M.A. / This study investigates whether a relationship exists between the self-concept and personality of a student and his academic achievement. The self-concept is defined as a set of beliefs about the self and the relationships between those beliefs that may mediate behaviour in certain situations. It is regarded as a key factor in the integration of personality, in motivating behaviour and achieving mental health. Various theorists have contributed towards the study of the self-concept, amongst them William James, Cooley and Mead, Erik Erikson, and Carl Rogers. To maintain our self-concept, we reflect on what others tell us about ourselves and compare our own performance to that of others. The role of social comparison theory is therefore important because it explains this phenomenon. It appeared as if a strong self-concept act as a predictor of good academic achievement. The self, social comparison and intelligence also appear to play an important role within the boundaries of academic achievement. Self-concept plays an important role in the development of personality and vice versa. Cattell’s explanation of personality provides insight into the link between traits and self-concept. This study controlled for extraneous variables, such as intelligence. Apart from self-concept, personality traits were further investigated to determine their association with self-concept and academic achievement. This study was mostly exploratory by nature and has as a future aim the development of an intervention, which can be implemented to enhance both self-concept and academic achievement. The sample comprised 44 grade nine male and female students at St Barnabas College. The instruments used for this study included the Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test, the Beck’s Self-Concept Scale, and the High School Personality Questionnaire. The results pertaining to the research hypotheses indicated that there is no significant correlation between self-concept and academic achievement and also no significant correlation between intelligence and academic achievement. No correlation was also found between self-concept and factors of the HSPQ. A significant correlation was, however, found between some of the factors of the HSPQ and academic achievement. It is possible that some students may find their physical appearances more important than a positive self-concept. A failure in school can therefore not influence their self-concept. This may explain why no correlation was found between self-concept and academic achievement. Verbal intellectual count has been found to show a high correlation with academic achievement. However, the Cattell Test is non-verbal and this can therefore account for the fact that no significant correlation between intelligence and academic achievement was found. Students may develop an identity, which may not necessarily be a positive identity, which goes hand-in-hand with a positive self-concept. This might explain why no significant correlation between self-concept and the factors of the HSPQ has been found. This study found that a correlation does exist between three factors of the HSPQ and academic achievement. Factors of personality therefore do have some correlation with academic achievement. It is recommended that future research investigate this relationship. The small sample size of this study limits its generalisation possibility and it is further recommended that cultural aspects be brought into consideration. / Mr. G. Kruger

Human resources have become the most important means of competition in today's market environment. It is one of the vital goals of the competing companies to attract and retain work force of high quality. The way to this goal leads through ensuring the employees' satisfaction. Within many companies' management the word satisfaction is confused with motivation and in some professional papers motivation is believed to be the synonym of stimulation. Therefore in the first part of this thesis I explore the theoretical relations between satisfaction, motivation and stimulation. In next parts I introduce the company where the satisfaction survey takes place and include the thorough analysis of the subject group. Based on the acquired theoretical knowledge I then evaluate the used methodology -- electronic questioning and the content of the survey questionnaire. In the last chapter I present the results of the survey conducted in two subsequent time periods. I analyze the results and evaluate the adopted action steps plus giving my own recommendations and suggestions for actions in the upcoming year.

