Rip current images are useful for assisting in climate studies but time consuming to manually annotate by hand over thousands of images. Object detection is a possible solution for automatic annotation because of its success and popularity in identifying regions of interest in images, such as human faces. Similarly to faces, rip currents have distinct features that set them apart from other areas of an image, such as more generic patterns of the surf zone. There are many distinct methods of object detection applied in face detection research. In this thesis, the best fit for a rip current object detector is found by comparing these methods. In addition, the methods are improved with Haar features exclusively created for rip current images. The compared methods include max distance from the average, support vector machines, convolutional neural networks, the Viola-Jones object detector, and a meta-learner. The presented results are compared for accuracy, false positive rate, and detection rate. Viola-Jones has the top base-line performance by achieving a detection rate of 0.88 and identifying only 15 false positives in the test image set of 53 rip currents. The described meta-learner integrates the presented Haar features, which are developed in accordance with the original Viola-Jones algorithm. Ada-Boost, a feature ranking algorithm, shows that the newly presented Haar features extract more meaningful data from rip current images than some of the current features. The meta-classifier improves upon the stand-alone Viola-Jones when applying these features by reducing its false positives by 47% while retaining a similar computational cost and detection rate.

This dissertation centers on creating a new critical edition of the Rip Van Winkle overture. One of America's earliest opera composers, George Frederick Bristow (1825-1898), completed the opera Rip Van Winkle in 1855. When he revised it twenty-five years later in 1880, the composer omitted the original overture which was then thought to be lost. A concert version of this overture exists today only in manuscript form, located at the New York Public Library. Rip Van Winkle is significant to the history of American Music because it is one of the earliest operas composed by an American, and the first to be written on American subject matter (in this case, Washington Irving's story of the same name). Adding to the work's considerable historical significance is that the overture was one of the first American pieces performed by the New York Philharmonic Society, in which Bristow was a violinist. There is currently no scholarly edition of the overture, and thus this edition will fill a significant gap in the understanding of nineteenth-century American music. This critical edition of the overture to George Frederick Bristow's Rip Van Winkle was created in order to be published and available for performance and study, shedding light on the often under-represented American opera in the United States.

The purpose of this research is to provide a better understanding of the physical and social aspects of rip currents in ocean areas that will lead to better forecasts, better governmental policies in beach areas, and ultimately to save lives. A rip current is a nearshore circulation in which breaking waves run up onto the beach then retreat rapidly in deeper channels back toward the sea. Rip currents pose a significant threat to beachgoers and can pull even the strongest swimmers out to sea. The primary factors associated with rip current formation on unarmored beaches are variations in the local beach bathymetry, wind-generated longshore waves of varying height, and lower tidal stages. The rationale for this study is highlighted when rip current deaths are put in context with deaths from other weather related deaths. The average number of rip current deaths per year in the United States is 46 and in the year 2010 rip currents were responsible for 64 deaths which was higher than the deaths associated with lightning, tornadoes, hurricanes and the cold winter during the year. The methodology followed for this study includes a review of demographics from over 500 rip current drowning reports along the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States from 1994-2012. This research indicates that tourists are often victims, and rescuers can become the victims. For each state or sub-state area where rip current drownings are prevalent, an analysis of social aspects, beach areas, and associated ocean and weather patterns was conducted using averaged wind and pressure fields over wave generation areas, buoy data, and tide data. It is important to understand the evolution of these drowning events and seek solutions to mitigate the problem.

