No description available.

This thesis deals with the analysis of retinal images from digital fundus camera, especially with structure of optic disc (OD). The theoretic part describes main features of the human visual system and princip of eyeground examination. The paper discussed available methods that have been used for localization of optic disc. For further work is selected proposal of the geometrical model of vessel structure by using the method of segmentation of vessels by matched filtering. Original images are tested with semi-automatic method for optic disc localization.

This thesis deals with detection of the retinal nerve fiber layer in gray level retinal images taken by fundus camera. The first part describes a physiology of human eye and glaucoma disease. Then, the use of wavelet transform and algorithm of texture analysis applied for texture analysis. Next chapters describe theory of texture analysis named „Gray level run length matrices“ and its application for detection of the nerve fiber layer. Applications of this method are described for three types of retinal tissues and for whole image. The last chapter describes gray levels around optic disc and results obtained from parameters from GLRL matrices.

This thesis deals with the analysis of retinal images from digital fundus camera, especially with structure of optic disc (OD). The theoretic part describes main features of the human visual system and princip of eyeground examination. The paper discussed sevaral available methods that have been used for localization of the optic disc. In the second part is proposed the automatic detector of the optic disc based on the principle of genetic algorithm by using the method of segmentation of vessels by matched filtering. Original images are tested with this automatic method.

Retinal image analysis plays a very important role, as human gets around 90% of environment information with the help of eyes. Automation of process of retinal image analysis promotes to improve the efficiency of retinal medical examinations. The following thesis is dedicated to automatic classification methods of retinal vascular system images obtained from a digital fundus camera. Vessel classification method using classifier on the base of neural networks, which is trained and then tested on the retinal vessel segments, is investigated and implemented. In this thesis anatomical retinal survey, properties of image data from digital fundus camera and retinal image classification methods are briefly described. The last chapter is devoted to the evaluation of efficiency of retinal vessel classification with automatic methods.

No description available.

In nature, cells are not randomly clustered to form tissues. The tissue is a more complicated system with functions that go beyond what any single cell type could accomplish. While studying single-cell mechanics and dynamics is relevant from an investigative point of view, this approach loses, or fail to gather information about the tissue. The tissue investigated in this study is the neurosensory retina which seeing as extension of the brain is a very convenient model for the central nervous system due to its accessibility. The retina is constantly subjected to different mechanical stresses from development to adulthood. Although the majority of the phenomena where mechanical stresses are involved are well-studied, the mechanics behind them is not well understood. However, knowledge about the ability of the retina to adjust to mechanical stresses is essential, for example, for improving retinal surgery. Establishing a method to mechanically probe the retina is a challenge due to the extremely delicate nature of this multilayered neural tissue and to the short-time survival ex vivo. The organotypic tissue culture is a powerful tool because it allows to maintain with high accuracy the complex multicellular anatomy and the microenvironment of the original tissue. One of the limitations of the organotypic culture techniques has been until recently due to the ability to use only post-natal/juvenile tissues for long-term culture. The importance of using adult tissue is incontestable when the investigation focuses on age-related pathologies such as vitreous shrinkage or macula degeneration. In this work, TiO2 nanotube arrays are presented as the innovative substrate for long-term organotypic culture of adult neural tissue. The retinal whole-mount of adult guinea pig and the brain slices of adult mouse were cultures for 14 days without showing any sign of edema or swelling. Furthermore, in order to study the behavior of the retinal tissue under shear stress new set-ups were designed. For the first time, the behavior of the retinal layers were observed showing that the retina does not act as an homogeneous material in response to an applied stress. The methods developed here can be used for future quantitative studies, to provide an exact knowledge of retinal biomechanics which will help retinal surgeons to optimize their methods.

Bakgrund: Diabetes Mellitus är en sjukdom med potentiellt allvarliga konsekvenser som drabbar ett ökande antal människor runt om i världen. En av de ögonkomplikationer som kan drabba diabetiker är diabetesretinopati. Regelbunden ögonbottenscreening kan avslöja förändringar i ögonbotten innan de ger symtom eller synhotande skador som kan vara irreversibla. Tidig diagnos och behandling minskar risken för synnedsättning och blindhet, trots detta uteblir många diabetiker från planderad ögonbottenscreening.          Syfte: Syftet var att belysa erfarenheter som påverkar följsamheten vid ögonbottenscreening hos patienter med diabetes.                                                  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativa studier utfördes.                  Resultat: Översikten resulterade i fyra huvudteman; information,ekonomiska aspekter, personliga erfarenheter och erfarenhet vid ögonbottenscreening samt i elva underteman. De viktigaste faktorerna som framkom av studien var bristande information, ekonomi, transportproblematik samt besvär av pupillvidgande ögondroppar.                Slutsats: Denna studie har identifierat faktorer och erfarenheter som påverkar följsamheten till ögonbottenscreening vilket kan ge möjlighet till en bättre förståelse för patienternas behov och till ett förbättrat samarbete mellan olika vårdinstanser. / Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a common disease with potentially serious con­sequences that affects an increasing number of people worldwide. One of the comp­lications that can affect the eye of a patient with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy. Regular retinal screening can reveal early signs of diabetic retinopathy before any irreversible sight threatening retinal complications have developed. Early diagnosis and treatment decrease the risk for visual impairment and blindness, despite this fact many patients do not attend this examination.                                                                          Aim: The aim was to illuminate experiences that affects compliance to retinal screening among patients with diabetes. Method: A literature review including qualitative studies was conducted. Results: The results from the review showed four main themes; information, economic aspects, personal experiences and experience from retinal screening as well as eleven subthemes. The main subjects that emerged were lack of information, economy, transportation problems and inconvenience of mydriatic eye drops. Conclusion: This literature review has identified factors and experiences that affects compliance to retinal screening. This can provide an opportunity for a better under­standing of patients’ needs and for improved collaboration between healthcare institutions

PURPOSE. Confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy (HRT; Heidelberg retinal tomograph II) and scanning laser polarimetry (GDx-variable corneal compensator [VCC]) were used to investigate whether early indicators of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness loss could be observed in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that had no associated retinopathy or optic neuropathy and were concomitantly receiving antiretroviral medications. METHODS. HRT and GDx-VCC parameters obtained from a group of 13 HIV-positive subjects (n = 26 eyes) on antiretroviral therapy examined with HRT, with a subgroup of six subjects (n = 12 eyes) examined with both HRT and GDx-VCC, were compared with those of a matched HIV-negative control cohort (13 subjects, n = 26 eyes) examined with HRT, with a subgroup of five subjects (n = 10 eyes) examined with both HRT and GDx-VCC. We employed generalized estimating equations for statistical analysis. RESULTS. Reduced mean values for the HRT height variation contour (p < 0.045) and HRT mean RNFL thickness (p < 0.023) were observed in HIV-positive subjects controlling for age, sex, and race. A significantly reduced mean value corresponding to the GDx-VCC superior maximum (p < 0.014) and inferior maximum (p < 0.016) were also observed for the HIV-positive cohort analyzed controlling for age, sex, and race. CONCLUSION. HRT and GDx-VCC indicators of RNFL thickness appear to be significantly reduced in HIV-positive subjects without retinopathy or optic nerve disease using antiretroviral medication, suggesting RNFL loss occurs in this population of HIV-positive patients. The lack of correlation between CD4 counts, viral load, number of antiretroviral medications used, or years from diagnosis of HIV and RNFL thinning, suggests that possibly other factors associated with HIV infection may contribute to the apparent RNFL thickness loss.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19261号 / 理博第4116号 / 新制||理||1592(附属図書館) / 32263 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 弘, 教授 三木 邦夫, 教授 藤井 紀子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM