Orientador: Eduardo Caruso Machado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dovis_VeronicaLorena_D.pdf: 1810872 bytes, checksum: 889e3b63cede2d73563ccbfb91cdd3e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As hipóteses deste estudo foram: a presença de frutos nas variedades de laranja tardia e as variações sazonais no ambiente afetam o desenvolvimento reprodutivo, o metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio e o acúmulo e remobilização de reservas nos órgãos da planta; cada estádio fenológico tem necessidades nutritivas específicas, que afetariam a assimilação de CO2 e o metabolismo de carboidratos e nitrogênio. Estas hipóteses foram testadas em plantas que sofreram ou não desbaste total de frutos com o intuito de induzir variações na demanda de assimilados. O experimento foi executado em Cordeirópolis (SP) em plantas de laranjeira "Valência? de 2,5 anos de idade, crescidas em vasos de 100 L. Em maio de 2009, a metade das plantas foi completamente desbastada de frutos. A partir de julho e ao longo do ciclo produtivo avaliaram-se a dinâmica de assimilação de CO2, carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, e a atividade de enzimas da assimilação de nitrogênio. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado com três ou quatro repetições, segundo o parâmetro avaliado, o tratamento estatístico dos dados foi como parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Em relação à primavera a fotossíntese é reduzida no inverno e no verão, como consequência da ocorrência de temperaturas mais baixas e mais altas, respectivamente. Porém, a condição fisiológica da planta também afeta a assimilação de CO2, a qual é incrementada pela alta demanda de carboidratos antes e durante a floração, mesmo sob baixa temperatura. A presença de frutos inibe parcialmente a brotação e floração visto que plantas desbastadas têm sete vezes mais flores; fixam 31% mais frutos e eles são 6% maiores. A floração é o processo de maior consumo de assimilados, e quanto mais intensa, maior o consumo de amido. Floração e frutificação são os únicos estádios nos quais se observaram diferenças entre os tratamentos; plantas com maior quantidade de flores têm maior consumo de assimilados. O amido continua a ser consumido até o fim da queda fisiológica dos frutos no verão, quando atinge o teor mínimo. Ramos e raízes maiores que 1 mm de diâmetro aportam amido durante o desenvolvimento das brotações e dos frutos. Entre o desbaste e a frutificação há aumento no teor de nitrogênio total nas folhas do último fluxo, ramos e raízes, ainda com baixa temperatura, resultado da maior demanda. O aumento no metabolismo induz maior síntese de proteína nas folhas e raízes menores que 1 mm de diâmetro. A enzima redutase do nitrato (RN) tem a menor atividade quando comparada com o sistema glutamina sintetase/glutamato sintase, sugerindo ser a que limita a taxa de assimilação de NO3-. Nas folhas a atividade in vitro da RN incrementa até a frutificação, e segue o padrão de variação sazonal observado na fotossíntese; nas raízes sua atividade é constante ao longo do ano / Abstract: The hypotheses of the study are that seasonal variations in environmental conditions affect the assimilation rate of resources while there is accumulation and remobilization of reserves in all the organs of plant to attend variations in nutrients demand. Each phenological stage has different needs, which would affect CO2 assimilation rate and metabolism of carbohydrates and nitrogen. To analyzer these hypotheses the objective was to evaluate the photosynthesis, flowering and fruit production, accumulation and remobilization of carbohydrates during of production cycle, in plants with and without fruit. Also it was objective to evaluate the annual dynamics of nitrogenous compounds and activity of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation. The study was conducted in Cordeirópolis (SP) in plants 'Valencia' orange of 2.5 years old, grown in pots of 100 L. In may 2009, at the start of the trial, half of plants was completely defruit, and starting from july and throughout the production cycle were evaluated photosynthesis, budding, flowering and fruit production, status of reserves of sugars, nitrogen compounds and enzymatic activities. The experimental design was completely randomized with three or four replications, with three or four repetitions, depending on the variable assessed, with split plots in time. It is observed that photosynthesis decreased in winter and summer, consequence of low and high temperature and radiation, respectively. However, the physiological condition of plant also affects the uptake, inducing an increase in photosynthesis prior to flowering, even at low temperatures. The largest demand of plants with fruits results in an increase on efficiency of energy use which comes of the assimilation and reserves. The presence of fruits partially inhibits the sprouting and blooming, even with high leaves starch content, defruited plants have seven times more flowers, fruit set is 31% higher and they are 6% greater. The flowering has the greater consumption of all phenological stages, when it is more intense, largest starch consumption. The flowering and fruiting are the only stages with differences between the treatments; plants with the more fruits and demand have more assimilates consumption. Starch is consumed until the end of june drop, in summer, when it reaches minimum content. Starch for development of flowers and fruits can be contributed by younger shoots, shoots older than one year and roots larger than 1 mm across. From the defruited plants until fruiting the total nitrogen content increases in mature leaves, shoots and roots, even at low temperatures, as result of the higher demand. Soluble protein is accumulated in mature leaves and roots smaller than 1 mm across as a result of increased metabolism. The nitrate reductase enzyme has the lowest activity when compared with the system glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, which would indicate that nitrate reductase activity controls the assimilation rate of NO3-. Nitrate reductase in vitro activity in leaves is increased until fruiting, and has seasonal variations similar like was observed in photosynthesis. Nitrate reductase in vitro activity in roots is constitutive throughout the year / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

M.Phil. / Coal is today providing more than seventy-five percent of South Africa's energy requirements and will, to a large extent, remain so in the future. It is thus important to evaluate the adequacy of the country's available coal resources against expected future demand. The main objective of this study, which was done under the supervision of Prof. D. J. Kotze, was therefore to analyse the specific consumption of coal in the various consumption sectors in order to establish historical trends. The specific comsumption of coal is defined as the amount of coal used to produce a unit of final product. The factors attributing to these observed trends were determined and their future role evaluated in order to establish whether it was possible to extrapolate historical trends into the future. By means of curve fitting to the observed data and extrapolation it was possible to obtain future values of specific coal consumption for each of the sectors. These values, together with the production output forecasts for the various sectors were then used to calculate the total coal requirements for three reference years, namely, 1990, 1995 and 2000. The role of coal prices in explaining trends in specific coal consumption of various sectors was also analised separately. Information to conduct the study was obtained mainly from the various coal producers' associations as well as from individual producers and other organizations such as Escom, Sasol and Iscor, the Department of Hineral and Energy Affairs and the Hinerals Bureau. In some instances private firms and producers' associations were also consulted as well as a wide variety of literature on the subject. The principal finding of the study was that coal was substituted or was still being substituted by electricity in most final applications because of the convenience of use. Coal, however, still plays and probably will continue to play an important role in future in basic industries such as the metallurgical industry. Coal prices have not up to now played a very important role in the overall specific consumption of coal which can probably be attributed to the relatively low prices of coal on the inland market. It was also found that it was not desirable to do away with the present system of price control entirely as a certain measure of control was still necessary to safeguard the usuage of coal in certain applications for which there were no other substitutes. It was further concluded that South Africa does not have the vast quantities of coal commonly thought and that measures have to be taken in order to ensure that the country's coal resources are conserved and that optimum use is made of available resources.

The diploma thesis deals with the tax aspects of repairs and technical evaluation of tangible fixed assets, as well as aspects of creation of reserves for repair of tangible assets. The aim of the thesis is to identify problem areas of legal regulation in relation to this area and to propose their solution. The first part of the thesis summarizes the current legal regulations of the investigated area in the Czech Republic. Summary is followed by a case study based on a real tax audit, which demonstrates problem areas of legal regulation. The conclusion of the case study is the comparison of the different options of the additional tax liability and its accessories. In the last part of the thesis are analyzed problematic places of legal regulation, based on a case study, and their solution is proposed.