Mutation of repetitive DNA by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) is a process that occurs in many filamentous fungi of the Ascomycota during the sexual cycle. Concurrently, direct DNA repeats are often deleted by homologous recombination at high frequency during the sexual cycle. Thus, the processes of RIP and deletion compete to either mutate or remove repetitive DNA from the genome of filamentous fungi during sexual cycles. Both processes contribute to genome streamlining by controlling proliferation of transposable elements and by limiting expansion of gene families. While the genetic requirements for deletion by homologous recombination are well known, the mechanism behind the specific detection and mutation of repetitive DNA by RIP has yet to be elucidated as only a single gene essential for RIP, rid, has been identified. We have developed Fusarium graminearum as a model organism for the study of RIP by showing that it mutates repetitive DNA frequently during the sexual cycle and that the mutations due to RIP are dependent on rid. Further, we have sequenced a genetic mapping strain of F. graminearum (00-676-2) and identified 62,310 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared to the reference strain (PH-1). The SNP map will be useful for quickly mapping new mutants by bulk segregant analysis and high-throughput sequencing for which bioinformatic tools were specifically developed. The groundwork has thus been laid for identification of novel RIP mutants in F. graminearum, which being homothallic has a major advantage for identification of recessive mutations. We used a forward genetics approach to shed light on the mechanism of RIP in Neurospora crassa. Two rrr mutants that dominantly r��educe R��IP and r��ecombination were characterized and identified as different mutated alleles of the same gene, rrr-1[superscript L496P] and rrr-1[superscript G325N] by bulk segregant analysis and high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatic characterization suggests RRR-1 belongs to a previously uncharacterized group of dynamin-like proteins, which are generally involved in membrane fission and fusion. RRR-1-GFP localizes to the nuclear membrane, but not DNA, suggesting it affects RIP and recombination frequency indirectly by altering nuclear membrane dynamics during sexual development and thereby altering temporal aspects of RIP and recombination. We used a reverse genetics approach to determine whether high frequency RIP and homologous recombination of repetitive DNA during the sexual cycle are linked mechanistically or spatio-temporally. We tested strains where genes important for deletion by homologous recombination were knocked out and found all to be completely RIP competent except mre11, which, while sterile in homozygous deletion crosses, displayed lower RIP frequency in heterozygous crosses. This suggests that mre11 has roles in homologous recombination as well as non-homologous end joining may be important for RIP. Collectively, this work developed methods for efficiently mapping mutations and identified a novel protein that reduces RIP and recombination frequency but did not identify any mechanistic link between the two processes. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Dec. 10, 2012 - Dec. 10, 2014

Laboratory experiments of rip current systems are performed in a wave basin with a bar and rip channel geometry at the Ocean Engineering Laboratory at the University of Delaware. The experiments include both in situ water level and velocity measurements and optical visualization of the flow field under a variety of normal-incident wave conditions. Digital video is used to record surface drifters moving through a rip current system. A method is presented that tracks these digitally-recorded drifters into long Lagrangian sequences. The laboratory measurements capture both an Eulerian and Lagrangian description of the rip current system. Time-averaged rip current properties are calculated and analyzed using both in situ and video measurements. From the video, Lagrangian velocities are computed with forward differencing of the low-pass filtered drifter tracks. Wave properties are also estimated using the orbital drifter motions and linear (Airy) wave theory. The effects of various wave conditions on the time-averaged rip current systems are investigated to show that wave height is a critical parameter. Measurements of circulation cells are obtained by spatially averaging the drifter track velocity measurements into a polar grid ranging from 0.25 m to 3.25 m from the center of the cell. Circulation cell features, such as the center of circulation and cell width, are calculated to characterize their response to various wave conditions. Spectral analyses are used to characterize the rip current pulsations in the experimental measurements. Three frequencies are found to be energetic in several of the experiments in the low frequency band: the wave group frequency, a lower frequency, and the interaction of the wave group and lower frequencies. Some experiments have significant energy at each of the three peaks, where others have only one or none. The lower frequency motions have also been found in the video measurements and attributed to rip meandering. Possible causes for the low-frequency pulsations, including wave basin seiching, circulation cell instabilities, and wave-current interaction, are discussed. This thesis adds to previous rip current studies by providing a spatially-large and time-varying perspective of rip current systems as a whole.

