<p> </p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong>Construction of a laboratory lesson for upper secondary school in the area of Liquid Chromatography, including carrying through the laboratory lesson in a class</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Laboratory lessons constitute an important part of science education. There are different sorts of laboratory lessons. In some laboratory lessons the students themselves are active, and in others the teacher demonstrates an experiment for the students. Some laborative work can be defined by the teacher while other can give the students an opportunity to plan an investigation themselves.</p><p> </p><p>A new laboratory lesson, on the area of Liquid Chromatography, for upper secondary school has been made. In the laboratory lesson chocolate is analysed regarding the content of caffeine and theobromine. The laboratory lesson has been carried out in a class, to see what the students know about solubility, dilution, chromatography and analytical procedure after they have gone through the laboratory lesson. To get information about the students knowledge a questionnaire study was done. Teachers also have been interviewed, for their opinion about laboratory lessons as a part of science education.</p><p> </p><p>All students showed some knowledge about solubility, and most students also had knowledge about chromatography even if they described different aspects of it. Dilutions was not a problem for most of the students. Many students also showed an understanding of the analytical procedure. For the teachers interviewed laborative work was an important part of science education.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Liquid chromatography, laboratory lesson, upper secondary school, chocolate, theobromine, caffeine, questionnaire study, and interviews.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Advisor:  <strong>Margareta Sandahl, </strong>Lund University</p><p><strong>Olle Eskilsson, </strong>Kristianstad University</p><p>Degree project 30 credits in Chemistry/Educational Science 2008/2009</p><p>Department of Chemistry, Lund University</p><p>School of Teacher Education, Kristianstad University</p>

Construction of a laboratory lesson for upper secondary school in the area of Liquid Chromatography, including carrying through the laboratory lesson in a class Laboratory lessons constitute an important part of science education. There are different sorts of laboratory lessons. In some laboratory lessons the students themselves are active, and in others the teacher demonstrates an experiment for the students. Some laborative work can be defined by the teacher while other can give the students an opportunity to plan an investigation themselves.   A new laboratory lesson, on the area of Liquid Chromatography, for upper secondary school has been made. In the laboratory lesson chocolate is analysed regarding the content of caffeine and theobromine. The laboratory lesson has been carried out in a class, to see what the students know about solubility, dilution, chromatography and analytical procedure after they have gone through the laboratory lesson. To get information about the students knowledge a questionnaire study was done. Teachers also have been interviewed, for their opinion about laboratory lessons as a part of science education.   All students showed some knowledge about solubility, and most students also had knowledge about chromatography even if they described different aspects of it. Dilutions was not a problem for most of the students. Many students also showed an understanding of the analytical procedure. For the teachers interviewed laborative work was an important part of science education.   Key words: Liquid chromatography, laboratory lesson, upper secondary school, chocolate, theobromine, caffeine, questionnaire study, and interviews.     Advisor:  Margareta Sandahl, Lund University Olle Eskilsson, Kristianstad University Degree project 30 credits in Chemistry/Educational Science 2008/2009 Department of Chemistry, Lund University School of Teacher Education, Kristianstad University

Heart failure is the most common reason to hospitalization among persons over 65 years old. Self-care is an important part in the treatment of heart failure, but poor information and knowledge limits the ability of self-care and increases the risk of admission to hospital. The aim of the study was to investigate what information patients with heart failure describes that they receive from health care personal, how information is perceived, who provides the information, and on what occasions it is given. The aim was also to investigate whether patients' perception of knowledge about heart failure increased after hospitalization. The study is cross-sectional study with a descriptive design. A consecutive selection was used. A questionnaire was filled in by 28 participants. The study has shown that patients with heart failure largely experience information about heart failure inadequate. At firsthand the participants had been informed about swelling legs, dyspnea and increased weight. The information was highly described as comprehensible and