Transportation funding is critical to maintaining the assets that provide mobility for the movement of Georgia's people and goods. Currently, most of Georgia's transportation revenue is provided by the motor fuel tax. Inflation and recent increases in fuel economy have decreased fuel tax revenue in Georgia and weakened the Georgia Department of Transportation's (GDOT)'s ability to maintain and expand its transportation network. This thesis synthesizes factors from literature that affect motor fuel tax revenue. These include demographic, economic, technological, and environmental forces that influence travel behavior and vehicle fuel economy. A model was then created that incorporated these factors to model GDOT's 2009 fuel tax revenue and then project revenue in 2020 and 2030. The model uses an input/output structure that segments the fleet into personal, freight, and transit categories. User inputs, historical data, and projections are linked via relationships and feedback loops to project travel and fuel tax revenue forward. Because a near-infinite number of scenarios exist, conservative and aggressive scenarios were created for 2020 and 2030 scenarios that output revenue on an absolute, per-mile, and per-capita basis for comparison with more recent revenues. The model outputs predict marginal declines in revenue by 2020 and significant declines by 2030. In response to these declines, the thesis evaluates methods of increasing transportation revenue. These methods include increasing the fuel tax, incorporating a VMT-fee, and widespread tolling measures. After evaluation, a policy recommendation is provided for how to best implement revenue strategies.

IASB och FASB utkom i maj 2014 med IFRS 15, en ny redovisningsstandard för intäktsredovisning. IFRS 15 kommer att ersätta de nuvarande standarderna för intäktsredovisning, IAS 18 och IAS 11. Tillämpningen av IFRS 15 kan resultera i mer eller mindre omfattande förändringar av intäktsredovisningen. Intäktsredovisning och effekten som följer av att tillämpa olika standarder och redovisningsprinciper har länge varit föremål för diskussion. Diskussionen bottnar i olika synsätt gällande när recognition av intäkter skall ske, det vill säga vilka rekvisit som skall föreligga för att en intäkt skall tas upp i resultaträkningen/rapport över totalresultat.I denna uppsats tillämpas rekvisitet för intäktsredovisning i enlighet med IFRS 15 och IAS 11 för att belysa effekten i resultaträkningen när respektive rekvisit tillämpas i samband med entreprenaduppdrag. Effekten av de olika rekvisiten för intäktsredovisningen av entreprenader, analyseras genom att tillämpa en modell som belyser olika informationsvärden som uppstår till följd av att rekvisiten tillämpas.Finansiella rapporter syftar till att delge information till intressenter. Vilka rekvisit som underbygger intäktsredovisningen har en nära koppling till informationsvärdet som erhålls. Olika intressenter efterfrågar olika informationsvärden i de finansiella rapporterna. I vissa fall premieras aktualitet och relevans, i andra fall tillförlitlighet. I denna uppsats analyseras två intressentperspektiv kopplat till det informationsvärde som tillämpningen av IAS 11 respektive IFRS 15 resulterar i. Decision-usefulness och stewardship utgör de primära intressentperspektiven som analyseras i denna studie.Syftet med denna studie är således att genom tillämpning av IAS 11 och IFRS 15, analysera konsekvenserna vid respektive tillämpning avseende intäktsredovisning av entreprenader. Vidare utvecklas en förklaringsmodell, underbygg med litteratur inom ämnesområdet, som konsekvent tillämpas för att analysera informationsvärdet som tillämpningen av respektive standard ger upphov till. Studien visar att tillämpningen av de olika rekvisiten kan ge upphov till information som tilltalar olika intressenter utifrån deras informationsbehov. Tillämpningen av IFRS 15 ledde i större utsträckning till varierande informationsvärden än tillämpningen av IAS 11. I studien framkommer även att rekvisiten för intäktsredovisning kan ge upphov till olika effekter i resultaträkningen. / In May 2014 the IASB and the FASB published IFRS 15, a new accounting standard for revenue recognition. IFRS 15 will replace the current standards on revenue recognition, IAS 18 and IAS 11. The application of IFRS 15 may result in more or less extensive changes in revenue recognition. Revenue recognition and the effect resulting from the application of different standards and policies has long been a subject of discussion. The discussion stems from the different views regarding when the recognition of revenue take place, i.e. the necessary prerequisites which must exist for income to be included in the income statement/statement of comprehensive income. In this paper the necessary prerequisite for revenue recognition is applied in accordance with IFRS 15 and IAS 11 in order to highlight the effect in the income statement when the respective necessary prerequisites is applied in the context of construction contracts. The effect of the various necessary prerequisites for revenue recognition of construction contracts is analyzed by applying a model that illustrates the different information values arising from the application of the necessary prerequisites. Financial reports are designed to communicate information to stakeholders. The necessary prerequisites that underpin revenue recognition have a close connection to the information value that is obtained. Different stakeholders demand different information values in the financial statements. In some cases timeliness and relevance is rewarded, in other cases reliability. In this paper a stakeholder perspective is illustrated which is linked to the information value that the application of IAS 11 and IFRS 15 results in. Decision-usefulness and stewardship are the primary stakeholder perspectives that are analyzed in this study. The purpose of this study is to analyze the consequences on revenue recognition by applying IAS 11 and IFRS 15 on construction contracts. The information value resulting from the application of the standards is analyzed through an explanatory model with basis in the subject area. The findings shows that the application of the various necessary prerequisites can lead to information that appeals to different stakeholders based on their information needs. The application of IFRS 15 led in larger extent to various information values than the application of IAS 11. The findings also show that the necessary prerequisites for revenue recognition may give rise to different effects on the income statement. This paper is written in Swedish