The nearshore current field, defined here as the residual horizontal flow after averaging over the incident wave period, exhibits variability at a range of time and space scales. Some of the variable currents are low frequency gravity wave motions. However, variable, rotational (in the sense of possessing vertical vorticity) flow can also exist as part of the overall nearshore current field. A field and numerical modelling investigation of these variable rotational currents has been carried out. Drifters, which were developed for surfzone use, enabled measurement of the nearshore current structure; the design and testing of these new instruments is described. Two sets of field measurements, using the new drifters and Eulerian instruments were carried out for conditions with swell perpendicular to a plane beach and in strong longshore currents. In the perpendicular swell conditions, an interesting and well-defined feature of the measured trajectories was the development of transient rip currents. Discrete vortices were also observed. In the longshore current case, trajectories with the longshore current displacement removed had complex meandering paths. Lagrangian data were used to make estimates of length scales and dispersion, both of which provide strong evidence that the current field cannot be due to low frequency gravity waves alone. Under the assumption of equipartition of kinetic and potential energy for low frequency gravity waves, Eulerian measurements of velocities and pressure show significant energy due to non-divergent, rotational flow in both the perpendicular swell and longshore current case. A numerical model that can simulate horizontal flow with a directionally spread, random wave field incident on a plane beach was implemented. The model developed transient rip currents that are qualitatively very similar to those seen in the drifter trajectories from the field. The number and intensity of rip currents in the model depended on the beach slope and incident wave spectra. The energy content and cross-shore flux (and hence transport of material) of the rotational current flow component in the simulated flow fields is comparable to that due to low frequency gravity waves. The modelling also provided some evidence that there may be universal characteristics of the rotational currents. The field results and modelling show that variable rotational currents are ubiquitous in the field even when longshore currents and hence shear waves are not present. The term “infragravity turbulence” is suggested to describe the general class of nearshore hydrodynamics not directly associated with shear waves, which is largely disorganised, but contains well defined features such as transient rips currents and large scale horizontal vortices. The results have important implications in the understanding of the transport of material, including sediment, biological material, pollution, and sometimes bathers, in the nearshore zone.

As Proteínas Inativadoras de Ribossomos (RIPs) compreendem uma família de enzimas que inibem a síntese protéica através da depurinação de uma adenina específica do RNA ribossomal. Os membros desta família são classificados como RIPs do tipo I, quando possuem somente o RNA-N-Glicosidase e RIPs do tipo II quando além do domínio glicosidase, também apresentam um domínio de lectina. As RIPs foram mais estudadas em plantas, onde a ricina e a aglutinina, ambas RIP do tipo II de mamona (Ricinus communis), estão entre as primeiras descritas. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar parálogos da ricina e aglutinina, bem como RIPs do tipo I de mamona e analisar as suas relações filogenéticas. Além disso, validar o uso de 14 potenciais genes de referência para qRT-PCR em cinco estádios do desenvolvimento da semente de mamona. O padrão de expressão gênica por RT-qPCR de todas RIPs de mamona identificadas, também foram analisados nestes mesmos estádios. Um total de 18 genes de RIPs foi identificado em mamona (Rcom RIPs), dos quais 10 foram classificados como do tipo II e 8 do tipo I. As topologias das árvores filogenéticas sugerem que as Rcom RIPs foram originadas a partir de múltiplos eventos de duplicação gênica. Dois modelos evolutivos foram propostos para a radiação das Rcom RIPs, baseados em processos de fusão gênica associado ou não a eventos de duplicação parcial. Os genes Act 2/7, EF β, Ubi, TIP e UBC foram os que apresentaram perfil de expressão mais estável e foram selecionados para subsequente normalização dos dados de expressão das Rcom RIPs. Os genes que codificam as Rcom RIPI 3, 4, 5, 7 e 8 e as Rcom RIPII 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 e 8 são transcritos em sementes, sendo que a Rcom RIPII 1 (ricina) e a Rcom RIPII 2 (aglutinina) foram as mais expressas. O presente trabalho apresenta um modelo evolutivo das Rcom RIPs, o qual pode ser extrapolado para outras espécies de plantas. Este trabalho também demonstra o primeiro esforço para a padronização de genes de referência para RT-qPCR em mamona e o primeiro que apresenta a expressão outras Rcom RIPs, além da ricina e aglutinina. / Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) comprise a family of enzymes that inhibit protein synthesis, after depurination of an adenine-specific ribosomal RNA. The members of this family are classified as type I RIPs, which have a RNA-Nglycosidase domain and type II RIPs encompassing a RNA-N-glycosidase and a lectin domain.The RIPs were more studied in plants, where ricin and agglutinin, both type II RIP of castor bean (Ricinus communis), were the first to be described. This work aimed to: 1) identifine paralogous of ricin and agglutinin, as well as the type I RIPs of castor bean; 2) analyze their phylogenetic relationships; 3) validate the use of 14 potential housekeeping genes for qRT-PCR for five developmental stages of R. communis seeds; 4) analyze the pattern of gene expression by RTqPCR of all RIPs castor identified in these same stages. A total of 18 genes that encode RIPs were identified in castor bean (Rcom RIPs), 10 of which were classified as type II and 8 as type I. The phylogenetic trees topologies suggest that Rcom RIPs were originated from multiple events of gene duplications. Two evolutionary models have been proposed for the radiation of Rcom RIPs based on gene fusion processes associated or not to events of partial duplication. The genes Act 2/7, EF β, Ubi, TIP and UBC presented the more stable expression profile and were selected for further RT- qPCR normalization experiments. The Rcom RIPI 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 and Rcom RIPI 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 genes are actively transcribed in seeds, whereas the Rcom RIPI 1 (ricin) and Rcom RIPI 2 (agglutinin) were the most expressed. This paper presents an evolutionary model of Rcom RIPs, which can be extrapolated to other plant species. Also, corresponds to the first effort to standardize housekeeping genes for RT-qPCR in castor bean and the first that shows the expression Rcom RIPs, other than ricin and agglutinin.

