La liaison en français consiste en l’apparition d’une consonne de liaison entre deux mots dans des contextes précis de la chaîne parlée qui sont divisés en trois catégories : les contextes où la liaison est catégorique (un /n/ enfant), ceux où elle est variable (un gros /z/ avion) et ceux où elle est erratique (une chanson // anglaise). L’objectif de cette recherche est double : dans la première partie, nous exposons une analyse de chaque dimension linguistique et sociolinguistique impliquée dans le phénomène de la liaison. Chacune d’entre elles permet d’éclairer les études qui ont été réalisées ces dernières années auprès d’apprenants de FLE de niveau intermédiaire à avancé, afin de découvrir dans quelle mesure ils parviennent à s’approprier la liaison, en perception comme en production. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons une étude expérimentale de l’appropriation de la liaison en français suivie par 17 apprenants coréens de FLE de niveau A1-A2 du CECRL enregistrés trois fois sur une durée d’un an, ainsi que par 165 enfants francophones natifs de deux à six ans. Comme il est impossible de comparer les deux groupes de participants du fait de conditions environnementales et de compétences cognitives non alignables, nous avons élaboré une méthode innovante d’appariement sur la base de données factuelles. Nos résultats nous permettent non seulement d’étayer le modèle constructionniste de l’acquisition de la liaison L1 (Chevrot, Dugua, & Fayol, 2009; Chevrot, Dugua, Harnois-Delpiano, Siccardi, & Spinelli, 2013) mais aussi d’esquisser le processus d’appropriation de la liaison L2, très influencé par la graphie apprise dès les premiers cours de FLE. Nous concluons par une mise en perspective didactique prenant en compte l’ensemble des prismes de ce kaléidoscope linguistique de la liaison en français car sans une perception claire de chacun d’entre eux, les apprenants de FLE ne peuvent qu’avoir une vision floue du phénomène. / French liaison is the appearance of a liaison consonant between two words in specific contexts within the spoken word chain. These contexts are divided into three categories : those where the liaison is categorical (e.g. “a child” : un /n/ enfant ), those where it is variable (e.g. “a big plane” : un gros /z/ avion) and those where it is forbidden (e.g. “an english song” : une chanson // anglaise ).The aim of this research is twofold. In the first part, we present an analysis of each linguistic and sociolinguistic sub-field involved in the phenomenon of French liaison. Each of them will allow to shed light on studies of the acquisition of French liaison that have been conducted with learners of FFL (intermediate to advanced level) in recent years. In the second part, we present a comparative study of the acquisition of French liaison based on experimental tasks performed by 17 Korean learners of FFL (level A1-A2 of the CEFR) recorded three times over a one-year and by 165 native children aged two to six. As it is impossible to compare the two groups of participants due to environmental conditions and to different cognitive skills, we have developed an innovative matching method based on factual data. On the one hand, this supports the constructionist model of the acquisition of the liaison L1 (Chevrot, Dugua, & Fayol, 2009; Chevrot, Dugua, Harnois-Delpiano, Siccardi, & Spinelli, 2013). On the other hand, this enables us to sketch the acquisition process of the liaison L2, very influenced by the spelling which is learned from the first FFL course. We conclude with a didactic perspective layout taking into account all the prisms of this linguistic kaleidoscope of French liaison because without a clear perception of each one, FFL learners are bound to have a partial and unfocused interpretation of this phenomenon.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-09T22:56:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KyviaBezerraMota_TESE.pdf: 5202658 bytes, checksum: 44dd9aeba607843c325d09b4d48f945d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-13T23:39:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KyviaBezerraMota_TESE.pdf: 5202658 bytes, checksum: 44dd9aeba607843c325d09b4d48f945d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T23:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KyviaBezerraMota_TESE.pdf: 5202658 bytes, checksum: 44dd9aeba607843c325d09b4d48f945d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-07 / Essa tese trata de duas pesquisas com diferentes naturezas conceituais no campo da modelagem molecular, por?m baseadas em semelhantes princ?pios te?ricos da f?sica qu?ntica e da qu?mica computacional. No primeiro estudo, as estabilidades dos sistemas ER?-OHT (Receptor ? de Estr?geno-Hidroxitamoxifeno), ER?-RAL (Receptor ? de Estr?geno-Raloxifeno) e Integrina ?v?3-Cilengitide foram determinadas em termos energ?ticos a partir da t?cnica de fracionamento molecular com capuzes conjugados (MFCC) e no escopo da teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT) seguindo o esquema GGA-PBE-Grimme para calcular a intera??o energias dos sistemas estudados. No primeiro estudo, foi poss?vel predizer a relev?ncia individual dos amino?cidos Glu, Asp, Arg, Lys no sistema com o Tamoxifeno e Glu, Asp e Lys com o Raloxifeno. Para isso ser poss?vel, as for?as de atra??o e repuls?o dos res?duos que comp?em os sistemas foram calculadas. Cada um desses res?duos apresentou uma energia de intera??o que variou dependendo da natureza qu?mica da sua cadeia lateral, do ambiente de microsolvata??o que o envolve e dos contatos intermoleculares que estabelece. O estudo pioneiro da estabilidade conformacional em termos energ?ticos de uma regi?o livre de amino?cidos incitar? pesquisas centradas no desenvolvimento e s?ntese de novos antagonistas utilizados no tratamento de diversas patologias comuns na popula??o geral. No segundo estudo, foram determinadas as propriedades energ?ticas do sistema Integrina ?V?3-Cilengitide, cuja estrutura cristalogr?fica apresenta c?tions Mn+2. Observou-se a import?ncias dos amino?cidos Ser, Asp, Leu, Arg, Lys, Ala e Pro na intera?ao da integrina com o fragmento RGD (R: arginina; G: glicina; D: ?cido asp?rtico) do cilengitide. A import?ncia da integrina com o fragmento RGD no mecanismo de ades?o de diversas c?lulas envolvidas nas doen?as cancer?genas e tamb?m na implanta??o embrion?ria permitir? o desenvolvimento de novas terapias impactantes na sobrevida de pacientes portadores de diversas neoplasias e na reprodu??o humana. / This thesis deals with two researches with different conceptual nature in the field of molecular modeling based on similar theoretical principles of quantum physics and computational chemistry. In the first study the stabilities of ER?-OHT (Receptor ? Estrogen co-crystalyzed with Hydroxytamoxifen), ER?-RAL (?-Estrogen Receptor co-crystalyzed with Raloxifene) and integrin ?v?3 co-crystalyzed with cilengitide systems were determined in terms of energy from the Molecular Fractionation Technique Caps Conjugates (MFCC), and the scope of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) following GGA-PBE-Grimme scheme for calculating the interaction energy of the systems studied. In the first study, it was possible to predict the relevance of individual amino acids Glu, Asp, Arg, Lys in the system with Tamoxifen and Glu, Asp and Lys in Raloxifene system. For this to be possible, the attraction and repulsion forces of the residues that comprise the systems were calculated. Each of these residues had an energy of interaction that varied depending on the chemical nature of the side chain, the microsolvation environment that surrounds and intermolecular contacts establishing. The pioneer study of conformational stability in terms of energy of free amino acid region will encourage research focusing on the development and synthesis of new antagonists used in the treatment of several common diseases in the general population. In the second study, we determined the energetic properties of Integrin ?V?3-cilengitide system, whose crystallographic structure has Mn+2 cations. It was noted the importance of amino acids Ser, Asp, Leu, Arg, Lys, Ala and Pro in integrin interaction with the RGD fragment (R: arginine; G: glycine; D: aspartic acid) of cilengitide. The importance of integrin with the RGD fragment in the adhesion mechanism of various cells involved in cancers and in embryo implantation allows the development of new therapies impacting on survival of patients with various forms of neoplasms and in human reproduction.