individualized. Only one third of the participants described that they have been informed by a nurse. A few of the participants experienced increased knowledge about heart failure after the hospitalization. The information that is given to patients with heart failure is highly experienced as individualized and comprehensible but is given in insufficient extend, as the result demonstrate that many patients with heart failure completely lack information. A routine for heart failure caretaking that include information is required. / Hjärtsvikt är den vanligaste orsaken till inläggning på sjukhus hos personer över 65 år. Egenvård är en viktig del i behandlingen av hjärtsvikt, men bristande information och kunskap begränsar möjligheten till egenvård och därmed ökar risken för inläggning på sjukhus. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilken information patienter med diagnosen hjärtsvikt beskriver att de får från vårdpersonal, på vilket sätt informationen upplevs, vem som ger informationen samt vid vilka tillfällen den ges. Syftet var också att undersöka om patientens upplevda kunskap om hjärtsvikt ökat efter vårdtillfället. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv design och genomförd som en enkätstudie med konsekutivt urval (N= 28). Studien visade att hjärtsviktpatienter i stor utsträckning upplever information om hjärtsvikt från vårdpersonal som otillräcklig. I första hand har deltagarna upplevt att de informerats om bensvullnad, andfåddhet, viktuppgång. Informationen upplevdes i hög grad lättförståelig och individuellt anpassad. Endast en tredjedel av deltagarna beskrev att de fått information av en sjuksköterska. Ett fåtal av deltagarna upplevde att kunskaperna om hjärtsvikt ökat efter vårdtillfället. Den information som ges till hjärtsviktspatienter upplevs till stor grad som individuellt anpassad och lättförståelig men informationen sker i bristande omfattning då resultatet visar att många patienter helt saknar information. Det behövs en rutin för omhändertagande av hjärtsviktspatienter som innefattar information.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka vad som styr lärares val, avseende estetisk integrering i undervisningen. Undersökningen omfattar klasslärare i grundskolans tidiga år. Empirin samlades in genom enkätundersökning med slutna och öppna frågor samt genom halvstrukturerade samtalsintervjuer. Under intervjuerna gavs möjlighet att ställa fler frågor som fokuserade på faktorer som kan vara förutsättningar för estetisk integrering i undervisningen. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades utifrån studiens frågeställningar samt ramfaktorteorin. Tidigare forskning visar positiva effekter av att arbeta med estetiska uttryckssätt i undervisningen. Forskningen belyser även en mer komplex bild av den estetiska integreringen. Denna studies resultat indikerar att lärare är positiva till estetisk integrering i de teoretiska ämnena, men att det finns faktorer som styr omfattningen av den estetiska integreringen. Det behövs exempelvis tid till förberedelser och efterarbete samt anpassade lokaler när man arbetar med estetiska uttryckssätt. Goda kunskaper i de estetiska ämnena och elevernas intresse för det estetiska är något som motiverar många lärare. Läroplanen upplevs både motiverande och som en ram lärare måste hålla sig inom. En av undersökningens slutsatser är att den estetiska integreringen i undervisning är komplex. Det finns en rad faktorer som spelar in i lärarnas val av hur de bedriver sin undervisning. Lärarna har ett frirum för initiativ. Samtidigt är frirummet en del i ett skolsystem med regler och ramar som lärare måste förhålla sig till. / The purpose of the study is to examine what factors lead teachers to include, or not include, aesthetic elements in their work with children. The empirical data was collected via a web-based questionnaire as well as two semi-structured interviews, all three concerned teachers working within the first grades of primary school. The interviews allowed for deeper discussion of survey questions and the frame factors that may affect the aesthetic integration. The collected information was analysed according to the frame factor theory. Previous research suggests that art integration in early education has a positive effect on learning. However, it also provides a more complex picture of such integration. Our study indicates that teachers in general have a positive view on art integration in theoretical subjects, but nevertheless there are various factors that reduce the extent to which this integration takes place. Time, space, teacher competence within the aesthetic area, as well as interest from pupils and teachers all seem to play an important part. The current curriculum appears alternately to motivate teachers and lock them within an inflexible framework. In conclusion, art integration is rather complex. There is a range of factors which affect how teachers choose to pursue their teaching. Teachers have a certain freedom of initiative, a 'free space' within which they try their ideas. Even so, this 'free space' is part of a school system with regulations and frames, which the teachers have to take into consideration.

