Název práce: Náborová křivka H-reflexu v diagnostice radikulárních syndromů Cíle práce: Ověření spolehlivosti vyšetření náborové křivky H-reflexu a M-vlny diagnostice kompresivní radikulopatie Metody práce: U 24 osob s jednostranným kořenový syndromem S1 byl vyšetřen H-reflex m. soleus oboustranně bipolární stimulací n.tibialis v popliteální jamce. Elektromyografický signál byl digitalizován a následně byla hodnocena data pro asymptomatickou a symptomatickou končetinu. Hodnoceny byly prahy pro vyvolání H-reflexu a M-vlny, latence a amplitudy H-reflexu a M-vlny, strmost náborové křivky, její maxima Hmax. a Mmax. a poměr Hmax/Max . Tyto hodnoty pro symptomatickou stranu a asymptomatickou stranu byly statisticky porovnány. Výsledky: Výsledky měření potvrdily, že vyšetření náborové křivky H-reflexu je vhodnou diagnostickou metodou k objektivizaci radikulopatie S1. Na symptomatické straně došlo k signifikantnímu poklesu Mmax., Hmax, poměru Hmax/Mmax a sklonu náborové křivky H-reflexu. Klíčová slova: radikulopatie, EMG, H-reflex, M-vlna, náborová křivka

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / L. Susan Williams / A major public concern is what to do with sex offenders. This seven-year study utilizes first-hand accounts from sex offenders who pursue children, exploring recruitment methods – that is, how they find and gain access to victims. Much public perception about sex offender recruitment is based on well-publicized cases such as that of Polly Klaas, Megan Kanka, and Jaycee Dugard – young girls who were abducted and, in the case of Klaas and Kanka, murdered, by strangers. Legislative efforts responded with laws such as “three strikes” and sex offender registries. Scientific studies have found such laws to be ineffective, yet heightened media exposure persists, perception of “stranger danger” prevails, and untried legislative initiatives continue. The most recent is “buffer zone” laws that limit where sex offenders live. To better inform perception and policy, this study investigates two samples of sex offenders concerning child recruitment. The first sample targeted a general population of sex offenders in state custody with a determinate sentence. The second focused on a population of sexually violent predators (SVP), as defined by Kansas law, constituting repeat offenders with a long history of sex offenses and/or those deemed legislatively as unfit for release into the community. The bulk of data came through interviews addressing activities that surrounded the offense(s), details of child recruitment, and, pertaining to the SVP sample, how offending corresponded with certain life events. Theoretically, the study is informed by Routine Activities Theory (RAT) and Life-Course Theory (LCT). RAT is based on a rational choice perspective of motivation and opportunity – an individualistic approach – while LCT sees offending episodes as strongly influenced by structural position. These two seemingly divergent theories represent a unique framework referred to here as conditioned activities, demonstrating how routine activities are altered by certain life events, or turning points, which, in turn, influence persistence or desistence in offending. It was discovered that child victim recruitment varies across the life course, specifically tied to changes in the offender’s social position. Age of the offender interacts with both position and life events.

Les évolutions du contexte technologique et humain du recrutement soulèvent la question de la réception des données numériques observables sur l’internet. Les banques sont particulièrement présentes et les jeunes diplômés sont exposés à cette communication massive. La construction identitaire caractérise ce phénomène social et paradoxal impliquant de multiples acteurs. Notre problématique cherche ainsi à comprendre comment de jeunes diplômés reçoivent la communication numérique de recrutement des banques. Nous avons investi le cadre théorique des représentations sociales et réalisé une revue de littérature sur les stratégies communicationnelles des banques et les comportements variés des jeunes diplômés. Cette préparation du terrain nous a permis de poser des hypothèses sur l’influence des représentations sociales dans cette situation de communication. La complexité de la réalité étudiée a favorisé l’adoption d’une approche méthodologique qualitative. Par souci de réflexivité, nous avons croisé les données d’entretiens de focus groups et d’autoconfrontation. De même, un traitement qualitatif et thématique a été combiné à un traitement quantitatif par la démarche lexicométrique. Les résultats principaux concernent la compréhension des mécanismes cognitifs de réception des données de l’internet dans le cadre du recrutement. Elles intègrent les représentations sociales de la taille de l’organisation et des dispositifs numériques de communication. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence plusieurs profils de récepteurs. Cette recherche souligne des paradoxes liés à la mise en œuvre d’une marque employeur et associés à la tendance des organisations à l’isomorphisme numérique. / Changes in technological and human context of recruitment raise the question of reception about digital data observable on the Web. Banks are particularly present and young graduates are exposed to this massive communication. Identity construction characterizes this social and paradoxical phenomenon involving multiple actors. Our issue thus seeks to understand how young graduates receive the digital recruitment of banks. We have invested the theoretical framework of social representations and conducted a literature review on communication strategies of banks and varied behaviors of young graduates. This preparation of the field of research allowed us to make assumptions about influence of social representations in this communication situation. The complexity of the studied reality has favored the adoption of a qualitative methodological approach. For the goal of reflexivity, we crossed the data of focus groups and self-confrontation interviews. In the same way, a qualitative and thematic treatment was combined with a quantitative treatment by the lexicometric approach. The main results concern the understanding of the cognitive mechanisms of reception of data from the Web in the context of recruitment. They integrate social representations of the size of the organization and digital communication devices. In addition, we have highlighted several receptor profiles. This research highlights paradoxes related to the implementation of an employer brand and associated with the tendency of organizations to digital isomorphism.

Student Number : 0007982H - MA Dissertation - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / Children fulfil various roles within armed forces including, active combat and offering support services such as spying and domestic services. Girls make up to 40 per cent of child soldiers in some states. Although in existence, data on girl soldiers has many gaps and tends to focus primarily on the sexual exploitation of girls. Arguably, this undercuts the other difficulties of girl’s participation in conflict, and reintegration into the post-conflict society. The international community has attempted to take up the global problem of child soldiers through various conventions yet; very few of these specifically focus on gender-based violations against children. The dissertation examines the international response to girl soldiers. The central hypotheses being that; girls- as a population group- are ignored in the international human rights regime. Furthermore, girl soldiers are disenfranchised owing to their dual identities of being female and children. The problem is addressed by firstly, defining the international human rights regime and its sub-regimes and secondly, showing its inadequacies in relation to girl soldiers. Uganda is used as a case study to test the hypothesis. Ultimately, this dissertation attempts to show that the international community has ignored a population group that is in need of protection.

Ph.D., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / 1 Investigating the life history strategy of an African savanna tree, Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (marula) Chantal Vinisia Helm Abstract Lack of understanding of the life history attributes and responses of savanna woody plants to disturbances, as well as the observation of unstable population structures in a keystone, savanna tree, Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (marula), prompted this study. This study employed a combination of empirical, experimental and model formulation techniques, aimed at achieving its ultimate purpose of understanding the life history strategy of marula in the face of disturbance. Four main population structures were identified for marula in the low altitude savannas of South Africa: 1) adult dominated, 2) juvenile dominated, 3) with a “missing size class” and 4) stable (negative J-shaped). Spatial variability in structure indicated different drivers affecting different populations. High annual mortality rates of up to 4.6% in adult trees, no recruitment out of the fire trap and little regeneration were observed in the Kruger National Park (KNP) between 2001 and 2010, and consequently even greater instability in the structure of these populations already observed earlier in the decade. Growth rates of saplings between 2 and 8 m in height and 2 and 30 cm in stem diameter in the field were monitored between 2007 and 2010. Annual growth rates of up to 11 mm in diameter and up to 22 cm in height were observed. Annual relative growth rates ranged between 1.9 and 4.8% across sites. Growth rates were positively linked with rainfall and plant size. Growth rates, biomass allocation patterns, as well as storage and defence allocation in 3 to 28 month old marula seedlings were assessed under glasshouse conditions. Relative growth rates were highest directly after germination (20%), but did not exceed 5% thereafter. Allocation to roots (already 65% of the overall biomass at 3 months of age and >80% when older) was high regardless of soil type or provenance. Provenance affected height gain, and plants germinating from seeds collected at higher rainfall sites had faster height growth rates than those from seeds collected at lower 2 rainfall sites. Allocation to storage in the form of root starch peaked at 35%, while allocation to defence in the form of phenolics in the leaves peaked at 18%, being relatively higher than other species. No trade-off between growth and defence allocation was observed. However, in the second growing season, growth at the start coincided with a 50% decrease in starch reserves in the roots. Reproductive maturity was found to occur after 46 years and escape from the fire trap after 12 years in a disturbance free environment. Marula trees appear to be able to live for up to 300 years of age. High temporal variability in fruit production was observed, marginally linked to rainfall. Only 2% of seeds persisted for more than one year, and hence marula relied mostly on the current season’s fruit crop for input of new germinants. Fruit production was highly synchronous across trees at a site. Very high levels of seed predation were observed. Marula seeds can remain dormant for at least 10 years when stored in the laboratory. Germination takes place after 3 mm of rainfall every four days for two weeks and is enhanced by acid digestion and high temperatures. Germination percentages are relatively low (<50% of the endocarps). Marula seedlings appear highly adapted to fire, with high allocation to below-ground biomass and starch storage, as well as very thick bark from very small stem diameters, including a well developed resprouting response from very young. Marula stems were able to resist fire from 3.4 cm in stem diameter, and were completely resistant above 7 cm. Stem diameter growth was prioritised above stem height growth, indicating that in marula, diameter gain is more important than height gain in escaping the fire trap. Topkilled marula saplings are able to regain their prefire height within one season. However, rainfall patterns may have an overriding effect on these growth patterns. Adult trees appear to be made vulnerable to fire through bark stripping, toppling and pollarding and the subsequent invasion of the soft wood by borers. On nutrient-poor granite soils, marula has a resistant strategy to herbivory, however on nutrient-rich basalt soils, marula overcompensates for herbivory even at very low levels. This may explain why marulas are more vulnerable on basalt soils in the KNP, having 3 already been extirpated from the northern arid basaltic plains. Marula seedlings are extremely drought resistant through fast root penetration rates and high root: shoot ratios. A simple demographic model was developed which predicted that marula populations are unlikely to survive given the current elephant impact in the KNP and if the fire interval is less than once every seven years. Even though marula is highly resilient to damage from herbivory or fire alone, the combination of frequent fire and heavy utilisation is proving fatal for marula populations in the KNP and elsewhere. In terms of other savanna tree species, marula is an outlier in its life history strategy, being extremely well adapted to the effects of fire with very thick bark, extensive resprouting ability and fast growth rates, combined with very high allocation to root mass, and levels of storage and chemical defence, as well as having very drought tolerant seedlings. Its main weakness as an adult, appears to be its soft wood, which is susceptible to wood borer attack. The perplexing lack of recruitment at some sites in spite of the extraordinary ability of marula seedlings to resprout from an early age, withstand extensive drought, have fast root penetration rates, extremely high root reserve storage and resistance to fire at small stem diameters, combined with high levels of fruit production and low water requirements for germination, is probably due to a combination of the lack of a dense persistent seed bank, high inter-annual variability in fruit production, low germination percentages, high seed and /or seedling predation rates and possibly dispersal of seeds away from suitable habitats. Overall, the unstable population structures observed in the low altitude savannas of South Africa, specifically in the KNP, do not bode well for the future persistence of marula as a dominant canopy tree species. Keywords: elephant, fire, growth, mortality, recruitment, regeneration

A headteacher recruitment crisis continues in the primary education sector (Howson & Sprigate, 2011; Rhodes et al., 2008). This research offers a voice for an increasingly marginalised group and synthesises the experiences of 15 primary headteachers, including retired, experienced and new school leaders against the changing educational scenery of four decades. An extended metaphor describing a changing epistemological landscape is utilised (Pascale, 2011), including dramaturgical discourse (Goffman, 1974). The research assesses whether the lived experiences of school leaders evidence a supposed movement away from the ‘freedom’ of the ‘secret garden’ of the pre-National Curriculum era to a time of reducing freedoms for headteachers under a central panoptic gaze (Foucault 1979; Ball 2006) and then to a new ‘supported autonomy’ as suggested by ‘Education Excellence Everywhere’ (DfE, 2016). The thesis assesses the capacity of phenomenological methodology to address the research questions and distinctions are made between approaches to phenomenology. A case is made for ensuring critical rationalism within the methodology and difficulties of attaining ‘epoche’ and ‘phenomenological reduction’ are debated. Findings support the view that there have been significant changes to headship over time. Analysis of these changes does not support the concept of a linear movement from a time of freedom to a landscape defined by Panopticism. The research suggests that a new paradigmatic shift is significantly changing the nature of primary headship with new forms of executive leadership and structures for leadership progression. Recommendations call for a reduction in the frequency of change for school leaders, a simplification of the inspection grading system, provision of clearer pathways to headship and greater support for school leaders as local authority services decline and safeguarding for leaders from the growth of social media abuse. This research offers a unique insight into headship and addresses an identified gap in educational research.