Esta tese estrutura-se a partir de experiências com a literatura de Guimarães Rosa no sertão de Minas Gerais e ressalta aspectos do retorno da sua obra a determinadas localidades, constituindo o que definimos como Território Literário. Alguns aspectos contribuíram nesse processo: representação do real na obra; recepção da obra geradora de ações em torno da leitura; adaptações da obra em outras linguagens. O processo criativo do escritor e suas estratégias para observar a realidade e torná-la matéria-prima da sua criação são observados a partir de registros localizados em seu arquivo no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros/USP-SP . Na perspectiva de observar o percurso da obra pelo sertão, são abordados projetos artísticos e pesquisas que mostram a obra como mobilizadora de vivências no sertão real. Destaca-se a expedição Os Loucos por Rosa (1995) como o início de um projeto coletivo em Cordisburgo, Morro da Garça e Andrequicé/Três Marias, cidades de referência na vida e obra do escritor e a partir dela as iniciativas que se firmaram nesses locais: semana culturais; narração de textos literários de cor; o bordado; pintura. As adaptações do texto para a narração oral são apresentadas pelos projetos Contadores de Estórias Miguilim e Caminhos do Sertão, ambos desenvolvidos em Cordisburgo. Na recriação da obra em imagem estão destacados os projetos artísticos: na pintura, o trabalho do artista plástico José Murilo; no bordado, experiências coletivas nas cidades, mostrando técnicas e métodos utilizados. Nessa perspectiva, a proposição de Território Literário firma-se nos caminhos da obra entre espaço, sons, imagem e várias outras ações literárias, que resultaram na valorização da cultura local e na relação estabelecida pelas comunidades com seu Território, revitalizado a partir da literatura. / This thesis is based on experiences with the literature of Guimarães Rosa in the hinterland of Minas Gerais and emphasizes aspects of the return of his work to certain localities, constituting what we define as Literary Territory. Some elements contributed to this process: representation of the real in the work; Reception of the work generating actions around reading; Creations in other languages. The creative process of the writer and his strategies for observing reality and making it the raw material of his creation are observed from records located in his archive at Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros / USP-SP. To observe the course of the work in the backlands, artistic projects and researches are presented; those show the work as a mobilizer of experiences in the reality of the backlands. It is worth mentioning the expedition The Fools by Rosa (1995) as the beginning of a collective project in Cordisburgo, Morro da Garça and Andrequicé / Três Marias, (cities of reference of life and work of the writer)and as what started the initiatives that were established in these Places: cultural week; Narration of literary texts of color; The embroidery and others. The adaptations of text to oral narration are presented by the projects Contadores de Histórias Miguilim and Caminhos do Sertão, both developed in Cordisburgo. In the recreation of his work in image are highlighted a few artistic projects: in painting, the work of plastic artist José Murilo; In embroidery, collective experiences in the cities, showing techniques and methods used. Some artistic projects that recreate his work in imagery are highlighted, such as: work of plastic artist José Murilo in painting; collective experiences in the cities, showing techniques and methods used in embroidery. In this perspective, the Literary Territory proposition is based on the paths of the work between space, sounds, image and several other literary actions, which resulted in the valorization of the local culture and in the relationship established by the communities with their Territory, revitalized because of the literature.

Optical character recognition (OCR) has been a topic of interest for many years. It is defined as the process of digitizing a document image into a sequence of characters. Despite decades of intense research, OCR systems with capabilities to that of human still remains an open challenge. In this work there is presented a design and implementation of such system, which is capable of detecting texts in graphical user interfaces.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sequestration at the aggresome and degradation through autophagy are two approaches by which a cell can counteract the toxic effect of misfolded proteins. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) and cancer cells can become dependent on autophagy for survival due to the high demand for protein synthesis, thus making protein clearance a potential therapeutic target. Because of its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory activity, we hypothesized that 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) inhibits HDAC6 and aggresome formation to induce TS cell death. We found that 4-PBA treatment increases cell death and reduces bortezomib-induced aggresome formation. To link these results with HDAC inhibition we used two other HDAC inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and tubastatin, and found that they also reduce bortezomib-induced protein aggregation. Because tubulin is a target of HDAC6, we next measured the effect of the HDAC inhibitors and 4-PBA treatment on tubulin acetylation. As expected, tubastatin increased tubulin acetylation but surprisingly TSA and 4-PBA did not. Because 4-PBA did not significantly inhibit HDAC6, we next hypothesized that 4-PBA was alternatively inducing autophagy and increasing aggresome clearance. Surprisingly, autophagy inhibition did not prevent the 4-PBA-induced reduction in protein aggregation. In conclusion, we found 4-PBA to induce cell death and reduce aggresome levels in TS cells, but we found no link between these phenomena. We next hypothesized that loss of the Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rgl2 induces cell death via autophagy inhibition in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. KRas is mutationally activated in over 90% of PDACs and directly activates Rgl2. Rgl2 activates RalB, a known regulator of autophagy, and Rgl2 has been shown to promote PDAC cell survival. We first confirmed that loss of Rgl2 does increase cell death in PDAC cells. Initial experiments using doubly tagged fluorescent p62 and LC3 (autophagy markers) suggested that loss of Rgl2 inhibited autophagosome accumulation, but after developing a more sophisticated quantitation method we found loss of Rgl2 to have no effect. We also measured endogenous LC3 levels, and these experiments confirmed loss of Rgl2 to have no effect on autophagy levels. Therefore, loss of Rgl2 increases cell death in PDAC cells, but does not have a significant effect on autophagy.