Psychology in South Africa is facing a dire need for valid and reliable mental health instruments for all its citizenry. There presently exists a reliance on instruments of foreign origin. Very often such instruments are used without their psychometric properties having been tested in the local setting. The present study employed a multi-stage process for translating the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) into Zulu. A simplified English version of the GHQ and the translated Zulu version were subsequently administered to a sample of two hundred and fifty seven (257) bilingual high school students. The data from this sample was used to assess the equivalency between the Zulu version and the English version. At the scale level, both versions of the GHQ showed adequate internal consistency and reliability. Item analysis revealed certain differences between the two versions. Possible explanations regarding semantic differences are discussed. Substantial overlap between the factor solutions of the two versions was found. These factor solutions were found to correspond well with those recorded in the literature. The present sample scored much higher on the GHQ than foreign samples do. Suggestions for raising the cutting scores for South African samples are made. On the whole, the Zulu version displayed evidence of reasonable equivalence to the English version. A comprehensive research programme for the GHQ in South Africa is presented. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

As principais desordens dos membros superiores e cervical (CANS - Complaints of arms, neck and shoulders) podem ser definidas como queixas musculoesqueléticas nas regiões de membro superior, ombro e pescoço não atribuídas a trauma agudo ou a desordens sistêmicas. Essas desordens são comuns entre trabalhadores usuários de computador. O Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) é uma das poucas ferramentas existentes na literatura para avaliação de risco ergonômico e psicossocial em trabalhadores, além da vantagem de ser específico para usuários de computador, porém não está validado no português-brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a adaptação transcultural para o português-brasileiro e validação do MUEQ em trabalhadores de escritório usuários de computador e verificar a prevalência das CANS na amostra recrutada. A tradução e adaptação transcultural seguiram as diretrizes do Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments nos estágios: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, revisão pelo comitê de especialistas e pré-teste. Na etapa do teste da versão pré-final, foram aplicados 55 questionários em trabalhadores usuários de computador, que relataram dificuldades de compreensão abaixo do valor estipulado de 20%, não sendo necessária a reformulação da ferramenta. Para testar a confiabilidade, outros 50 sujeitos preencheram o questionário, em dois momentos, com nível de reprodutibilidade considerado excelente (ICC>0,75). A amostra para a análise da consistência interna e análise fatorial do questionário contou com 386 trabalhadores usuários de computador de mesa entre 18 e 60 anos. Para a consistência interna foram observados valores de de Cronbach maiores que 0,7 para todos os domínios. Na análise fatorial os domínios/subdomínios apresentaram valores de eigenvalue superiores a 1 e os valores de variância explicada acumulada dos fatores de cada domínio variou entre 40% e 60%. A prevalência das CANS nos últimos três meses por pelo menos uma semana foi de 73,32% (IC=0,69-0,77) na amostra total (n=283) e 82% (IC=0,76-0,87) das mulheres e 62% (IC=0,55-0,69) dos homens relataram alguma das CANS. Os domínios foram mantidos iguais à versão original do MUEQ. A queixa musculoesquelética mais observada foi a dor no pescoço (51%). A partir deste trabalho disponibilizou-se um instrumento abrangente e confiável para a avaliação ergonômica e psicossocial relacionado às queixas em cervical e membro superior em trabalhadores usuários de computador brasileiros e foi observada alta prevalência de CANS na população observada. / Complaints of the Arm, Neck and Shoulder (CANS) have a multifactorial etiology, and, therefore, its assessment should take into consideration work-related ergonomic and psychosocial aspects. The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) is among the few specific tools available to evaluate the nature and occurrence of CANS in computer office workers. The purpose of the present study was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the MUEQ to Brazilian Portuguese and verify the psychometric properties of the MUEQ-Br in Brazilian computer office workers and to assess the prevalence of CANS in a sample of Brazilian computer office workers. The translation and cultural adaptation followed the guidelines of the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments in six stages: translation, synthesis, back translation, review by the expert committee, pre-test and submission of documents to the committee. In the test of pre-final version, 55 questionnaires were administered to computer workers who reported difficulties in understanding below the stipulated 20%, without the need for redesign of the tool. The pre-final version test counted on the participation of 55 computer office workers. For reproducibility, it was considered a sample of 50 workers who answered the questionnaire twice with a one-week interval. A sample comprised by 386 (37.44 years, Confidence Interval (CI) 95%:36.50-38.38, 216 women and 170 men) workers from the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto campus to validate the structure of the questionnaire, verify internal consistency and CANS prevalence. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used for the statistical analysis of reproducibility, Cronbachs Alpha for Internal Consistency, and the Principal Component Analysis method for Exploratory Factor Analysis. The psychometric properties of the MUEQ were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, which revealed 14 factors. The calculation of internal consistency, reproducibility and cross validation provided evidence of reliability and lack of redundancy. It was verified ICC values greater than 0.75 and cronbachs alpha greater than 0.7. Factor analysis was conducted for every section of the questionnaire and 14 factors were found, two for each section accounting for approximately 40 to 60% of the variance. The prevalence rate of CANS indicated that 73% (IC=0,69-0,77) of the respondents reported at least one complaint in the arm, neck and/or shoulder in the total sample (n=283), 82% (IC=0,76-0,87) of the women and 62% IC=0,55-0,69) of the men. The highest prevalence rates were found for neck symptoms (51%). The MUEQ-Br demonstrated to be a valid tool for the assessment of risk factors related to pain in the upper extremity among Brazilian computer office workers.