As Proteínas Inativadoras de Ribossomos (RIPs) compreendem uma família de enzimas que inibem a síntese protéica através da depurinação de uma adenina específica do RNA ribossomal. Os membros desta família são classificados como RIPs do tipo I, quando possuem somente o RNA-N-Glicosidase e RIPs do tipo II quando além do domínio glicosidase, também apresentam um domínio de lectina. As RIPs foram mais estudadas em plantas, onde a ricina e a aglutinina, ambas RIP do tipo II de mamona (Ricinus communis), estão entre as primeiras descritas. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar parálogos da ricina e aglutinina, bem como RIPs do tipo I de mamona e analisar as suas relações filogenéticas. Além disso, validar o uso de 14 potenciais genes de referência para qRT-PCR em cinco estádios do desenvolvimento da semente de mamona. O padrão de expressão gênica por RT-qPCR de todas RIPs de mamona identificadas, também foram analisados nestes mesmos estádios. Um total de 18 genes de RIPs foi identificado em mamona (Rcom RIPs), dos quais 10 foram classificados como do tipo II e 8 do tipo I. As topologias das árvores filogenéticas sugerem que as Rcom RIPs foram originadas a partir de múltiplos eventos de duplicação gênica. Dois modelos evolutivos foram propostos para a radiação das Rcom RIPs, baseados em processos de fusão gênica associado ou não a eventos de duplicação parcial. Os genes Act 2/7, EF β, Ubi, TIP e UBC foram os que apresentaram perfil de expressão mais estável e foram selecionados para subsequente normalização dos dados de expressão das Rcom RIPs. Os genes que codificam as Rcom RIPI 3, 4, 5, 7 e 8 e as Rcom RIPII 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 e 8 são transcritos em sementes, sendo que a Rcom RIPII 1 (ricina) e a Rcom RIPII 2 (aglutinina) foram as mais expressas. O presente trabalho apresenta um modelo evolutivo das Rcom RIPs, o qual pode ser extrapolado para outras espécies de plantas. Este trabalho também demonstra o primeiro esforço para a padronização de genes de referência para RT-qPCR em mamona e o primeiro que apresenta a expressão outras Rcom RIPs, além da ricina e aglutinina. / Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) comprise a family of enzymes that inhibit protein synthesis, after depurination of an adenine-specific ribosomal RNA. The members of this family are classified as type I RIPs, which have a RNA-Nglycosidase domain and type II RIPs encompassing a RNA-N-glycosidase and a lectin domain.The RIPs were more studied in plants, where ricin and agglutinin, both type II RIP of castor bean (Ricinus communis), were the first to be described. This work aimed to: 1) identifine paralogous of ricin and agglutinin, as well as the type I RIPs of castor bean; 2) analyze their phylogenetic relationships; 3) validate the use of 14 potential housekeeping genes for qRT-PCR for five developmental stages of R. communis seeds; 4) analyze the pattern of gene expression by RTqPCR of all RIPs castor identified in these same stages. A total of 18 genes that encode RIPs were identified in castor bean (Rcom RIPs), 10 of which were classified as type II and 8 as type I. The phylogenetic trees topologies suggest that Rcom RIPs were originated from multiple events of gene duplications. Two evolutionary models have been proposed for the radiation of Rcom RIPs based on gene fusion processes associated or not to events of partial duplication. The genes Act 2/7, EF β, Ubi, TIP and UBC presented the more stable expression profile and were selected for further RT- qPCR normalization experiments. The Rcom RIPI 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 and Rcom RIPI 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 genes are actively transcribed in seeds, whereas the Rcom RIPI 1 (ricin) and Rcom RIPI 2 (agglutinin) were the most expressed. This paper presents an evolutionary model of Rcom RIPs, which can be extrapolated to other plant species. Also, corresponds to the first effort to standardize housekeeping genes for RT-qPCR in castor bean and the first that shows the expression Rcom RIPs, other than ricin and agglutinin.

