answer customer queries and provide a different service. In this research, I analyze the use of chatbots in the Peruvian banking sector and how it impacts customer satisfaction. In addition, the effect of quality of service, quality of information and ease of use is observed. Data was collected from 250 respondents. The results allowed a vision for the banks to be able to strengthen the satisfaction of their clients through chatbots. / Trabajo de investigación

Este trabajo de investigación muestra la relación entre la calidad de servicio y atmósfera del local con la intención de revisita en los restaurantes temáticos, específicamente del sector AB en Lima Metropolitana. Mediante este trabajo se analizarán y evaluarán las diversas dimensiones que poseen las variables mencionadas. A su vez, se observarán las estrategias que utiliza este sector para incentivar el retorno al local. Los restaurantes temáticos son una tendencia actualmente en el mercado, puesto que se diferencian frente a los restaurantes tradicionales. Presentan una temática específica generando una experiencia diferente hacia el consumidor. Destacando su calidad de servicio, es decir, la atención personalizada, conocimiento de carta por parte del mesero y la calidad del producto; y atmósfera: el ambiente del local y elementos de diseño. Sin embargo, dichos elementos no son suficientes para que el exigente consumidor tenga intención de retornar al restaurante. A través del estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo, que incluían entrevistas al público objetivo, expertos en el tema de investigación y encuestas por Google Forms, se comprobó que existe una relación entre la calidad de servicio y atmósfera del local con la intención de revisita. El cliente cuenta con expectativas altas, las cuales el restaurante temático no estaba cumpliendo. Al ser un restaurante diferencial, se espera una atención sumamente personalizada, con buenos productos y un ambiente que traslade al comensal a la temática que propone el restaurante, así como una interacción entre local y consumidor generando que este tenga una buena experiencia y aumente la probabilidad de revisita. / This research work shows the relationship between the quality of service and atmosphere of the premises with the intention of revisiting in thematic restaurants, specifically the AB sector in Lima Metropolitana. This work will analyze and evaluate the various dimensions of the above variables. In turn, the strategies used by this sector to incentivize return to the premises will be observed. Themed restaurants are currently a trend in the market, as they differ from traditional restaurants. They present a specific theme generating a different experience towards the consumer. Highlighting its quality of service, that is, personalized attention, knowledge of the menu by the waiter and the quality of the product; atmosphere: the atmosphere of the place and design elements. However, those elements are not sufficient for the demanding consumer to intend to return to the restaurant. Through the qualitative and quantitative study, which included interviews with the target audience, experts on the subject of research and surveys by Google Forms, it was found that there is a relationship between the quality of service and atmosphere of the premises with the intention of revisit. The customer has high expectations, which the themed restaurant was not meeting. Being a differential restaurant, we expect a highly personalized attention, with good products and an atmosphere that brings the diner to the theme proposed by the restaurant, as well as an interaction between local and consumer generating that it has a good experience and increases the likelihood of revisit. / Trabajo de investigación

En la actualidad, el emporio comercial de Gamarra es un conglomerado de empresas especializadas en la confección, producción y comercialización de textiles. La mayoría de estos negocios se encuentran en crecimiento, sin embargo, no todas las marcas trabajan a profundidad elementos esenciales como la calidad de servicio y la imagen de marca, por lo que varias no se ven posicionadas en el mercado. Dicho esto, existen cinco determinantes de la calidad de servicio establecidas por SERVQUAL, un instrumento que permite cuantificar la calidad de servicio. Estos son: confianza o empatía, fiabilidad, responsabilidad, capacidad de respuesta y tangibilidad. Sin embargo, en el presente trabajo se trabajará con un modelo de investigación único donde solo se tomará en cuenta a la Fiabilidad y Tangibilidad; y se analizará si existe una relación directa con el posicionamiento de cada marca. Los resultados que se evaluaron al realizar este estudio SERVQUAL se analizaron mediante una variedad de pruebas, incluidas las pruebas t de muestras pareadas y los análisis de regresión multivariada. En última instancia, los resultados indican que una serie de subpreguntas que conforman las variables independientes, fiabilidad y tangibilidad, tienen una relación positiva a diferentes niveles de fortaleza con el posicionamiento de cada una de las tiendas. Por lo tanto, esta investigación proporciona una visión general de las variables esenciales en las que las tiendas deben enfocarse para mejorar su posicionamiento de Marca en Gamarra. / Currently, the Gamarra commercial emporium is a conglomerate of companies specialized in the preparation, production and marketing of textiles. Most of these businesses are growing, however, not all brands work in depth on essential elements such as quality of service and brand image, so several are not positioned in the market. With that said, there are five determinants of quality of service established by SERVQUAL, an instrument that allows quantifying the quality of service. These are: trust or empathy, reliability, responsibility, responsiveness, and tangibility. However, in this work we will work with a unique research model where only Reliability and Tangibility will be taken into account; and it will be analyzed if there is a direct relationship with the positioning of each brand. The results that were evaluated from doing this SERVQUAL study were analyzed through a variety of tests, including paired-sample t-tests and multivariate regression analyses. Ultimately, the results indicate that a number of sub-questions that make up both independent variables, fiabilidad and tangibilidad, have a positive relationship at varying levels of strength with the positioning of each of the stores. This investigation therefore provides an overview of the essential variables stores should focus on to improve their Brand positioning in Gamarra. / Trabajo de investigación

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le problème de l'allocation de ressources dans le cadre des réseaux 4G LTE. La méthode d'accès OFDMA qui est utilisée partage les ressources radios à la fois dans le domaine fréquentiel et temporel. En raison des déficiences du canal, les utilisateurs ne bénéficient pas toujours des mêmes débits d'émission/réception sur chacune des ressources. Dans ce cadre, notre problème consiste à distribuer ces ressources radios aux mobiles afin de leur permettre de transmettre/recevoir des données. L'algorithme utilisé pour allouer les ressources a une importance fondamentale sur les performances du système. La norme LTE ajoute des contraintes supplémentaires à ce problème et rend l'exploitation de la diversité fréquentielle et de la diversité multi-utilisateurs plus difficile. En effet, sous ces contraintes, nous montrons que le problème de l'allocation de ressources fait alors partie de la classe des problèmes « difficiles ». Par conséquent, les algorithmes classiques de la littérature sont souvent inadaptés à un réseau LTE réel. Nous proposons des algorithmes d'allocation de ressources à la fois pour le sens montant et descendant de LTE. Les contraintes de la norme sont rigoureusement prises en compte afin de construire des solutions efficaces. De plus, les algorithmes proposés sont génériques et peuvent donc s'adapter à une grande variété d'objectifs. En particulier, nous nous attachons à prendre en charge les trafics multimédias dont les débits et les besoins en qualité de service sont très hétérogènes (taux d’erreurs binaires, retard, gigue, etc.). En effet, l'augmentation progressive des débits et la forte popularité des équipements mobiles intelligents amènent à une utilisation toujours plus massive des applications multimédias. Tous nos algorithmes sont validés par simulation. Par ce biais, nous montrons que la prise en compte des contraintes de LTE est essentielle à l'obtention de performances élevées. / In this thesis, we study the resource allocation problem within the framework of 4G LTE networks. The OFDMA access method divides the radio resources both in the frequency and time domains. Due to channel impairments, users do not always have the same transmit/receive rates on each resource. In this context, our problem is to share the radio resources between users and enable them to transmit/receive data. The algorithm used to allocate resources is of fundamental importance on system performance. The LTE standard adds constraints to this problem and makes harder the exploitation of the frequency and the multi-user diversity. Indeed, under these constraints, we show that the resource allocation problem becomes part of the « most difficult » problems. Therefore, the conventional algorithms are often not adapted to a real LTE network. We provide resource allocation algorithms for both the uplink and downlink of LTE. The constraints of the standard are rigorously taken into account in order to build effective solutions. In addition, the proposed algorithms are generic and can adapt to a wide variety of objectives. In particular, we focus on the support of multimedia traffic with heterogeneous quality of service requirements (bit error rate, delay, jitter, etc.). Indeed, the gradual increase of the offered throughput and the strong popularity of smart mobile devices lead to a massive use of multimedia applications. Our algorithms are validated through extensive simulation. By this means, we show that the inclusion of LTE constraints is essential to achieving high performance.

La croissance rapide des applications interactives et ses demandes en termes de bande passante et de (QoS), a motivé le déploiement de la technologie optique aux réseaux métropolitains. Beaucoup de dispositifs optiques intelligents sont créés pour gérer efficacement la capacité énorme du réseau. L'explosion de la bande passante est principalement attribuable à la croissance du trafic de données dont la nature devient de plus en plus complexe. Actuellement, la plupart des trafics de données sont transportés dans les réseaux qui sont dominées par la technologie de commutation de circuit optique. Néanmoins, cette technique a quelques inconvénients tels que les propriétés inflexibles. Technologie de commutation de paquets optiques (OPS), qui offre des gains significatifs en termes de capacité de passage à l’échelle et d'efficacité de gestion des ressources du réseau, peut surmonter ces limitations. Cela a motivé l'orientation de la commutation de circuit optique à la commutation de paquet optique dans l’infrastructure future du réseau. En réalité, un réseau en anneau à commutation de paquet optique ( OPSR), qui combinent la flexibilité et la mise à l’échelle de la technologie de commutation de paquet avec les avantages de la topologie en anneau tels que la restitution rapide du service en cas de panne et un bon gain de multiplexage statistique du trafic, promettraient une bonne solution pour les réseaux MAN du future. Une nouvelle architecture du réseau OPSR qui se base sur l’infrastructure tout optique a proposé par des équipes de recherche chez Alcatel-Lucent. La nouvelle architecture offre des fonctions intelligentes, avec un coût moins élevé en optimisant le temps de traitement. Elle est envisagée de remplacer les architectures optoélectroniques existantes tels que Resilient Packet Ring. L'élément fondamental du réseau est Packet Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (POADM) qui est implémenté à l'intérieur des nœuds d’accès, permettant aux nœuds d'exploiter la transparence optique. Cette thèse se concentre donc sur l'évaluation des performances de la nouvelle génération des réseaux optiques métropolitains. Dans cette thèse, nous avons analysé des performances (en termes de délais d’accès et de la distribution du taux de l’occupation au tampon local des nœuds d'accès) d'un bus optique synchrone qui soutient des paquets à taille fixe. Nous avons modélisé chaque nœud d'accès par une chaîne de Markov à temps discret (EDTMC). La solution de l'EDTMC nous permet de calculer la probabilité approximative où les nœuds d'accès dans le bus peuvent "voir" slots libres dans la ligne de transit. En utilisant une technique d'analyse récursive, nous déduisons une formule mesurant le temps moyen d'attente des paquets du client venant de la couche supérieure, ainsi que la distribution du taux de l’occupation au tampon local des nœuds d'accès pour les deux cas: avec et sans garantie QoS). Pour caractériser des performances d'un réseau OPSR asynchrone, nous avons évalué l'impact de la création de containeur optique à taille fixe sur les performances du réseau. L’analyse des performances de ce système nous a permis d'identifier une combinaison raisonnable de certains paramètres (la durée de timeslot, les valeurs d’expiration des temporisateurs, le profil du trafic client, la charge du réseau) qui peuvent améliorer l'utilisation de la bande passante du réseau. Le point le plus important que nous avons mentionné dans la thèse est la comparaison entre deux approches architecturales: le modèle de Variable Length - Optical Packet Format (VL-OPF) versus le modèle de Fixed Length - Optical Packet Format (FL-OPF). En plus de Cos-Upgrade Mécanisme (CUM) qui est proposé d'améliorer le taux de remplissage du conteneur optique, nous avons proposé un nouveau mécanisme appelé Dynamic Upgrade Cos-Mécanisme (DCUM), où les valeurs des temporisateurs sont modifiés dynamiquement en fonction de l'état des tampons locaux aux nœuds d’accès et le trafic circulant dans le réseau / The rapid growth in client application demands, in terms of bandwidth and (QoS), has motivated the deployment of the optical technology at Metro Access and Metro Core Networks. More diverse and more intelligent optic devices are required for efficiently management of huge capacity in the network. The explosion in demand for network bandwidth is mainly due to the growth in data traffic whose nature is also becoming more and more complex. In general, most of service-based traffics are transported in networks which are now being dominated by the optical switching technology. Nevertheless, such technology has some drawbacks such as inflexible and non-scalable properties. (OPS), which offers significant benefits in terms of both network efficiency and control scalability, may overcome these limitations. This has motivated the orientation from optical circuit switching to optical packet switching in the future network infrastructure. In reality, optical packet switching ring (OPSR) networks, which combine the packet switching technology with the well-known advantages of ring topology such as fast service restoration in cases of failure and high gain of statistical traffic multiplexing over the ring, appear to be the technology of choice for the next generation of Metro Area Networks. A new OPSR architecture which is based on the all-optical infrastructure that offers intelligent features with lower cost while maximizing processing time and is now considering being replaced existing opto-electronic architectures such as Resilient Packet Ring, have been presented in the scope of the dissertation. The key element of such network is Packet Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (POADM) which is implemented inside a ring node, allowing the node to exploit the optical transparency. This dissertation hence focuses on the performance evaluation of the new generation of OPSR network. In this dissertation, we have investigated the performance analysis (in terms of packet delay and queue-length distribution of access nodes) of an optical synchronous bus-based metropolitan network supporting fixed-size packets. We have modeled each access node by an embedded discrete time Markov chain (EDTMC). The solution of the EDTMC allows us to compute the approximate probability that access nodes on the bus “see” free slots in the transit line. Using a recursive analysis technique, we approximately outline the mean waiting time of client packets coming from the upper layer as well as an approximate queue-length distribution of local buffers at access nodes in two cases: with and without QoS guarantees. To characterize the performance of an asynchronous OPSR network, we have evaluated the impact of Optical fixed-Size Packet Creation on the network performance without and with different quality of services (QoS) requirements. Performance analysis of such systems has allowed us to identify a reasonable combination of some parameters (timeslot duration, timer expiration values, profile of client traffic and network load) which may be able to improve the bandwidth utilization of the network for a given traffic matrix. The most important point that we have mentioned in the dissertation is the comparison of two architectural approaches: Variable Length – Optical Packet Format (VL-OPF) model supporting empty packets versus Fixed Length – Optical Packet Format (FL-OPF) model. In addition to CoS-Upgrade Mechanism (CUM) which is proposed to improve the filling ratio of the optical container, we have proposed a novel mechanism named Dynamic CoS-Upgrade Mechanism (DCUM) where timers are dynamically changed according to the state of the local buffer of network nodes and the traffic circulating in the network, in order to create containers with a high filling ratio while limiting the time needed for their creation.