KRÄNKNINGAR INOM VÅRDENRAPPORTERADE AV MANLIGA PATIENTER INOM PSYKIATRISK VÅRD  - EN ENKÄTSTUDIE EVA LÖNNQVIST SORTANDREA PETROVIC Lönnqvist Sort, E & Petrovic, A. Kränkningar inom vården, -Rapporterade av män inom psykiatrisk vård. Examensarbete för magisterexamen med inriktning mot psykiatrisk omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng, Malmö Universitet: Fakulteten för Hälsa och Samhälle, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2022.  Bakgrund: Vårdpersonal har ett ansvar att värna om patienters hälsa. Trots detta visar studier att kränkningar i vården är ett förekommande fenomen som orsakar lidande och har negativ inverkan på framtida vårdkontakter. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka förekomst och medfört lidande av kränkningar i vården, rapporterat av män inom psykiatrisk vård. Metod: Frågor gällande kränkningar i vården ingick i en prevalensstudie med manliga patienter inom psykiatrisk vård (n=210). Frågeformuläret NorVold Abuse Questionnaire for men [m-NorAQ] användes vid datainsamlingen. Av de 210 männen besvarade 142 män de frågor i m-NorAQ som rör kränkningar i vården och inkluderades därmed i studien. Av dessa vårdandes 70 inom allmänpsykiatrisk vård, samt 72 inom beroendevård. Insamlad data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik. Resultat: Av 142 män rapporterade 56 (39.4 %) att de upplevt kränkningar i vården. Två tredjedelar av männen som rapporterat kränkningar angav att de upplevde någon grad av lidande som konsekvens. Konklusion: Resultatet visar att en hög andel av männen upplevt kränkningar i vården och att dessa upplevelser kan medföra lidande. Studien bidrar till kunskap kring kränkningar i vården, dock krävs vidare forskning för att kunna uppnå en bredare och fördjupad förståelse av detta fenomen. / ABUSE IN HEALTH CAREREPORTED BY MALE PATIENTS IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE- A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY EVA LÖNNQVIST SORTANDREA PETROVIC Lönnqvist Sort, E & Petrovic, A. Abuse in Healthcare, - reported by male patients in psychiatric care. Degree project in nursing,15 credit points, one year master. Malmö university: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Care Science, 2022.  Background: Health care professionals have a responsibility to care for the health of patients. Nonetheless, earlier studies show that Abuse in health care (AHC) is an occurring phenomenon that causes suffering and has a negative impact on future contact with health care. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of AHC and entailed suffering reported by male patients in psychiatric care. Methods: Questions regarding AHC were part of a prevalence study of male patients within psychiatric care (n=210). The NorVold Abuse Questionnaire for men [m-NorAQ] was used to collect the data. Of the 210 men, 142 answered the questions regarding AHC in m-NorAQ and were therefor included in the study. Seventy of the men were treated within general psychiatric care and 72 were receiving care for addiction. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Fifty-six (39.4 %) of the 142 men reported experiences of AHC. Two-thirds of the men who had reported experiences of AHC declared some degree of suffering from the experiences. Conclusion: The results show that a large part of the men had experienced AHC and that the experiences can cause suffering. The study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding AHC, more research is required to gain a broader and deeper understanding of this phenomenon.