Swedish Radiation Safety Authority has suggested guide-lines regarding information to individuals who undergo radiographic examinations. The guide-lines concerns medical care but patients in dental care can also be expected to have a wish to be informed about ionizing radiation. The main objective was to find out the patient’s perception of their knowledge about x-ray radiation and if they have a need to know more about x-rays. A questionnaire study was performed at two public dental clinics in Sweden during a twomonth period in the summer 2016. Patients ≥ 18 years old who gave their consent to participate were included in the study. Of all 429 participants 44 % declared an average knowledge about x-ray radiation and 37 % of all participants declared an inadequate knowledge. A total of 54 % had been informed about x-ray and its effects. School was the most common information source. Approximately 76 % had the perception that dental x-ray radiation is not harmful. 51 % declared the need to know more about x-ray. Approximately 52 % declared no knowledge about natural background radiation and 59 % declared it valuable to know more about dental x-ray in relation to natural background radiation. The participants showed mixed opinion and perception about x-ray radiation. A majority of patients want to know more about x-ray radiation. The study did not identify any particular group(s) needing more information about x-ray radiation than what is included in the justification of the radiographic examination.

Antalet personer som lever med hjärtsvikt ökar. Fatigue är ett av de vanligaste symtomen vid hjärtsvikt och kan beskrivas som en överväldigande fysisk, kognitiv och känslomässig trötthet som inte kan lindras med normala återhämtningsmetoder. Trots att fatigue har stor negativ påverkan på livskvalitet och egenvård uppmärksammas det sällan i lika stor utsträckning som övriga symtom vid hjärtsvikt. För att sjuksköterskor ska kunna erbjuda personcentrerad omvårdnad till denna komplexa och växande patientgrupp krävs ökad kunskap om hur fatigue tar sig uttryck hos personer med hjärtsvikt. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva förekomst av fem olika dimensioner av fatigue i relation till kön, NYHA-klass och EF-kategori hos personer med hjärtsvikt. Metoden för studien var kvantitativ, med en induktiv ansats och icke-experimentell design. Datainsamlingen utfördes med hjälp av The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), en validerad enkät som identifierar fem olika dimensioner av fatigue; generell fatigue, fysisk fatigue, mental fatigue, minskad motivation och minskad aktivitet. Genom ett konsekutivt urval inkluderades 92 personer som besvarade MFI-20 i samband med ett besök på en dagvårdsmottagning för hjärtsvikt. MFI-20-enkäterna analyserades med hjälp av det statistiska mjukvaruprogrammet SPSS. Resultatet i denna studie visade att kvinnor uppgav signifikant högre nivåer av fatigue än män i tre av fem dimensioner. Oavsett kön uppgavs högst nivåer i dimensionen fysisk fatigue. Vidare indikerade resultatet att personer med högre NYHA-klass uppgav högre nivåer av fatigue och personer med HFpEF uppgav högre nivåer av fatigue än de med HFrEF. Slutsatsen är att sjuksköterskor behöver arbeta utifrån vetskapen om att fatigue är vanligt förekommande hos personer med hjärtsvikt, i signifikant högre nivåer hos kvinnor än hos män. Studiedeltagarna uppgav högst nivåer av fysisk fatigue, och omvårdnad och patientinformation behöver utformas därefter. Genom personcentrerad omvårdnad kan sjuksköterskor uppmärksamma fatigue och stötta varje person i dennes egenvård i takt med sjukdomsprogressionen. Rutiner och effektiva instrument behöver utvecklas för att kunna bedöma fatigue och utvärdera tillhörande omvårdnadsåtgärder. Vidare forskning krävs kring varför personer med bevarad pumpförmåga uppgett högre nivåer av fatigue än de med nedsatt pumpförmåga. / The prevalence of persons with heart failure is increasing. Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of heart failure and can be described as an overwhelming physical, cognitive and emotional tiredness that is not relieved by normal recovery strategies. Despite the fact that fatigue has a negative impact on quality of life and self care, it rarely receives the same attention as other heart failure symptoms. To enable nurses to offer a patient- centered care to this complex and growing group of patients, increased knowledge concerning how fatigue is affecting persons with heart failure is needed. The aim of the study was to describe five dimensions of fatigue in relation to gender, NYHA-class and EF-category among persons with heart failure. The method of the study was quantitative, with an inductive approach and non- experimental design. Data collection was performed using The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI20), a validated questionnaire which identifies five dimensions of fatigue; general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced motivation and reduced activity. Through a consecutive sample 92 participants were included and answered MFI-20 during an visit at a heart failure outpatient clinic. The MFI-20 questionnaires were analyzed using the statistical software program SPSS. The result of this study showed that women reported significantly higher levels of fatigue than men in three out of five dimensions. Regardless of gender the highest levels were reported in physical fatigue. Furthermore the result showed that worse NYHA-categories was associated with higher levels of fatigue. Study participants with HFpEF reported higher levels of fatigue than participants with HFrEF. The conclusion is that nurses need to base their work on the knowledge that fatigue is a common symptom in persons with heart failure, with significantly higher levels in in women than in men. Study participants reported higher levels of physical fatigue, and nursing care and patient information should be designed accordingly. Through patient- centered care nurses can identify fatigue and support patient self care as the heart failure progress. Development of routines and effective instruments is needed to assess fatigue and evaluate nursing care, as well as further research concerning fatigue in persons with HFpEF.

Chatbots are increasing in popularity, both as a valuable tool for commercial purposes but also as an area of academic research. It has been successfully applied in multiple application areas such as healthcare, education, customer service and work support. Despite the successful use and application of chatbots research has identified two main user experience challenges: technical- and hedonistic limitations. Users also have a hard time understanding what level of competence and functionality they can expect from a chatbot. To combat these challenges, further research is needed to understand the user adoption and perception of chatbots. This study aims to research both the experiences and usage of customer service chatbots but also explore what preferences customers have when it comes to interacting with customer service chatbots or human customer service representatives in e-commerce. The theoretical technology acceptance model called Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was applied for this study. A quantitative study comparing customer service chatbots versus human customer service representatives was performed by conducting a questionnaire. The results from the questionnaire indicated that the participants of the study in general rated human customer service representatives higher in most question categories. The results indicate that the participants would prefer to interact with human service representatives over customer service chatbots which indicates that there is still opposition and challenges surrounding the adoption of customer service chatbots in e-commerce.

Bakgrund: Omvårdnadsepikrisen är den utskrivningsanteckning som sammanfattar viktiga händelser under en patients vårdtid rörande omvårdnadsfaktorer när vårdepisoden tagit slut. Termen omvårdnadsepikris ingår som ett så kallat huvudsökord i den svenska dokumentationsmodellen VIPS. Denna modell har tagits fram för att ge stöd åt de olika delarna av omvårdnadsprocessen. Neuropsykiatriska kliniken, avd 1 (NP) vid Universitetssjukhuset Malmö Allmänna Sjukhus (UMAS) genomför ett fortlöpande utvecklingsarbete gällande utformningen av omvårdnadsepikriser vari denna studie ingår som en del.Syfte: Att undersöka vilken betydelse omvårdnadsepikrisen utfärdad av NP har som underlag i det fortsatta omvårdnadsarbetet för sjuksköterskor verksamma inom hemsjukvård, särskilda boenden samt korttidsboenden. Metod: Kvalitativt och kvantitativt utformad enkätstudie baserad på ett strategiskt urval och presenterat med hjälp av en deskriptiv analysmetod. Totalt deltog 18 respondenter.Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna använder omvårdnadsepikrisen utfärdad av NP som ett underlag i den fortsatta omvårdnadsplaneringen. Detta motiverades bland annat med argumenten att det är viktigt att få bakgrundsinformation om patienten för att lättare kunna möta dess omvårdnadsbehov.Slutsats: De sjuksköterskorna som ingår i studien använder NP:s omvårdnadsepikriser som ett underlag för planering av det dagliga omvårdnadsarbetet. Att dessa sjuksköterskor tycker att NP:s omvårdnadsepikriser är till hjälp vid den fortsatta omvårdnadsplaneringen kan också utläsas. Eftersom studiens svar i princip bara behandlar åsikter om just NP:s omvårdnadsepikriser kan resultatet inte överföras såsom gällande för andra avdelningar inom slutenvården. Viss generalisering för undersökt poulation, det vill säga kommunala vårdboende som tar emot eller potentiellt kan ta emot patienter från NP, bör dock kunna göras. / Background: The note that summarizes important events regarding nursing factors during a patients care episode, after the episodes’ ending, is the nursing discharge note. The term nursing discharge note is a part of the Swedish nursing documentation model VIPS which is a model containg of different headwords, where of the nursing discharge note is one. The model has been developed to support the different parts of the so called nursing process. The Neuropsychiatric clinic, department 1 (NP) at the university hospital Universitetssjukhuset Malmö Allmänna Sjukhus (UMAS) is carrying out continuous work to develop their nursing discharge note where of this study can be seen as one part. Aim: To investigate what importance the nursing discharge note written by NP has as a base in the continuous daily care planning performed by nurses in homecare or at different kinds of livings for patients in municipal geriatric care. Methods: A qualitative and quantitative questionnaire study based on a strategic sample and presented with a descriptive method of analyzes. In total 18 informants participated.Results: The nurses participating in this study use the nursing discharge note written by NP as a base in their continuous daily care planning. The importance of knowing the background information about a person to easier meet his need as a patient was mentioned as one of the reasons.Conclusions: The nurses participating in this study use the nursing discharge note from NP as a base for their daily care planning. It can also be understood that these nurses find that the nursing discharge note from NP is helping them in their care planning. The results from this study cannot be used as a guideline for other departments within hospital care as it only focuses on NP’s nursing discharge note. Though, within the investigated population, a certain generalization could be possible to do.