Aujourd'hui, la satisfaction du client et la joie deviennent les principaux différenciateurs pour évaluer l'efficacité des opérateurs télécoms et les fournisseurs de services. Dans ce marché concurrentiel, la mauvaise qualité de l'expérience (QoE) conduit à une réaction en chaîne de la parole négative de la bouche, pousser les clients dans les bras de concurrents en attente. Par conséquent, il est important pour les fournisseurs de services pour assurer la qualité supérieure de l'expérience afin d'éviter la déloyauté clientèle et la réputation négative. QoE est une émergence rapide multi-disciplinaire discipline axée sur la compréhension globale des exigences de qualité de l'homme sous différents angles tels que la technologie, des affaires et contexte d'utilisation. Le premier défi et avant tout est de comprendre comment différentes caractéristiques qui influencent liés à l'activité, la technologie, et le comportement influence du contexte humain. Dans cette thèse, les premiers travaux répond à ce défi de comprendre l'influence des domaines disparates sur QoE. Un modèle d'interaction QoE consolidée est proposé qui relie les domaines disparates (humains, des affaires, la technologie, et le contexte) pour comprendre la qualité globale de l'homme de l'expérience requise. Puis la taxonomie est présenté pour le modèle d'interaction QoE. Deuxième contribution dans cette thèse est basé sur le premier et son principal objectif est de capturer et analyser des données QoE à travers des études de l'utilisateur. Sur la base de données de l'utilisateur, l'influence des paramètres technologiques, contextuelles et d'affaires de plus de QoE sont évalués. Différents services multimédias ont été sélectionnés pour l'étude d'utilisateur tels que le service de streaming vidéo, la téléphonie (VoIP et PSTN), et service de téléconférence audio 3D. Selon le service multimédia, différents aspects ont été considérés lors de chaque étude sur les utilisateurs telles que les types de paramètres de service (QoS multimédia, le contenu, le contexte), les types de mesures (QoE subjective, objectif cognitif ou les deux), les caractéristiques de l'homme (âge, sexe, etc) , et les rôles de l'homme (l'utilisateur ou le client). Ces résultats aident à comprendre le lien entre QoE et d'autres domaines d'influence. La troisième contribution est basée sur les travaux en cours d'élaboration QoE des outils basés sur des services de streaming vidéo. Deux outils basés sur QoE pour l'évaluation des services multimédias ont été présentés dans cette thèse, leurs principales fonctions consistent à saisir, analyser et rapporter métriques QoE en temps réel. Ces outils sont utiles pour QoE mesure en temps réel de paramètres QoE / Today, the fulfillment of customer demands and user experience requirements are becoming the main differentiators for gauging the effectiveness of telecom operators and service providers. In this competitive market, the poor Quality of Experience (QoE) leads to a chain reaction of negative word of mouth, pushing customers into the arms of waiting competitors. Therefore it is important for service providers to ensure superior quality of experience in order to avoid customer disloyalty and negative reputation. QoE is a fast emerging multi-disciplinary field focused on understanding overall human quality requirements from different angles such as technology, business and context of use. The first and foremost challenge is to understand how different influencing characteristics related to business, technology, and context influence human behavior. In this thesis, initial work addresses this challenge of understanding the influence of disparate domains over QoE. A consolidated QoE interaction model is proposed which links disparate domains (human, business, technology, and context) to understand overall human quality of experience requirements. Then taxonomy is presented for QoE interaction model. Second contribution in this thesis is based on the first and its main objective is to capture and analyze QoE data through user studies. Based on user data, the influence of technological, contextual and business parameters over QoE are evaluated. Different multimedia services were selected for user study such as video streaming service, telephony (VoIP and PSTN), and 3D audio teleconferencing service. Depending upon multimedia service, different aspects were considered during each user study such as types of multimedia service parameters (QoS, content, context), the types of QoE metrics (subjective, objective cognitive or both), human characteristics (age, gender etc), and human roles (user, or customer). These findings help in understanding the link between QoE and other influencing domains. The third contribution is based upon ongoing work of developing QoE based tools for video streaming services. Two QoE based tools for the assessment of multimedia services have been presented in this thesis, their main functions are to capture, analyze and report QoE metrics in real time. These QoE tools are useful for real time measurement of QoE metrics

Guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) in an (edge-)cloud environment is one of the biggest open problems in the field of cloud computing. Currently, deploy- ment of cloud applications is managed by cloud orchestration systems, such as Kubernetes. These systems make deployment of applications in cloud easier than ever, offering their users the benefits of availability, scalability and resilience. However, at the moment they are not capable of optimizing the deployment of cloud applications with respect to performance QoS metrics, such as response time and throughput. The thesis proposes an approach that provides probabilistic guarantees on the performance QoS metrics in an (edge-)cloud environment. The approach is based on assessing the performance of cloud applications and subsequently controlling their deployment in a way that the applications are deployed only in the environ- ments in which their performance does not violate their QoS requirements. The thesis also presents a proof-of-concept implementation of that approach. The im- plementation verifies the effectiveness of the approach and will serve for further research.