Orientador: Rogerio Caetano Costa / Resumo: Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are commonly exploited in the north of São Paulo because of their commercial value. The evaluation of the state of conservation of these species is difficult to perform, since both are landed as pink shrimp, which generates scarce data and makes impossible reliable ecological analyzes. Thus, this study evaluated through Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) the juvenile catches per unit of effort in abundance (CPUEn) and biomass (CPUEw) of these species and their relationships with environmental factors in the Ubatuba Bay in an interval of 22 years (1995 to 2017). The F. paulensis CPUEn model showed high catches recorded in months of the first semester and a strong influence of years under such monthly patterns. Also, there was a greater abundance in increased pluviosity, Phi < 4.5 and in moderate and strong La Niña and El Niño. CPUEw varied through the years, with increase in biomass from 2005, and in rainy periods. The F. brasiliensis CPUEn model presented high abundance from January to May, specially from 2010. Higher catches were also recorded in El Niño events, as well in Phi < 4.5 and OM < 15. CPUEw was mainly influenced by Phi. Although juveniles of both species were present in the bay during the months prior to the closure season it seems that there is maintenance of populations. / Mestre

Orientador: Marisa Saenz Leme / Resumo: O recrutamento para o Exército e para a Armada durante o período Imperial foi sempre uma tarefa árdua de se concretizar. Baseando-se no recrutamento forçado, escolhia-se aquela parcela despossuída de recursos (mendigos, ex-escravos, criminosos etc) que não possuíam alguma profissão ou um ofício bem determinado. Com a criação da Lei 2556 de 26 de setembro de 1874 e a promulgação do Decreto 5881 de 27 de fevereiro de 1875, o recrutamento para o Exército e a Armada passaria a ter como base o sorteio universal. A Lei do Sorteio de 1874 estabelecia que qualquer homem livre ou liberto entre 19 e 30 anos estaria à disposição das forças armadas por um período mínimo de 6 anos. A nova legislação alterou radicalmente o método que havia sobre o recrutamento militar até então, gerando assim movimentos sediciosos em todo o Império. Tais considerações serão objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, que procura examinar a forma como ocorreram essas manifestações contra a nova lei de recrutamento na província de São Paulo, destacando a região nordeste da província, entre os anos de 1875 e o final do período Imperial. Baseando-se no pressuposto que o Estado Imperial brasileiro almejou que o recrutamento atingisse todas as camadas da sociedade, visando uma modernização de suas forças armadas, enquadrando-as nos moldes europeus, a Lei 2556 foi de fato uma iniciativa reformista no pós guerra? Como essa lei foi recebida dentro das lógicas sociais que haviam no país? Com base nessas questões, o objetivo da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The recruitment for the army and the Armada during theImperial period was always an arduous task of realising. Based on forced recruitment, it was chosen that dispossessed portion of resources (beggars, former slaves, criminals, etc) who did not have any profession or a well-established craft. With the creation of Law 2556 of September 26, 1874 and the promulgation of Decree 5881 of February 27, 1875, recruitment for the Army and Navy would be based on the universal draw. The Law of the Draw of 1874 established that any free or released man between the ages of 19 and 30 would be at the disposal of the armed forces for a minimum period of 6 years. The new legislation radically altered the method of military recruitment hitherto, thus generating seditious movements throughout the Empire. Such considerations will be the subject of a study of this research, which examines how these manifestations occurred against the new recruitment law in the province of São Paulo, highlighting the northeast region of the province between the years 1875 and the end of the Imperial period. Based on the assumption that the Brazilian Imperial State intended that recruitment reach all levels of society, aiming at a modernization of its armed forces, molding them in the European mold, was Law 2556 really a post-war reform initiative? How was this law received within the social logic of the country? Based on these questions, the objective of the present proposal is to analyze how the manifestations co... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Reduced recruitment rates in Utah mule deer (Odocoilus hemionus) showed that significant losses in production were accruing during pregnancy, the neonatal period or during the first few months after birth . The primary objectives of the study were to determine the time, extent and possible causes of these losses. Corpora luteal and fetal rates were estimated by examining the reproductive tracts of 125 carcasses collected on selected herd units in Utah and by observing the reproductive tracts of 136 female deer captured in Spanish Fork Canyon. A laparotomy was performed on each captured female to allow visual examination of the reproductive tract without sacrificing the doe. Live-birth rates were estimated by observing and monitoring pregnant wild does held captive during the fawning period, and by observing free - ranging does tagged with radio- transmitters . Fawn mortality was estimated by monitoring radio-tagged fawns, captured shortly after birth until fawn:doe ratios were observed the following fall. The greatest loss in production occurred during the post-natal period. Annual fawn losses averaged 26.4 percent, while a 3.7 percent interuterine loss occurred before midpregnancy and a 9.5 percent fetal loss was recorded between midpregnancy and parturition. No single mortality factor appeared to be responsible for most of the fawn losses. Condition of the pregnant doe on the winter range was investigated as the cause of reduced recruitment. The condition of the doe had to be accurately estimated while the doe was alive, before the relationship between condition and reproductive success could be evaluated. The condition of 43 carcasses, based upon a modified nutritional status index that included weight corrected for size and age, was highly significantly correlated to condition of the same carcasses estimated by amount of kidney fat (r=0.70, P Weights and sizes of fawns captured shortly after birth were not significantly related to subsequent survival.

This study addresses the gap in our understanding of the processes used to recruit and select Vice-Chancellors for Australian Universities. There are presently 39 recognised Universities in Australia and between them they provide the nation with the academically qualified leaders of the future. As such one would expect that not only would they be the vessels of our knowledge, but also that they would be managed and led in ways that were similar to those in use in the private sector. The changes that have taken place in the higher education system have meant that additional pressures have been placed upon the senior executive of each University. The transition from a binary system to the current unified system, the advent of the global community, increased technology and new management practices have created the need for University management to adopt recognised management and leadership practices. The Federal government has moved to reduce the dependence of the system upon recurrent funding and there has been an increase in managerialism within Universities. One outcome has been the need for the Chief Executive Officer (Vice-Chancellor) to develop additional management and leadership skills in order to cope with the changes occurring and the rate of change. In the United States, the selection criteria used to recruit Vice-Chancellors (or University Presidents) have changed to reflect the desire for candidates to have backgrounds in management and leadership. The role of the Vice-Chancellor is critical to the success of educational institutions that are now being managed as autonomous business units responsible for budget, growth, mergers as well as maintaining academic credibility. A literature review revealed that the work undertaken by David Sloper formed virtually our entire knowledge base of Vice-Chancellors in Australia. Sloper identified democratic and incumbency patterns, social characteristics, the legal basis for the role and what incumbents actually do. Thus we know quite a deal about the role and incumbents. However the same literature review showed that while this data existed, it did not extend to the processes that were used within the Higher Education system, to target, identify and select suitable candidates. Clearly there was also no examination as to the effectiveness of such processes or how they could be improved if necessary. Given the importance of Universities in Australia and their role in Higher Education, this lack of knowledge provided the basis for this study and the systematic review of all available data. The study also identified a paradox in addition to the lack of research on recruitment and selection practices in this unique microcosm. The paradox concerns the fact that many of the successful candidates do not come from a ‘business’ discipline as may be expected for a role considered to be the Chief Executive Officer of the institution. Yet in Australia, previous research indicated that the ‘rules’ for recruiting Vice-Chancellors have changed little and that traditionally candidates have come from the science disciplines (Sloper, 1994). While this in itself does not indicate that incumbents are lacking in fundamental management and leadership knowledge and expertise, an obvious question arises. Why are Australian Vice-Chancellors not drawn from faculties where this expertise resides or why are they not drawn from the business community? In order to further examine the processes in place and to a lesser extent the paradox, all available data was collected regarding the roles of Vice-Chancellors, the paths they have taken to the position as well as selection criteria, position outlines, job adverts and related material. This was thoroughly examined and then a brief questionnaire was forwarded to current incumbents and other involved stakeholders. Interviews were conducted to clarify specific issues and case studies prepared accordingly. Thus this qualitative study thoroughly researches the recruitment and selection practices in use, attempts to determine their effectiveness and addresses the paradox in order to provide a detailed framework that allows these elements to be explained.