Sjuksköterskors attityd till omvårdnadsforskning och forskningsanknytning i sitt omvårdnadsarbete är en del i omvårdnadens utveckling. Denna studie har för syfte att beskriva psykiatrisjuksköterskors attityd till omvårdnadsforskning och forskningsanknytning. Frågeformulär skickades till 40 slumpmässigt utvalda sjuksköterskor inom vuxenpsykiatrisk vård på ett universitetssjukhus i södra Sverige. Data har bearbetats i SPSS 11.5 och redovisas med frekvenstabeller och diagram. Resultat från 26 erhållna frågeformulär visar att psykiatrisjuksköterskorna hade en positiv attityd till forskning men att resultat från forskning inte används i någon större utsträckning. Vidare visade resultatet en begränsad forskningsmedvetenhet. Organisatoriska insatser såsom stöd och engagemang från chefer, utbildning i vetenskapliga metoder samt stöd i tillämpningen av forskningsresultat och utveckling mot evidensbaserad vård skulle främja sjuksköterskors forskningsanknytning. / Nurses` attitude to nursing research and research utilization in their field of work is a part of the nursing development. This studies aim is to describe psychiatric nurse’s attitude towards nursing research and research utilization. Questionnaires were sent to 40 randomly selected nurses within adult psychiatric care in a university hospital in the south of Sweden. Data was processed in SPSS 11.5 and described with frequency tables and diagrams. The result from 26 received questionnaire showed that psychiatric nurses have a positive attitude to research but they do not use the results of research to any large extent. Further more the results showed limited research awareness.Organizational efforts such as support from managers, education in research methods, support to bring research results into practice and development towards evidence based care would promote nurses research utilization.

In the definite form an adjective in Swedish can end in either -a or -e, with the e-form being used in writing especially with masculine reference together with nouns of the n-gender. For a long time, however, there has been some variation in usage, so that the e-form is sometimes also employed with female reference or together with nouns of t-gender. Widmark shows in a study from 1992 that there is uncertainty among Swedish speakers about how the forms should be used. The aim of the present study is to investigate the extent to which speakers accept different uses in writing of the e-form of the adjective in the definite singular form, and to see whether the sociolinguistic vari­ables age, sex, dialect, education and familiarity with writing are of any significance in this. Another aim is to conduct a comparison with Widmark’s study to see whether there has been any change in usage in the last few decades. The study proceeds from sociolinguistic theory of linguistic variation and changes and uses a quantitative method. In a questionnaire the respondents were asked to judge a number of examples with the e-form of the adjective in different linguistic contexts. The number of respondents was 181; they constitute a convenience sample. To find material for the examples in the questionnaire, a corpus study was undertaken first. The result shows that acceptance of expressions that do not follow the norms of written language is in most cases low. A majority of the respondents think that the e-form should be used primarily with masculine or general reference. Younger respondents are more uncertain about usage, while older respondents follow the written standard to a higher extent. Women take a more negative view of non-standard uses; on the other hand, more men than women are positive towards examples where the e-form is used according to the norm. Dialect is significant in that respondents from parts of Sweden where final ‑a has become ‑e are more willing to accept non-standard uses. Respondents with a university education reply to a higher extent in accordance with the written norm. The result found no difference in usage compared with Widmark’s study.