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Objetivo. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um questionário de freqüência alimentar- QF AA para calcular o consumo de energia, carboidrato, proteína, lipídio total, lipídio insaturado, fibra, colesterol, retinol, vitamina C, cálcio e ferro de adolescentes freqüentadores de uma escola pública localizada na região oeste da cidade de São Paulo. A validade relativa do QF AA foi testada por meio da comparação entre os valores estimados pelo método de referência (média de 3 dias de R24h) e os calculados pelo QFAA. Metodologia. Depois de identificados os principais alimentos fontes dos nutrientes analisados, o QF AA foi testado em prova piloto. A versão final foi constituída por 76 itens alimentares, agrupados segundo o perfil de cada alimento. O estudo de validade foi realizado durante um período de 6 meses (junho a novembro de 1999) junto a 79 alunos voluntários de ambos os sexos, os quais responderam 4 R24h com intervalo de 45 dias e 1 QFAA ao final do estudo. Os dados foram calculados pelo Virtual Nutri e analisados utilizando-se coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, ajustados pela caloria e corrigidos pela variância intrapessoal. Resultados. Observou-se uma alta variabilidade no consumo da dieta dos adolescentes, mostrando razões de variância extremamente altas para o colesterol, retinol e vitamina C. Os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson, depois do ajuste e da correção pela variância, variaram entre - O,1O a 0,72 para os indivíduos de sexo feminino e de O,16 a 0,91 para os de sexo masculino. A média do coeficiente de correlação para todo o grupo foi de 0,52. Conclusões. Nossos resultados indicam que o QFAA mostrou aceitável desempenho para classificar os indivíduos segundo seu consumo habitual para a maioria dos nutrientes, com exceção do retinol e do ferro. / Purpose. The main purpose of this study was to develop a Food-Frequency Questionnaire - FFQ to calculate the consumption of energy, carbohydrate, protein, total lipid, unsaturated lipid, flber, cholesterol, retinol, vitamin C, calcium and iron by adolescents attending a public school located in the western region of the city of São Paulo. The relative validity of the FFQ was tested in a comparison between values estimated by the reference method (average, three days of R24h) and those calculated by the FFQ. Methodology. After identifying the major food sources of the nutrients analyzed, the FFQ was tested in a pilot test. The final version was comprised by seventy-six food items, grouped according to each of their proflles. The validity study was performed over a six-month period (]une through November, 1999) on seventy-nine volunteer students of both sexes, which responded four R24h with a 45-day interval and one FFQ at the end of the study. Data was computed by the Virtual Nutri and analyzed by using Pearson\'s correlation coefflcient, energy - adjustment and corrected for within-subject variance. Results. High variability was observed in adolescent diet consumption, showing extremely high variance ratios for cholesterol, retinol and vitamin C. Pearson\'s correlation coefficients, after adjustment and correction for variance, range between - O.1O to O.72 for females and from O.16 to O.91 for males. The average correlation coefficient for the entire group was 0.52. Conclusions. Our results indicate that the FFQ has shown an acceptable performance to classify individuais according to their habitual consumption for the majority of nutrients, with the exception of retinol and iron.

Ensaios Clínicos controlados e randomizados representam um pilar para a medicina baseada em evidência e, para que estes sejam confiávéis, a condução deve se basear nos princípios e padrões estabelecidos pelas Boas Práticas em Pesquisa Clínica (BPC). Segundo as BPC, o investigador e sua equipe são responsáveis pela execução do estudo e, por isso, precisam ser qualificados por treinamentos. Deste modo, visto a diversidade de pesquisadores, ambiente heterogêneo para recrutamento e potencial técnico dos profissionais de saúde da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo foi desenvolvido e validado o conteúdo de um questionário para avaliação de conhecimento em BPC. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, tradução e consulta com especialistas em Pesquisa Clínica, as temáticas do questionário foram estruturadas em três dimensões principais: guia de BPC, legilação brasileira quanto à participação de seres humanos em pesquisa e Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Dentro destas dimensões foram trabalhados os domínios: conceito BPC; princípios das BPC; responsabilidades; eventos adversos; controle de dados; Resoluções brasileiras 466/12, 441/11 e 251/97; princípios éticos; e, TCLE quanto a populações vulneráveis, pessoas com incapacidade, crianças, pacientes críticos, ressarcimento e indenização. A avaliação da validade de conteúdo, conforme relevância e representatividade, foi definida por meio do Indice de Validação de Conteúdo (CVI). As afirmações formuladas, verdadeiras ou falsas, foram validadas por seis juízes, com experiência em Pesquisa Clínica, conforme grau de relevância, clareza da informação (texto e estrutura), e se concordavam com a resposta. O instrumento foi estruturado por meio do site SurveyMonkey e foi desenhado questionário demográfico para que fosse possível a caracterização da amostra investigada. Na sequência foi realizado estudo piloto com uma amostra da população alvo e, executou-se o refinamento do instrumento por meio da análise das respostas e avaliação textual. Por fim, o questionário validado contém uma pergunta em que declara o consentimento para a pesquisa, doze perguntas para caracterizar o perfil da amostra e 34 questões de conhecimento em BPC e Bioética conforme dimensão e domínios préestabelecidos. Tal instrumento será utilizado para compor o plano de Gestão do Conhecimento da Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, de modo a identificar falhas de conhecimento em BPC e bioética e, consequentemente, gerar dados para melhorar os treinamentos rotineiramente realizados pela Unidade / Controlled and randomized clinical trials represent a mainstay for evidencebased medicine and, for these to be reliable, their conduct should be based on the principles and standards established by Good Clinical Practice (GCP). The GCP recognizes that the investigator and the team of individuals at a trial site are responsible for the execution of the trial and, therefore, must be qualified by training. Thus, considering the diversity of researchers, heterogeneous environment for recruitment and technical potential of the health professionals of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, a questionnaire was developed and had its content validated to evaluate knowledge in GCP. Through literature review and consultation with clinical trials experts, the questionnaire themes were structured into three main dimensions: GCP guideline, Brazilian laws involving human research and Informed Consent Form (ICF). Within these dimensions were worked the domains: concept BPC; principles of GCP; responsibilities; adverse events; data management; Brazilian Resolutions; ethical principles; and, ICF regarding vulnerable subjects, people with disabilities, children, critical patients, compensation and reparation. The assessment of content validity, according to relevance and representativeness, was defined through the Content Validation Index (CVI). The statements formulated, as true or false, were validated by six judges, with experience in Clinical Trials, according to degree of relevance, textual and structural clarity of information, agreement with the question. The instrument was structured through the SurveyMonkey site and a demographic questionnaire was designed to allow the characterization of the sample to be investigated. A pilot study was carried out with a sample of the target population, and the refinement of the instrument was performed through the analysis of the responses and textual evaluation. Finally, the validated questionnaire contains a question in which it declares consent for the research, twelve questions to characterize the profile of the sample and 34 questions of knowledge in GCP and Bioethics according to the pre-established dimensions and domains. Such instrument will be used to compose the Knowledge Management plan of the Clinical Trial Unit, in order to identify knowledge gaps in GCP and bioethics and, consequently, providing data to improve the training regularly performed by the Unit

Title: Coach of sprinters Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to assess whether the opinions of the athletic sprint trainers are consistent with what the literature refers to sprint`s training in general and sprint`s training for the U17 category. Next, try to present the model characteristics of a young coach of sprinters. Methods: Eighty five athletic trainers were approached who train at least one sprinter and have at least the 3rd coaching class qualification. I received answers from 41 of them. The survey method was used to determine opinions. The survey was based on previous studied literature. Internet server vypln.to was used for data collection. Coaches were approached by email and facebook. The analyzed data were evaluated verbally, in tables and graphs. Results: All coaches agreed that two-way communication is important not only about training, but also for example about school, family ect. Eighty eight percent of coaches confirmed with the basics of training planning and 98 % of coaches agreed on the importance of training evaluation. However, 53 % of them said that they cooperate with the mentee in planning and only 51 % use special tests to determine the sprinter's training status. More than half of the trainers checked the possibility of organizing the warm-up and regeneration of...

Objectives: The following thesis is presented within two separate pieces of work. A systematic literature review (SLR) aimed to evaluate the individual characteristics and psychometric properties of four dementia screening tools. These were the Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD) (Evenhuis, 2007), the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS) (Gedye, 1995), the Dementia Screening Questionnaire for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (DSQIID) (Deb et al, 2007a) and the Adaptive Behaviour Dementia Questionnaire (ABDQ) (Prasher et al, 2004). The empirical research (ER) aimed to evaluate the clinical utility and longitudinal accuracy of two of these tools; the DLD and the ABDQ in a clinical population with intellectual disability (ID) and Down syndrome (DS). Methods: For the SLR a comprehensive list of electronic academic databases were searched to identify studies which included information relating to the psychometric properties of the DLD, DSDS, DSQIID and the ABDQ. Information within the studies was then extracted and rated using two quality assessment measures. These were the Characteristics of Assessment Instruments for Psychiatric Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Developmental Disabilities (CAPS-IDD) (Zeilinger et al, 2013b) and the Qualsyst (Kmet, 2004). For the ER, a repeated measures MANOVA was used to assess change over time between two groups of people with intellectual disabilities and Down syndrome; one with dementia and one without. Results: In the SLR, 16 studies were identified and rated using the CAPS-IDD and the Qualsyst. Detailed information related to the dementia screening tools and quality ratings of the papers are provided. In the ER both the ABDQ and the DLD demonstrated a clear difference between those who develop dementia and those who do not, with those in the ‘dementia’ group exhibiting increasing scores over time. Conclusions: The SLR concludes that the evidence base for these dementia screening tools remain limited. The largest evidence base was evidenced for the DLD. The ER concludes that the ABDQ and the DLD are useful tools to differentiate between those who develop dementia and those who do not. Further analysis incorporating the exploration of individual component items of tools is recommended.

Introdução: O Questionário de Avaliação de Saúde em Esclerodermia (SHAQ) é uma ferramenta clínica que avalia especificamente os diversos sistemas acometidos por esta doença. Este instrumento tem sido amplamente utilizado como uma avaliação adicional para a Esclerose Sistêmica (ES). Objetivo: Adaptar culturalmente e validar a versão brasileira do SHAQ. Métodos: A validade de construção foi avaliada com base nas correlações entre SHAQ e o questionário genérico de qualidade de vida Medical Outcome Study Short From-36 (SF-36v2TM) e do índice de incapacidade - HAQ-DI (do inglês, HAQ disatibily index). A correlação entre o SHAQ e gravidade da doença foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. A reprodutibilidade do SHAQ foi avaliada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Resultados: Entre os 151 pacientes consecutivamente avaliados no ambulatório, 59% eram do subtipo limitado de ES. A Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) de avaliação global de doença, que compõe o SHAQ, apresentou correlação estatisticamente significativa com HAQ-DI, EVA de dor e o escore Sumário dos Componentes Físicos (PCS) que compõem o SF-36v2TM (r=0,595, r=0,612, r=-0,582, respectivamente, p<0,001). Uma análise mais aprofundada revelou correlação significativa entre EVA de gravidade de doença e os seguintes componentes do SF-36v2TM: dor corporal (r=-0,621, p<0,001), vitalidade (r=-0,544, p<0,001), capacidade funcional (r=-0,510, p<0,001) e aspecto físico (r=-0,505, p<0,001). Além disso, a EVA digestiva, pulmonar e de avaliação global de gravidade de doença foram correlacionadas com o número de órgãos envolvidos (r=0,178, p=0,029; r=0,214, p=0,008; r=0,282, p<0,001). A reprodutibilidade do SHAQ também foi demonstrada (ICC:0,757, 95% (IC=0,636-0,842). Conclusão: A versão brasileira do SHAQ demonstrou ter validade de construção e discriminante, bem como uma boa reprodutibilidade / Background: The Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (SHAQ) is a feasible multisystem specific tool that has been extensively used as an additional assessment for systemic sclerosis (SSc). Aims: To cross-culturally adapt and validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the SHAQ. Methods: Construct validity was assessed based on the correlations between SHAQ and both the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2TM) and the HAQ-DI. The correlation between the SHAQ and disease severity was assessed by Spearman´s correlation coefficient. The reproducibility of the SHAQ was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Among the 151 consecutive outpatients evaluated, 59% had limited SSc subtype. The overall disease severity visual analogue scale (VAS) of the SHAQ was statistically significant correlated to HAQ-DI, pain VAS and the SF-36v2TM physical component summary (PCS) score (r=0.595; r=0.612; r=-0.582, respectively; p<0.001). Further analysis of all SF-36v2TM components revealed statistically significant correlations between overall disease severity VAS and bodily pain (r=0.621, p<0.001), vitality (r=-0.544, p<0.001), physical function (r=-0.510, p<0.001) and role limitation-physical dimensions (r=-0.505, p<0.001). Moreover, digestive, pulmonary and overall disease severity VAS were statistically significant correlated to the number of organs involved (r=0.178, p=0.029; r=0.214, p=0.008; r=0.282, p<0.001). We also demonstrated high reproducibility for SHAQ (ICC:0.757, 95% (CI=0.636-0.842). Conclusion: The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the SHAQ demonstrated both construct and discriminant validity, as well as good reproducibility

A substituição total de restaurações dentais que apresentam pequenos defeitos são encontradas com muita frequência na prática da Odontologia. Entretanto, a possibilidade de reparos dessas porções defeituosas podem ser considerados alternativas viáveis à substituição. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre a aplicação da técnica reparadora. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a formação acadêmica e as técnicas de reparos empregados em restaurações dentárias pré-existentes realizadas pelos Cirurgiões-Dentistas na Rede de Atenção em Saúde Bucal, em uma Capital da região Sul do Brasil. Identificando se os cirurgiões-dentistas realizam reparos em restaurações defeituosas, quando e como realizam, além de avaliar se receberam alguma forma de orientação no período acadêmico e se julgam obter sucesso em seus tratamentos reparadores. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, foi escolhida a cidade de Curitiba. Dos 10 Distritos Sanitários que possui, foram selecionados 5 Distritos, totalizando 58 Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Um total de 134 Cirurgiões-Dentistas na ativa participaram da pesquisa e foram entrevistados aplicando-se um questionário realizado por um único pesquisador. Os questionários incluíam: dados pessoais, realização de reparos em restaurações; formação acadêmica para a execução desta conduta e a técnica empregada. Os resultados foram submetidos ao Teste Qui quadrado ou o Teste de Fisher e o software usado nas análises foi o Statistica 7.0 com nível de significância empregado de 5%. 99% dos Participantes relataram realizar reparos em restaurações e 69% deles não receberam orientação sobre a técnica de reparo durante o período acadêmico (graduação). Dos Participantes da pesquisa, 90% realizam o reparo independente do Profissional que realizou a primeira restauração (p=0,0001). As restaurações diretas são as mais comumente reparadas (65%) e a resina composta foi o material eleito (34%) para a realização do reparo (p=0,003). 77% dos Participantes pretendem utilizar o reparo em todas as situações possíveis (p=0,0001); 25% dos Participantes da pesquisa disseram que realizam o reparo da restauração independente da extensão da cárie (p=0,132); todas as idades são passíveis de receberem o reparo de restaurações defeituosas. A maioria dos Participantes realizam somente retenções adicionais no material restaurador remanescente e na estrutura dental (54%), 49% realizam retenções adicionais e bisel. Para o preparo do material restaurador remanescente e da estrutura dental, utilizam o ácido fosfórico e a aplicação do adesivo (98%) e somente 2% dos Participantes aplicam o silano previamente à aplicação do adesivo. As restaurações de reparo são muito bem aceitas pelos pacientes (98%) e o sucesso dos procedimentos de reparo, de acordo com os Participantes, é de 98%. Praticamente todos os Participantes da pesquisa (97%) acreditam que as técnicas de reparo devem fazer parte do currículo de graduação dos futuros Cirurgiões-Dentistas. Conclui-se que apesar da maioria dos Participantes afirmarem não ter recebido nenhuma orientação durante o período acadêmico (graduação) sobre a técnica de reparos, praticamente todos realizam reparos em restaurações defeituosas e julgam obter sucesso com esse tipo de tratamento. / The total replacement of dental restorations that present small defects are found very frequently in the practice of Dentistry. However, the possibility of repairing these defective portions can be considered viable alternatives to substitution. However, almost nothing is known about the application of the repair technique. The objective of this study was to analyze the academic training and repair techniques used in preexisting dental restorations performed by Dental Surgeons in the Dental Health Care Network in a Capital of Southern Brazil. Identifying whether dentists perform repairs on defective restorations, when and how they perform, and evaluate whether they have received some form of counseling in the academic period and are judged to succeed in their remedial treatments. For the development of the study, the city of Curitiba was chosen. Of the 10 Sanitary Districts it has, 5 Districts were selected, totaling 58 Basic Health Units. A total of 134 Active Dental Surgeons participated in the research and were interviewed applying a questionnaire carried out by a single researcher. The questionnaires included: personal data, repair of restorations; academic background for the execution of this conduct and the technique employed. The results were submitted to the Chi-square test or Fisher\'s test and the software used in the analyzes was Statistica 7.0 with a significance level of 5%. 99% of the Participants reported repairs on restorations and 69% of them did not receive orientation on the repair technique during the academic (graduation) period. The participants of the research, 90% performed the independent repair of the Professional who performed the first restoration (p = 0.0001). The direct restorations were the most commonly repaired (65%) and the composite resin was the material chosen (34%) to perform the repair (p = 0.003). 77% of Participants intend to use the repair in all possible situations (p = 0.0001); 25% of the participants of the study said that they performed repair of the restoration regardless of the extent of caries (p = 0.132); all ages are likely to receive repair of defective restorations. Most Participants only perform additional retentions on the remaining restorative material and dental structure (54%), 49% perform additional retentions and bevel. In order to prepare the remaining restorative material and dental structure, they use phosphoric acid and the adhesive application (98%) and only 2% of the participants apply the silane prior to the application of the adhesive. Repair restorations are very well accepted by patients (98%) and the success of repair procedures, according to the Participants, is 98%. Virtually all Research Participants (97%) believe that repair techniques should be part of the undergraduate curriculum of future Dental Surgeons. It is concluded that although most of the Participants affirm that they did not receive any orientation during the academic period (undergraduate) on the technique of repairs, practically all repairs in defective restorations and believe to be successful with this type of treatment.