The holistic user experience (UX) is comprised of both pragmatic and hedonic qualities and encompasses both product-centric and service-type experiences. Currently there is no questionnaire that measures the holistic UX for both types of experiences, and, without one, it is not possible to measure multimodal experiences that cross between experience types within the same extended experience. To address this need, the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), originally designed to measure product-centric experiences, was generalized to work for both product-centric and service-type experiences in a variant called the Generalized User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-G). In a first study, the UEQ-G was tested alongside the UEQ in legacy, product-centric scenarios. Participants were asked to test two mobile applications and then evaluate them using either the UEQ-G or the UEQ. The performance of both questionnaires was indistinguishable, and the UEQ-G was found to be an appropriate tool for evaluating product-centric scenarios. In a second study, the UEQ-G was tested in service-type scenarios where, in each scenario, there were two conditions for which a UEQ-G factor was designed to be either high or low depending on the scenario condition. Participants were asked to observe a scenario video in either the high or low condition and then complete a series of five questionnaires that included the UEQ-G. Each of the UEQ-G factors was found to be sensitive to differences in scenario conditions; however, a question was left unanswered about the stimulation factor’s validity. In a final study, the UEQ-G was used to evaluate multimodal experiences in the wild. Participants were asked to order food using the Chickil-A® mobile app and then go to the restaurant to pick up their orders. Upon their return, participants were asked to complete the same series of questionnaires from the second study including the UEQ-G. Results indicated that the UEQ-G was able to detect both hedonic and pragmatic qualities within the multimodal experience and that the vast majority of the relationships seen in the second study were also seen in the third. Through these studies, the UEQ-G demonstrated potential as a questionnaire for measuring the holistic UX in multimodal experiences.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Delores Chambers / Psychographic Questionnaires: A Comparative Review of Structures and Scales In recent years there has been a growing trend toward integrating psychographic profiles into sensory studies with the aim of more holistically explaining consumer segmentation and preferences. With this shift in approach have come questions on the nature of psychographic scales and the theoretical implications of their structure. Given the plethora of existing psychographic scales in common practice, the purpose of this review is to give a concise overview in the breadth of structures, with the aim of helping sensory researchers identify the most appropriate scale for their needs. The review begins with a critical comparison of the three most common scale classes: Likert, Semantic Differential, and Behavioral Frequency, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Following that, a review of psychographic questionnaire design highlights differences from sensory practices, drawing attention to sources of response bias in specific design typologies which may reduce data quality in a product design.

The world of work has become extremely volatile, with the scarcity of skills and the management of human capital at the top of the agenda. Human capital is the most valuable asset in any organisation. It is evident that leadership is vital in organisations in ensuring their success; thus making leadership empowerment behaviour crucial. It is essential that our leaders become people developers who focus on growing and up skilling subordinates as a way of attracting and retaining talent. It is important that leaders create an enabling environment for their subordinates; one of independence, innovation and, more importantly, growth and development. The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the leadership empowerment questionnaire by investigating internal consistency; furthermore investigating the differences between genders regarding male and female perceptions of leadership empowerment behaviour. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was used. The measuring battery comprised the Leadership Empowerment Behaviour Questionnaire (LEBQ), which is originally a six-factor structure. The analysis was carried out using the IBM-SPSS and Mplus statistical modelling programs. Reliability was explored by utilising the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) index (rho). Construct validity was assessed by examining the factor structure, utilising the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the CFA. Satisfactory reliability indices were attained. A three-factor model of the LEBQ was confirmed. The three-factor model consists of autonomy, development and accountability. Measurement invariance was tested by the use of configural, scalar and metric invariance. The configural model concluded that the three-factor structure obtained for the total sample also holds for the two groups (Males & Females) of respondents separately. The metric model indicates that the latent variables are measured in the same way with the same metric in the two target groups. The Scalar model indicates that on these three items, males and females differ regarding their starting points in their response to these questions. Although there were differences in the starting points of certain items, there were no real differences evident in the overall model regarding males and females. Recommendations for further research were made. / MA (Industrial Psychology)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015

In psychology and other related fields, the study of meaning in life has shown a re-emergence of scientific interest (e.g. Hicks & King, 2009; Ho, Cheung & Cheung, 2010; Steger, Oishi & Kashdan, 2009; Wong, 2011). The recent increase in interest may be attributed to the links made to positive psychological and health outcomes, such as: psychological strengths, subjective well-being and hope amongst others (Diener, 2000; Diener & Ryan, 2009; Fredrickson, 2000; Snyder, 2002; Ungar, 2008, 2011). Research has also shown that a lack of meaning in life has been linked to negative psychological outcomes (Steger et al., 2006; Zika & Chaimberlain, 1992). Whilst authors agree that meaning in life is important the conceptualisation of meaningfulness has been conflicted (Auhagen, 2000). More recently Steger and his colleagues (2006) have conceptualised that meaning in life consists of two inter-dependent constructs; namely the presence of meaning in life and the search for meaning in life. The presence of meaning in life is defined as “the extent to which people comprehend, make sense of and see significance in their lives, accompanied by the degree to which they perceive themselves to have a purpose, mission or overarching aim in life”; and the search for meaning in life refers to the “degree to which people are trying to establish and/or augment their comprehension of meaning in life, significance and purpose” (Steger et al., 2006). Based on this conceptualisation Steger et al. (2006) have developed the MLQ (Meaning in Life Questionnaire) with two separate but interrelated constructs; the Presence of Meaning in life (5-items) and the Search for Meaning in life (5-items). The items of the measure are measured on a 7-point Likert-scale where participants are required to state their agreement with statements ranging from 1 (Absolutely untrue) to 7 (Absolutely true). The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) as a measure of the Search for and Presence of Meaning in life so as to validate the scale in an African context. In an endeavour to validate this scale a multicultural group of students from the North-West University in South Africa (n=326) recruited by their lecturers, completed a set of questionnaires. Most of the participants were female (n=243, 74.5%), while male participants made up 24.5% of the sample. The results of this study are in support of the scale’s reliability and validity in an African context. Confirmatory factor analysis confirms the goodness of fit of the scale. The two factor structure was favoured. In conclusion, future research should also investigate the measurement equivalence of the MLQ on the basis of language (see Hambleton & Zenisky, 2011; Van de Vijver & Leung, 2011). Measurement equivalence and item response theory studies may provide evidence on whether there are cross-cultural and language differences in how participants interpret and respond to the MLQ items. One might also assess relationships between meaning in life and positive functioning indicators in this sample. / MSc (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In psychology and other related fields, the study of meaning in life has shown a re-emergence of scientific interest (e.g. Hicks & King, 2009; Ho, Cheung & Cheung, 2010; Steger, Oishi & Kashdan, 2009; Wong, 2011). The recent increase in interest may be attributed to the links made to positive psychological and health outcomes, such as: psychological strengths, subjective well-being and hope amongst others (Diener, 2000; Diener & Ryan, 2009; Fredrickson, 2000; Snyder, 2002; Ungar, 2008, 2011). Research has also shown that a lack of meaning in life has been linked to negative psychological outcomes (Steger et al., 2006; Zika & Chaimberlain, 1992). Whilst authors agree that meaning in life is important the conceptualisation of meaningfulness has been conflicted (Auhagen, 2000). More recently Steger and his colleagues (2006) have conceptualised that meaning in life consists of two inter-dependent constructs; namely the presence of meaning in life and the search for meaning in life. The presence of meaning in life is defined as “the extent to which people comprehend, make sense of and see significance in their lives, accompanied by the degree to which they perceive themselves to have a purpose, mission or overarching aim in life”; and the search for meaning in life refers to the “degree to which people are trying to establish and/or augment their comprehension of meaning in life, significance and purpose” (Steger et al., 2006). Based on this conceptualisation Steger et al. (2006) have developed the MLQ (Meaning in Life Questionnaire) with two separate but interrelated constructs; the Presence of Meaning in life (5-items) and the Search for Meaning in life (5-items). The items of the measure are measured on a 7-point Likert-scale where participants are required to state their agreement with statements ranging from 1 (Absolutely untrue) to 7 (Absolutely true). The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) as a measure of the Search for and Presence of Meaning in life so as to validate the scale in an African context. In an endeavour to validate this scale a multicultural group of students