This dissertation combines seemingly different studies, which work together to describe the physical characteristics of rip current development and associated social implications at several locations. These fast-moving, concentrated flows of water travel offshore and can be found on any beach with sufficient wave action. Any event of increased wave steepness will erode a large quantity of sediment from the beach. The material deposited offshore eventually makes its way back; during this process, ocean water becomes trapped behind a shore-attached bar resulting in a ridge-and-runnel. These formations are seen at East Hampton, where rip-like currents form as concentrated water drains from the runnel through a breach in the ridge. Camera images from 2010-2016 captured ridge-and-runnel formations and the ensuing currents. These newly described rips behave similarly to bar-gaps; however, they are not directly related to wave action. Coastal scientists consider rip currents to be the number one hazard at most beaches. In Palm Beach County, two traditional rip types were studied: bar-gap and structurally-controlled. Lifeguard incident reports from 2011-2016 were used to correlate wind speeds and wave heights to rip related rescues at three beaches. This research was undertaken in an effort to determine under what conditions most beachgoers become caught in this hazard. Rip currents were seen to be the most dangerous to bathers on days with moderate wind and wave activity. The same beach states that lead to the strongest rips also tend to keep beachgoers from entering the ocean. A social survey at Miami Beach, from 2011 to 2012, quantified beachgoer’s rip knowledge and their recognition of hazards. A significant portion of the respondents showed insufficient knowledge, which indicated they are at-risk of being caught or drowning in a rip current. Frequent exposure to the beach, maturation, and residency were identified as the main contributors to one’s literacy whereas education was the only variable that influenced a beachgoer’s visual recognition of hazard. The information gathered by these surveys can aid in creating better rip current awareness campaigns targeted to demographics that were determined as the most at-risk. An understanding of the physical and social science of rip currents can mitigate the impact of these beach hazards.

I dagsläget används VPN allt mer bland företagen för att ansluta till olika nätverk. Detta kan medföra att routingtabellen blir alltför stor och det kan i sin tur påverka processorbelastningen på routern som delar ut alla VPN.Detta arbete hade som syfte att granska om det är några märkbara prestandaskillnader på en routers processor när olika routingprotokoll används tillsammans med VRF. Protokollen som detta arbete tog upp var BGP, OSPF och RIP.Tre olika nätverks-scenarier skapades där olika tester genomfördes för de tre nämnda routingprotokollen. Det gjordes även tester på routrar när ingen VRF användes för att jämföra resultaten. Testerna bestod av att granska processorbelastningen på routrar när det fanns många rutter i nätverket och när nätverket var belastat med trafik.Testernas visade att skillnaden mellan BGP och OSPF inte är särskilt stor, men när RIP användes så steg processorbelastningen markant när nätverket hade många rutter. Om däremot VRF användes tillsammans med RIP så sjönk belastningen avsevärt på vissa routrar.