Although the marine environment has generally been considered to be less in need of attention from conservationists, politicians and managers than the terrestrial environment, there has been an increasing appreciation that there is little left in the marine environment that can be considered unaltered by humans. Conservation action is therefore urgently needed to protect marine populations, species and environments from anthropogenic pressures. Since overharvesting seems to be the main cause of the collapse in coastal ecosystems, areas need to be protected so that stocks can recover. However, the proclamation of such marine protected areas (MPAs) need to be well planned to ensure that species are well represented and that their biological requirements are met in the long term. While terrestrial conservation planners have started to incorporate biological, social and economic information into so-called systematic conservation plans, marine planners have been more hesitant to use these approaches due to the greater openness of the ocean (with the associated greater dispersal of marine organisms and propogules, lower levels of endemism, and lack of ownership) and the paucity of available information. The current study aimed to investigate the applicability of systematic approaches to the process of selecting sites for a network of potential replenishment zones for seabream species that could supplement protection already afforded by existing no-fishing reserves. Since many of these seabream species are popular targets in both the recreational and commercial linefishery sectors, they have been overexploited and are in need of additional protection. Information on these species and the diversity of their associated reefs were obtained through consultations with scientists, managers and resource-users (namely SCUBA divers, spearfishers as well as recreational and commercial fishers). These data were obtained during workshops where Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) scoring and mapping methods were applied. Although ordinal-scale, rather than interval-or ratio-scale data were obtained, these data could be used in an interactive selection process. Because these methods require relatively cheap materials and few personnel, they could be used to collect information where limited budgets are available. Quantitative targets for the protection of individual species were set on the basis of their status in the Marine Living Resource Act, since this reflected their different requirements for protection. A preliminary investigation indicated that the current no-fishing reserves effectively achieved most of these goals for seabream species. The selection of sites for the replenishment network was based on irreplaceability analyses, while decisions between sites with lower irreplaceability values were based on explicit design rules. A total of 26 sites were required to achieve targets for all species. These replenishment zones could potentially be established, managed and monitored by voluntary community groups. This study therefore indicated that systematic conservation planning can successfully be applied to the marine environment, while the involvement of stakeholders is crucial to ensure that conservation action is supported.

Purpose: To describe well-being in military reserve health care providers post deployment or mobilization Background: A comprehensive literature review exhibited that during a deployment or mobilization, military health care providers endure stressful and uncomfortable situations, spend time away from their family, friends and usual home comforts leaving them feeling completely changed. These circumstances can negatively affect a provider’s well-being. Moreover, although the literature outlines military and psychological symptoms including combat stressors, mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety, job stress, work performance and resiliency, there is a gap in the literature regarding well-being among military health care providers post deployment or mobilization. Methods: This project used a qualitative descriptive methodology with face-to-face interviews to describe the phenomenon of well-being among three United States reserve military health care providers post deployment or mobilization. Data was collected using semi-structured, open ended questions, allowing the participants an opportunity to discuss and further elaborate on their experiences, perspectives and feelings. Each interview began with pre-established questions and further questions and discussions were guided by the participants’ earlier responses. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed into text, allowing me to identify commonalities of experiences, perspectives and feelings among the participants. Results: Analysis of the interview data revealed information associated with transitions and can be grouped into five categories. The categories that impacted the participants’ well-being post deployment or mobilization include: separation from family and friends, austere living conditions, exhaustion from long work hours, consecutive work days without days off and being unprepared for what was to come. Implications: This project describes well-being in military reserve health care providers post deployment or mobilization. Findings from this small project may be used to develop research studies to describe and understand the concept of well-being among military health care providers. Armed with better understanding, we could then develop interventions to prepare our military health care providers to deliver high quality care during overseas deployment or mobilization while also maintaining their physical and mental well-being.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A study was conducted to evaluate in Brazilian conditions the nutritional and feeding strategies of InraPorc® model for gestating and lactating sows. To meet the requirements of the model, the work was done in four steps: establishment of animal profile, determination of nutritional requirements, and definition of feed and nutrition program and application of the model InraPorc in commercial farm. Eighty DanBred sows were used, selected in order of birth, weight and backfat thickness. The experimental design was a randomized block and treatments were assigned to diets and feeding program used by the Farm program and adjusted by InraPorc. The treatments consisted of 40 replications were divided into three groups: OP1 - 15; OP2 - 13 and OP> 3-12 sows. During pregnancy, between 26 and 85 days, feed intake was 5% higher in primiparous sows, 14% in OP2 sows and 13.5% in OP> 3 sows fed by the InraPorc nutritional program. Between 86 to 108 days, the nutritional adjustments was 8.3% higher in feed intake in primiparous sows, 6.2% in OP2 sows and 9.3% in OP> 3 sows. During the lactation, the nutritional adjustment increased the maternal gain an average of 5% in both groups. The uterine contents and litter weight at birth was higher (P<0.05) in OP2 sows fed by the InraPorc® nutritional program to relation sows fed with Farm program. The total number of piglets born and born alive was higher in OP2 sows fed with the feeding program by InraPorc. The average weight of piglets at birth was higher in groups fed with the feeding program by InraPorc (1.313 vs. 1.273 kg). Piglet weight at weaning was 14 and 9% higher in piglets of primiparous and OP2 sows fed with feeding program by InraPorc. The sows weaning weight was 6.4% higher in primiparous sows fed diets adjusted by InraPorc. In this study, the weight loss observed in the groups ranged from 2 to 4.9%, and we found the largest mobilization in OP ≥ 3 sows fed diets adjusted by InraPorc. The InraPorc identified nutritional deficiencies in primiparous sows during late gestation and proposed a nutritional adjustment to the category. The adjustment in primiparous nutrition in gestation increases the maternal gain and in lactation reduces the maternal catabolism of body reserves. In addition, nutritional support during pregnancy increases the piglet weight at birth and during lactation, weaning weights. / Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar em condições brasileiras as estratégias nutricionais e alimentares do modelo InraPorc® para porcas gestantes e lactantes. Para atender os requisitos do modelo, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas: estabelecimento do perfil animal, determinação das exigências nutricionais, definição do programa nutricional e alimentar e aplicação do modelo InraPorc em granja comercial. Foram utilizadas 80 porcas DanBred, selecionadas por ordem de parto, peso vivo e espessura de toucinho. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso constituídos de dois tratamentos - programa de dietas e alimentar utilizado pela Granja e programa de dietas e alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc®. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 40 repetições, distribuídos em três grupos de ordem de parto (OP): OP1 15; OP2 13 e OP≥3 12 porcas. Na gestação, entre os 26 e 85 dias, o consumo de ração foi 5% superior em primíparas, 14% em porcas OP2 e 13,5% em porcas OP≥3 alimentadas com programa ajustado pelo InraPorc comparado ao da Granja. Entre os 86 a 108 dias, o ajuste nutricional pelo modelo foi superior em 8,3% no consumo de ração em primíparas, 6,2% em porcas OP2 e 9,3% em porcas OP≥3. O ajuste nutricional durante a lactação aumentou o ganho materno em média de 5% no grupos estudados. O conteúdo uterino e o peso da leitegada ao nascer foi superior (P<0,05) em fêmeas OP2 alimentadas com programa nutricional ajustado. O consumo médio durante a lactação foi 3,6% superior em primíparas, 7,3% em porcas OP2 e 6,7% em porcas de OP ≥ 3 alimentadas com programa alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc em relação ao programa alimentar da granja. O número de leitões nascidos totais e de nascidos vivos foi superior em porcas OP2 alimentadas com programa alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc. O peso médio dos leitões ao nascer foi superior nos grupos alimentados com programa ajustado pelo InraPorc (1,313 vs. 1,273 kg). O peso ao desmame foi 14 e 9% superior em leitões de primíparas e porcas OP2 alimentadas com programa ajustado pelo InraPorc. O peso das porcas ao desmame foi 6,4% superior nas primíparas alimentadas com programa alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc. Nesse estudo, a perda de peso verificada nos grupos estudados oscilou de 2 a 4,9%, sendo verificada a maior mobilização em porcas OP≥3 alimentadas com o programa InraPorc. O InraPorc identificou deficiências nutricionais em primíparas no terço final da gestação e propôs um ajuste nutricional para essa categoria. O ajuste nutricional em primíparas na gestação aumenta o ganho materno e na lactação reduz o catabolismo das reservas corporais. Além disso, o aporte nutricional na gestação aumenta o peso do leitão ao nascer e, durante a lactação o peso ao desmame.

The co-optimization of energy and reserves has become a standard requirement in integrated markets. This is due to the inverse relationship that exists between energy and reserves. The provision of reserves generally reduces the amount of primary energy a generating unit can produce and vice versa. This suggests that these products should be procured through a simultaneous auction to ensure optimal procurement and pricing. Furthermore, forward markets dictate that this co-optimization of energy and reserves be done over a multi-period planning horizon. This dissertation addresses the problem of optimal scheduling and pricing of energy and reserves over a multi-period planning horizon using an optimal power flow formulation. The extension of the problem from a static optimization problem to a dynamic optimization problem is presented. Price definitions for energy and reserves in terms of shadow prices emanating from the optimization algorithm are provided. It is shown that the proposed formulation of prices leads to the cascading of reserve prices and eliminates the problem of “price reversal” where lower quality reserves are priced higher than higher ii quality reserves. Pricing conditions are also established for the downward substitution of higher quality reserves for lower quality reserves. The proposed pricing formulations are tested on the IEEE 24 Bus Reliability Test System and on the South African power network. The simulated results show that cascading of reserve prices does occur and that prices of different types of reserves are equal when downward substitution of reserves occurs. Zonal reserve requirements result in higher energy and reserve prices, which in term result in higher procurement costs to the system operator and higher profits to market participants. Congestion on the network also results in higher procurement costs to the system operator and higher profits to market participants in the case of zonal pricing of reserves. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

M.Phil. (Energy Studies) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Please read the abstract in the section 06back of this document / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Centre for Wildlife Management / unrestricted

In the recent years, the shale gas discourse has become central to discussions about future energy supply in South Africa. In particular, the Permian black shales of the Lower Ecca Group formations in the Karoo Basin are considered potential source rocks for shale gas. The research presented in this thesis advances the understanding of the shale gas potential of mainly the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Tierberg/Collingham Formations. These shale sequences were sampled from eight deep boreholes spread across the main Karoo Basin and geochemically analysed at the GFZ - Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany. Three key questions guided the study, these are: (i) what is the lithology of the sequence; (ii) where in the basin do the shale sequences attain maximum thickness at optimum depth i.e. beneath 1000-1500m; and (iii) and their shale characteristics. To evaluate these, borehole core logging, petrology and organic geochemistry were used extensively. Petrology involved the use of thin section, scanned electron and transmission electron microscopy for mineralogy as well as the identification of sedimentary features, organic matter and nano-scale porosity. These were coupled with standard organic geochemistry techniques such as Rock Eval. analysis, open pyrolysis gas chromatography and thermovaporisation to quantify the free gas, total organic carbon (TOC), present-day gas generative potential and kerogen type. The results show that the Whitehill Formation, away from the CFB and not intruded by dolerite, has the most potential for shale gas. Microscopic studies of this pyritic black shale reveal the occurrence of porous amorphous matter, indicating thermal maturity within the gas generation zone (i.e. > 1.1 percent Ro, 120ºC). The TOC content is consistently high within the Whitehill (exceeding industry requirement of 2 percent), attaining maximum of 7.3 percent. The highest yields of free and desorbed gas, especially methane, were emitted within this formation (S1 and nC1 peaks); mostly within its dolomitic units. In addition, dissolution porosity within dolomite units of the Whitehill Formation was identified as the predominant type of porosity. Thus, it is deduced that the dolomitic units of Whitehill Formation potentially contain the greatest volumes of free gas. HI values attain maximum of 25 mg HC/g TOC, whereas the OI values 26 mg CO2/g TOC. Such low HI and OI values are typically attributed to the dominance of Type IV kerogen, and consistent with overmaturity. Open pyrolysis (GC) show the main the chemical compound of the organic matter to be m-p-xylene, consistent with a mix of Type III, Type I/II and Type IV kerogen. Lithologically, the Whitehill Formation is composed of ~ 35 quartz, 13 percent feldspar, 26 percent illite and ~ 23 percent dolomite with variable amounts of pyrite. The dominance of quartz is directly proportional to the brittleness of the rock. Thus it can be deduced that the Whitehill Formation is relatively brittle and therefore fraccable. Burial trends indicate increasing depth (from ground level) to the top of the Whitehill Formation towards the south and south-eastern portion of the basin. It is in the southern region where thicknesses of this black shale exceeding 50m occur at depths more than 1500m; 1000m beneath fresh water aquifers. It therefore concluded that Whitehill Formation in the southern portion of Karoo Basin, but away from the thermo-tectonic overprint of the Cape Orogeny, is the most probable shale gas reservoir in South Africa.