from the North-West University in South Africa (n=326) recruited by their lecturers, completed a set of questionnaires. Most of the participants were female (n=243, 74.5%), while male participants made up 24.5% of the sample. The results of this study are in support of the scale’s reliability and validity in an African context. Confirmatory factor analysis confirms the goodness of fit of the scale. The two factor structure was favoured. In conclusion, future research should also investigate the measurement equivalence of the MLQ on the basis of language (see Hambleton & Zenisky, 2011; Van de Vijver & Leung, 2011). Measurement equivalence and item response theory studies may provide evidence on whether there are cross-cultural and language differences in how participants interpret and respond to the MLQ items. One might also assess relationships between meaning in life and positive functioning indicators in this sample. / MSc (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The world of work has become extremely volatile, with the scarcity of skills and the management of human capital at the top of the agenda. Human capital is the most valuable asset in any organisation. It is evident that leadership is vital in organisations in ensuring their success; thus making leadership empowerment behaviour crucial. It is essential that our leaders become people developers who focus on growing and up skilling subordinates as a way of attracting and retaining talent. It is important that leaders create an enabling environment for their subordinates; one of independence, innovation and, more importantly, growth and development. The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the leadership empowerment questionnaire by investigating internal consistency; furthermore investigating the differences between genders regarding male and female perceptions of leadership empowerment behaviour. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was used. The measuring battery comprised the Leadership Empowerment Behaviour Questionnaire (LEBQ), which is originally a six-factor structure. The analysis was carried out using the IBM-SPSS and Mplus statistical modelling programs. Reliability was explored by utilising the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) index (rho). Construct validity was assessed by examining the factor structure, utilising the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the CFA. Satisfactory reliability indices were attained. A three-factor model of the LEBQ was confirmed. The three-factor model consists of autonomy, development and accountability. Measurement invariance was tested by the use of configural, scalar and metric invariance. The configural model concluded that the three-factor structure obtained for the total sample also holds for the two groups (Males & Females) of respondents separately. The metric model indicates that the latent variables are measured in the same way with the same metric in the two target groups. The Scalar model indicates that on these three items, males and females differ regarding their starting points in their response to these questions. Although there were differences in the starting points of certain items, there were no real differences evident in the overall model regarding males and females. Recommendations for further research were made. / MA (Industrial Psychology)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015

Il existe plusieurs questionnaires destinés à soutenir les gestionnaires au niveau du développement de leurs compétences. Toutefois, la plupart ne font pas référence à des situations d'apprentissage concrètes liées au travail. Or, il semble que les compétences de gestion s'acquièrent principalement sur le terrain. Afin de pallier à cette lacune, la présente recherche propose un outil, le Questionnaire sur les défis de gestion et les stratégies de développement.Il s'appuie sur le postulat théorique que le gestionnaire développe ses compétences dans l'action à travers diverses situations et plus particulièrement lorsqu'elles lui posent un défi.Il est actif dans son processus d'apprentissage et se développe en activant des stratégies de développement. Une version préliminaire de l'outil a d'abord été construite et présentée à trois gestionnaires. Leurs commentaires ont permis d'élaborer une version expérimentale web. Au total, l'outil a été administré à 71 gestionnaires comportant des caractéristiques différentes et provenant d'organisations diverses. À l'aide du questionnaire, les participants ont d'abord identifié trois défis rencontrés dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, parmi une liste de 44. En référant à chacun d'eux, ils ont ensuite évalué l'utilité de 41 stratégies de développement sur une échelle de type Likert. Les résultats de la recherche démontrent que les propriétés métriques de l'outil sont satisfaisantes pour être utilisé auprès des gestionnaires qui souhaitent développer les compétences liées à leur rôle. Les résultats apportent aussi un éclairage concernant l'apprentissage des compétences de gestion. Ainsi, il semble que peu importe le défi rencontré, travailler sur ses perceptions, se fixer un objectif précis et rechercher du feed-back et des opinions constituent des stratégies utiles pour faire face aux défis. Les résultats indiquent aussi que le contexte particulier dans lequel s'inscrit le défi fait quelque peu varié l'utilité perçue des stratégies de développement. Ce qui démontre aussi l'importance d'une approche individualisée en matière de développement des compétences.