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This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso.

The thesis is focused on service management in the Pension Na louži. The aim was to analyze the services provided by Pension and found out the market conditions. The theoretical part describes services, their characteristics and properties. It also deals with the description of tourism marketing and defines important terms related to accommodation services, as well as Yield and Revenue management. The practical part deals with the determination of the economic position of the company. In this part was used mainly statistics and own calculations, graphs and tables, and data collected from a questionnaire survey among customers, employees and the owner of the Pension. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey and hospitality trends author created proposals.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of tax revenue as percentage of gross domestic product in the Czech Republic in years 1996 {--} 2007 and to assess the political and economic causes of this development. We use the macroeconomic indicator, so-called "Tax share" to compare the tax burden in time and area in individual countries. The Tax share is calculated as the ratio of tax revenue to GDP. We make a difference between tax revenue including social security contribution and tax revenue excluding social security contribution. This thesis is interested in tax revenue including social security. The first part of this thesis is focused on possibilities of comparing tax systems of individual countries, of their restrictions and confrontations. This part also explains what is the tax share exactly and the sorts of this macroeconomic indicator. The practical part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of the development of tax revenue as percentage of GDP in the Czech Republic in years 1996 {--} 2007, according to methodology of Eurostat. There is comparation in time horizont. We also compare the tax burden of Czech repulic in the area, respectively in the European Union (in EU 15, EU 25 and in Slovakia {--} post communist country of EU) and in the states of OECD. The methodology of OECD is different from the methodology of Eurostat.

