This thesis studies U(1) Chern-Simons theory and its relation to the results of Chris Beasley and Edward Witten (2005). Using the partition function formalism, we are led to compare U(1) Chern-Simons theory as constructed by Manoliu (1998) to the results of Beasley and Witten (2005). This leads to an explicit calculation of the U(1) Chern Simons partition function on a closed Sasakian three-manifold and opens the door to studying rigorous extensions of this theory to more general gauge groups and three-manifold geometries.

In dieser Arbeit wird die analytische Fortsetzung von Quantenfeldtheorien auf dem nichtkommutativen Euklidischen Moyal-Raum mit kommutativer Zeit zu entsprechenden Moyal-Minkowski Raumzeit (Wick Rotation) erarbeitet. Dabei sind diese Moyal-Räume durch eine konstante Nichtkommutativiät gegeben. Einerseits wird die Wick Rotation im Kontext der algebraischen Quantenfeldtheorie, ausgehend von einer Arbeit von Schlingemann, hergeleitet. Von einem Netz Euklidischer Observablen wird die Lorentz’sche Theorie durch alle Bilder der fortgesetzten Poincare Gruppenwirkung auf der Zeit-Null Schicht erhalten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die Vorgänge der nichtkommutativen Deformation und der Wick Rotation kommutieren. Andererseits ist so eine analytische Fortsetzung ebenfalls für Quantenfeldtheorien, die durch einen Satz von Schwingerfunktionen definiert ist, möglich. Durch die Gültigkeit einer Kombination aus Wachstumsbedinungen, die aus der Wick Rotation von Osterwalder und Schrader bekannt sind, kann der Übergang zu einer deformierten Wightman-Theorie gezeigt werden. Abschließend beinhaltet diese Arbeit ergänzende Resultate zu den physikalischen Eigenschaften der Kovarianz und der Lokalität.

This thesis considers entanglement, an important resource for quantum information processing tasks, while taking into account the theory of relativity. Not only is this a more complete description of quantum information, but it is necessary to fully understand quantum information processing tasks done by systems in arbitrary motion. It is shown that accelerated measurements on the vacuum of a free Dirac spinor field results in an entangled state for an inertial observer. The physical mechanism at work is the Davies-Unruh effect. The entanglement produced increases as a function of the acceleration, reaching maximal entanglement in the asymptotic limit of infinite acceleration. The dynamics of entanglement between two Unruh-DeWitt detectors, one stationary and the other undergoing non-uniform acceleration, was studied numerically. In the ultraweak coupling limit, the entanglement decreases as a function of time for the parameters considered and decreases faster than if the moving detector had had a uniform acceleration.

This thesis considers entanglement, an important resource for quantum information processing tasks, while taking into account the theory of relativity. Not only is this a more complete description of quantum information, but it is necessary to fully understand quantum information processing tasks done by systems in arbitrary motion. It is shown that accelerated measurements on the vacuum of a free Dirac spinor field results in an entangled state for an inertial observer. The physical mechanism at work is the Davies-Unruh effect. The entanglement produced increases as a function of the acceleration, reaching maximal entanglement in the asymptotic limit of infinite acceleration. The dynamics of entanglement between two Unruh-DeWitt detectors, one stationary and the other undergoing non-uniform acceleration, was studied numerically. In the ultraweak coupling limit, the entanglement decreases as a function of time for the parameters considered and decreases faster than if the moving detector had had a uniform acceleration.

The setup in which two quantum systems, Alice and Bob, communicate using bosonic field quanta can be viewed as a prototype for wireless quantum communication. In this thesis we focus on the most basic case, where Alice and Bob are modeled as Unruh-DeWitt detectors, i.e., as two-level quantum systems that interact locally through a scalar quantum field. Our aim is to study how information propagation and entanglement generation between the two detectors are impacted by both relativity and by the unavoidable noise that is due to the quantum fluctuations of the field. We start by studying information propagation between the two detectors. Concretely, we construct and study the information-theoretic quantum channel, ξ, i.e., the completely positive trace preserving map between the input density matrix ϱ, in which Alice prepares her detector for the emission, and the output density matrix ϱ '=ξ(ϱ) of Bob's detector at a later time. We confirm that the classical as well as the quantum channel capacity are strictly zero to all orders in perturbation theory for spacelike separations. We then study entanglement generation between the two detectors. Specifically, we discuss how two Unruh-DeWitt detectors can extract entanglement from the vacuum. We show that the detectors can naturally and instantaneously become entangled through a Casimir-Polder effect. We then analyze the impact of various additions to this setup, such as the presence of a weak gravitational field, the presence of boundary conditions in the field, the presence of a weak classical potential, etc.

I review the construction of Hertz potentials in vector calculus starting from Maxwell's equations. From here, I lay the minimal foundations of differential geometry to construct Hertz potentials for a general (spatially compact) Lorentzian manifold with or without boundary. In this general framework, I discuss "scalar" Hertz potentials as they apply to the vector calculus situation, and I consider their possible generalization, showing which procedures used by previous authors fail to generalize and which succeed, if any. I give specific examples, including the standard at coordinate systems and an example of a non-flat metric, specifically a spherically symmetric black hole. Additionally, I generalize the introduction of gauge terms, and I present techniques for introducing gauge terms of arbitrary order. Finally, I give a treatment of one application of Hertz potentials, namely calculating electromagnetic Casimir interactions for a couple of systems.

Η μεταπτυχιακή μου εργασία χωρίζεται σε δύο μέρη: Στο Πρώτο μέρος γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στις θεμελιώδεις αρχές της Κβαντομηχανικής και μια ιστορική αναδρομή στους Φυσικούς και Μαθηματικούς που έβαλαν ο καθένας το δικό τους λιθαράκι για να φθάσουμε στο σήμερα και στην ανακάλυψη του σωματιδίου Higgs. Συγχρόνως γίνεται και μια εννοιολογική αναδρομή που περιγράφει τα όρια και τα περιεχόμενα της Σύγχρονης Φυσικής στην οποία περιέχεται η κβαντική θεωρία καθώς και η σχέση της με την Κλασική Φυσική. Το Δεύτερο μέρος με την σειρά του χωρίζεται σε πέντε κεφάλαια: Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο δίνονται οι σχετικιστικές εξισώσεις Klein-Gordon και Dirac εξηγώντας τα προβλήματα που λύνει και τα εμπόδια που αντιμετωπίζει η κάθε μια τους. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στην θεωρία πεδίων ως λύση των προβλημάτων που δημιουργούν οι εξισώσεις του πρώτου κεφαλαίου. Συνεχίζει με την μελέτη του θεωρήματος της Noether και τις συνέπειές του στην Φυσική καθώς επίσης και με την κβάντωση των κλασικών πεδίων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, δίνονται οι έννοιες της κανονικής κβάντωσης, εξετάζεται το πραγματικό και μιγαδικό πεδίο Klein-Gordon όπως και τα κβαντισμένα πεδία Dirac και Schrodinger. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο κλείνει με το κβαντισμένο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό πεδίο. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια αναφορά σε Lie-ομάδες και άλγεβρες Lie όπως και στις ομάδες SU(2) και SU(3). Για την παρουσίαση της θεωρίας των ομάδων Lie αναφέρονται κάποιοι ορισμοί, προτάσεις και μικρά παραδείγματα. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο ασχολείται με τις θεωρίες βαθμίδας, με τους παγκόσμιους και τοπικούς μετασχηματισμούς στο πραγματικό και μιγαδικό πεδίο Klein-Gordon, με το πεδίο Yang-Mills και την θεωρία ενοποίησης. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο κυριαρχεί το αυθόρμητο σπάσιμο συμμετρίας, με το θεώρημα Goldstone και κυρίως με τον μηχανισμό Higgs εξηγώντας πως τα μποζόνια βαθμίδας του Καθιερωμένου Προτύπου αποκτούν μάζα. / My Master's thesis consists of two parts: In the first part there is a brief reference regarding the fundamental principles of Quantum Mechanics and a historical retrospection of how physicists and mathematicians each made their own contribution in order for us today to reach to the discovery of the Higgs particle. In parallel, there is a conceptual overview that describes the boundaries and contents of Modern Physics, which includes Quantum Theory and its relation to Classical Physics. In the second part there are five chapters: The first chapter describes the Klein-Gordon and Dirac relativistic equations, explaining the advantages and drawbacks that each of them have. The second chapter refers to the field theory as a solution to the problems posed by the equations of the first chapter. It continues with a study of the Noether theorem and its consequences in Physics, as well as the quantization of classical fields. In particular, the concepts of normal quantization are given out, the real and the complex field of Klein- Gordon is examined, as well as the quantized Dirac and Schrodinger fields. It ends with the quantized electromagnetic field. The third chapter describes the Lie-groups and the Lie algebras, as well as the SU (2) and SU (3) groups. In order to present the Lie –group theory, definitions, suggestions and examples are given out. The fourth chapter deals with the Gauge Theories, the global and local transformations in the real and complex field of Klein-Gordon, the Yang-Mills field theory and the unification theory. Finally, the fifth chapter examines the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Goldstone theorem and especially with the Higgs mechanism, explaining how the gauge bosons of the Standard Model acquire mass.

No description available.

The setup in which two quantum systems, Alice and Bob, communicate using bosonic field quanta can be viewed as a prototype for wireless quantum communication. In this thesis we focus on the most basic case, where Alice and Bob are modeled as Unruh-DeWitt detectors, i.e., as two-level quantum systems that interact locally through a scalar quantum field. Our aim is to study how information propagation and entanglement generation between the two detectors are impacted by both relativity and by the unavoidable noise that is due to the quantum fluctuations of the field. We start by studying information propagation between the two detectors. Concretely, we construct and study the information-theoretic quantum channel, ξ, i.e., the completely positive trace preserving map between the input density matrix ϱ, in which Alice prepares her detector for the emission, and the output density matrix ϱ '=ξ(ϱ) of Bob's detector at a later time. We confirm that the classical as well as the quantum channel capacity are strictly zero to all orders in perturbation theory for spacelike separations. We then study entanglement generation between the two detectors. Specifically, we discuss how two Unruh-DeWitt detectors can extract entanglement from the vacuum. We show that the detectors can naturally and instantaneously become entangled through a Casimir-Polder effect. We then analyze the impact of various additions to this setup, such as the presence of a weak gravitational field, the presence of boundary conditions in the field, the presence of a weak classical potential, etc.

Three different aspects of the sinh-Gordon model are explored in this thesis. We begin, in chapter one, with a summary of the model and the necessary background. Chapter two studies the model with two boundary conditions. Two approaches are presented to investigate the reflection factors off the boundaries and the energy of the theory. In chapter three, perturbation theory is developed to study the theory with one general boundary condition. A contribution to the quantum reflection factor is obtained and compared with the result obtained for the special boundary condition. Chapters four and five investigate the supersymmetric extension of the model in the presence of a single boundary. Firstly, the classical limits of the supersymmetric reflection matrices are checked. The exact reflection factors are studied perturbatively up to the second order of the coupling constant. Secondly, the perturbation theory and the path integral formalism are employed in the supersymmetric model to study the quantum reflection factors. We conclude with a brief sixth chapter describing the outlook for further investigations.