Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 juliana.pdf: 1522484 bytes, checksum: 7450de4815f507bdefe6fb92d3742c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-29 / Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) is a small tree, widely distributed in the Amazon, known as ―pau-amargo‖. The tea from its leaves and bark are used in popular medicine for gastric disorders and malaria. β-carboline and indolic alkaloids, steroids and quassinoids (quassin and neoquassin) were isolated from this plant and evaluated in animal models of malaria with promising results, but still preliminary. Previous pharmacological studies performed with non-standardized apolar extracts, reported sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, emollient and anti-ulcer activities. In view of the reputation of Q. amara in folk medicine and scarce consistent results in the scientific literature, this work studied the systemic actions of the standardized extracts from the native plant collected in the region of Manaus. Semi-purified extracts and high purity fractions were obtained from the chemical standardization and were used to study the mechanisms of actions detected experimentally. In these studies, the popular use of Q. amara in malaria led us also to investigate the pharmacological actions of its extracts and purified fractions in mammalian P-ATPases (H+-K+-ATPase and Ca+2-ATPase) that have high structural homology with isoenzymes essential to the Plasmodium survival. The standardized extract was obtained by the partition of Q. amara AE in buthanol originating the buthanolic fraction (BuF) with the same pharmacological activity and fivefold more concentrated than AE. The purification of BuF by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) yielded 18 high purity fractions (F1 to F18), still in identification process. The pharmacological screening of AE and BuF did show remarkable action in the CNS. AE showed anti-inflammatory effect, apparently associated with the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators histamine and serotonin, but no analgesic action was observed. AE increased gastrointestinal motility and inhibited the gastric ulcers induced by stress and ethanol. BuF at tenfold lower doses inhibited the secretion and gastric acidity in vivo and the intermediate dose inhibited the total acidity stimulated by histamine, but did not when induced by bethanechol (muscarinic agonist), indicating a possible selective action in the histamine/cAMP pathway. The BuF and fractions isolated by HPLC F10, F14 and F15 potentiated the direct elicited twitches in the rat diaphragm muscle. In the Ca+2-ATPase isolated from skeletal muscle, the BuF and fractions F05, F06, F08, F09, F10, F13, F14, F15,F16 inhibited its activity and this effect may explain the potentiation of the diaphragm contraction. The FBut and fractions F11, F12, F13 and F16 inhibited the H+-K+-ATPase activity from the gastric mucosa in vitro; this effect may explain the anti-secretory and anti-ulcer activity observed in vivo, effects related to the mainly popular use of Q. amara. / A Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) é árvore de pequeno porte, de ampla distribuição amazônica, conhecida como pau-amargo; o chá das folhas e cascas é utilizado na medicina popular para distúrbios gástricos e na malária. Da planta foram isolados alcalóides indólicos e β-carbolínicos, esteróides e quassinóides (quassina e neoquassina) avaliados em modelos do parasitismo animal com resultados promissores, mas ainda iniciais. Estudos farmacológicos anteriores realizados com extratos apolares sem padronização, descrevem atividades sedativa, analgésica, anti-inflamatória, emoliente e anti-úlcera gástrica. Em vista da reputação da Q. amara na medicina popular e da pouca consistência científica dos resultados disponíveis na literatura, este trabalho retomou o estudo das ações sistêmicas do extrato aquoso padronizado da planta nativa coletada na região de Manaus. Da padronização química foram obtidos extratos semi-purificados e frações de alto grau de pureza, que serviram também ao estudo do mecanismo das ações detectadas experimentalmente. Nesses estudos, o uso popular na malária nos levou também a investigar as ações farmacológicas dos extratos purificadas e frações nas H+-K+-ATPase e Ca+2-ATPase de mamíferos, P-ATPases essas que guardam elevada homologia estrutural com as isoenzimas do Plasmodium sp. essenciais à sua sobrevida. A padronização química do EA da Q. amara foi obtida após partição em butanol dando origem à fração butanólica (FBut) de mesma atividade e 5 vezes mais concentrada. A purificação da FBut por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) originou 18 frações de elevado grau de pureza (F1 a F18) que encontram-se em processo de identificação. A triagem farmacológica do EA e da FBut mostrou ação pouco marcada no SNC. O EA mostrou ação anti-inflamatória, aparentemente associada à inibição dos mediadores pró-inflamatórios histamina e serotonina, mas não mostrou efeito analgésico. O EA aumentou a motilidade gastrintestinal e inibiu as úlceras gástricas induzidas por estresse e por etanol. A FBut, em doses 10 vezes menores, inibiu a secreção e a acidez gástrica in vivo, a dose intermediária inibiu a acidez total estimulada pela histamina, mas não alterou quando induzida por betanecol (agonista muscarínico), indicando provável ação seletiva na via da histamina/AMPc. A FBut e as frações isoladas em CLAE F10, F14 e F15 potenciaram a contração do músculo diafragma de rato sob estímulo elétrico direto. A FBut e frações F05, F06, F08, F09, F10, F13, F14, F15 e F16 inibiram a atividade da Ca2+-ATPase de músculo esquelético; este efeito pode explicar a potenciação da contração do músculo diafragma. A FBut e as frações F11, F12, F13 e F16 inibiram a atividade da H+-K+-ATPase da mucosa gástrica in vitro; este efeito pode explicar a atividade antissecretora ácida e a atividade anti-úlcera observadas in vivo, provavelmente relacionadas com o uso popular mais freqüente.

L’objectif du travail effectué était la recherche de nouvelles substances actives d’origine végétale, présentant soit une activité antiplasmodiale soit une activité antifongique. Cette étude a été menée suivant deux stratégies différentes: l’étude de remèdes traditionnels antipaludiques identifiés suite à des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques, et la mise en évidence des propriétés antifongiques d’huiles essentielles grâce à une stratégie bioinspirée. La première partie du travail a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d’un quassinoïde connu, la simalikalactone D, dans l’activité antipaludique d’une tisane de jeunes feuilles fraîches de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Dans le cas de la décoction de rameaux de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), c’est cette fois un mélange de flavonoïdes glycosylés qui est responsable de l’activité du remède. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques, le criblage effectué a permis d’identifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles présentant des activités intéressantes, validant ainsi la démarche bioinspirée retenue dans ce cas. L’huile essentielle d’Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse a en particulier démontré une activité remarquable, à la fois seule et en combinaison avec des antifongiques azolés. Enfin, l’étude métabolomique de la composition des huiles essentielles a permis de mettre au point un outil pouvant orienter la sélection des huiles en fonction des données obtenues en GC/MS dans l’optique de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques. Ce travail démontre donc la validité des stratégies retenues – ethnopharmacologie et bioinspiration – dans la recherche de nouvelles substances bioactives. / The aim of this work was to search for new bioactive compounds, displaying either antiplasmodial or antifungal activity. Two strategies were developed here: the evaluation of traditional remedies identified as antimalarial through ethnopharmacological studies, and the search for antifungal essential oils, the criterium being here a bioinspired approach. Our work led to the discovery that the antimalarial activity of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) fresh young leaves was due to the presence of a known quassinoid, simalikalactone D. In the case of Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), a flavonol glycosides mixture explained the activity observed for the decoction. The search for antifungal essential oils from the Amazonian flora led to the identification of several interesting species, thus validating our bioinspired strategy. The essential oil of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse was among the most active ones, either alone or in combination with azole drugs. Eventually, a metabolomic study of the GC/MS composition of these oils allowed us to develop a statistical tool which could help to select interesting antifungal products. This work thus demonstrates the major interest of the two strategies – ethnopharmacology and bioinspiration – for the search of new bioactive compounds.

L'objectif du travail effectué était la recherche de nouvelles substances actives d'origine végétale, présentant soit une activité antiplasmodiale soit une activité antifongique. Cette étude a été menée suivant deux stratégies différentes: l'étude de remèdes traditionnels antipaludiques identifiés suite à des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques, et la mise en évidence des propriétés antifongiques d'huiles essentielles grâce à une stratégie bioinspirée. La première partie du travail a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d'un quassinoïde connu, la simalikalactone D, dans l'activité antipaludique d'une tisane de jeunes feuilles fraîches de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Dans le cas de la décoction de rameaux de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), c'est cette fois un mélange de flavonoïdes glycosylés qui est responsable de l'activité du remède. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques, le criblage effectué a permis d'identifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles présentant des activités intéressantes, validant ainsi la démarche bioinspirée retenue dans ce cas. L'huile essentielle d'Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse a en particulier démontré une activité remarquable, à la fois seule et en combinaison avec des antifongiques azolés. Enfin, l'étude métabolomique de la composition des huiles essentielles a permis de mettre au point un outil pouvant orienter la sélection des huiles en fonction des données obtenues en GC/MS dans l'optique de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques. Ce travail démontre donc la validité des stratégies retenues - ethnopharmacologie et bioinspiration - dans la recherche de nouvelles substances bioactives.