O trabalho concentra-se sobre o critério do valor adicionado fiscal na repartição do ICMS, com o objetivo de verificar sua adequação como mecanismo de provisão de recursos financeiros a Municípios, no contexto do federalismo fiscal brasileiro. Mediante análise teórica, de dados de distribuição e legislação referente à repartição e ao ICMS, identificamos que o valor adicionado fiscal é gerador de enormes desigualdades de tratamento entre Municípios de porte equivalente e de oscilações brutais de valores de transferência de um para outro ano, mas, sobretudo, que é juridicamente inadequado à multiplicidade de locais de ocorrência de fatos geradores e a heterogeneidade do imposto que pretende repartir. Não atinge, assim, o propósito de medir a adição de valor em um território, nem o de conferir aos Municípios receitas em montante similar ao potencial de arrecadação de um imposto sobre valor adicionado municipal depurado dos efeitos de imunidades, isenções, diferimentos e substituições tributárias, que justificou sua criação. A permanência da utilização do critério do valor adicionado por décadas é apontada no trabalho como resultante de acomodações e ajustes institucionais, característicos de dependência de trajetória (path dependence), que, desrespeitando os limites jurídicos de regulamentação, disfarçam a inadequação do critério e perpetuam as desigualdades e instabilidades dele advindas. Justifica-se, assim, que atenções sejam voltadas à análise de alternativas à repartição do ICMS por outros meios que não o VAF e o aperfeiçoamento de seus mecanismos de regulação, caso permaneça sendo utilizado. / The Added Value Criteria (VAF) is used in Brazil for purposes of ICMS (A State tax on circulation of goods, communication and interstate and intercity transportation services) revenue sharing to cities. The data on how the VAT based tax sharing occurs shows that VAT is a source of inequalities in resource distribution to cities of equivalent population and oscillations in the amounts received by a given city along the years. Moreover and as the central hypothesis of this thesis, VAF, as defined in Brazilian legislation, is not suitable to the complexity of situations and places of occurrence of ICMS taxable events nor to the effects of ICMS on prices, being, thus, unable to measure the value added in each city territory and to protect the revenue sharing from the effects of ICMS exemptions, constitutional immunities, deferrals and tax substitutions. Being so, the VAT regulations, do not recreate the potential of a municipal VAT, falling short in accomplishing the purposes it was created for. In spite of its defects, VAT remains in use decades after its creation as a result of accommodations and institutional adjustments that can be explained by a path dependence trajectory that was, and still, is able to disguise its chronic inadequacies and to perpetuate the inequalities and instabilities arising out of such distribution criteria. Our conclusions on VAF justify the study of other alternatives for the ICMS revenue sharing, as well as attempts to improve the quality of VAT regulations.

This diploma thesis deals with revenue recognition in acconrdance to International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS and american Generally Accepted Accounting Principles US GAAP. Furthermore, it is focused on convergence project, called Revenue Recognition Project. This will result to standard Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Expected issue period is the end of 2011. The goal of this thesis is to analyze and assess the current situation in chosen accounting systems.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la composition des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement et étudie ses déterminants et ses conséquences. La première partie analyse les facteurs d’économie politique qui influent sur la composition des recettes fiscales, en considérant l’impact de la multiplication des élections et de la démocratisation, tandis que la deuxième partie examine les conséquences des choix de composition des recettes fiscales en termes de stabilisation des recettes fiscales et de bien-Être social. Plusieurs résultats émergent. Les élections ont une influence significative sur la composition des recettes fiscales puisque les recettes issues des taxes indirectes connaissent une baisse juste avant les élections (Chapitre 1). Ces manipulations visant à favoriser les réélections apparaissent plus modérées dans les pays où la démocratie est établie de plus longue date. De plus, le Chapitre 2 a établit que l’existence d’un régime politique plus démocratique, avec des contraintes sur l’exécutif fortes, permet d’accroître les recettes de fiscalité intérieure qui sont nécessaires pour pallier la baisse des recettes tarifaires. La seconde partie de la thèse révèle des résultats intéressants sur les effets de la composition des recettes fiscales sur la stabilisation des recettes fiscales et sur ses conséquences sociales. Le Chapitre 3 a souligné l’importance de la lutte contre l’instabilité des recettes fiscales dans la mesure où elle induit de l’instabilité des dépenses publiques ce qui affaiblit le niveau de l’investissement public. La contribution plus accrue des taxes sur la consommation aux recettes fiscales a été identifiée comme stabilisant les recettes fiscales. En outre, le chapitre 4 a démontré que la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée permet de réduire significativement l’instabilité des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement l’ayant adoptée. L’incidence sociale des taxes sur la consommation a été comparée à celle des tarifs douaniers dans le Chapitre 5 et il apparaît que les tarifs douaniers sont plus régressifs que les taxes sur la consommation au Burkina Faso. / This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-Established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-Added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso.