Introdução: A incidência da doença arterial coronária é uma das principais causas de morbidade e motalidade em diversos países e o estudo dos fatores de risco têm grande importância na prevenção e no tratamento dessa enfermidade. Entre outros fatores, a obesidade e a obesidade abdominal têm sido associadas com a maior incidência de DAC. A ingestão diária de nutrientes também pode estar relacionada com essa doença, porém, uma vez que a alimentação é complexa e contém diversos nutrientes, ainda não foi possível elucidar o impacto da alimentação no risco de desenvolver a doença arterial coronária. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o consumo alimentar diário, a presença de obesidade abdominal e achados angiográficos de obstrução arterial em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica, submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com 284 pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, da unidade de hemodinâmica de um hospital universitário. Foi avaliada a RCQ, o IMC, a ingestão alimentar diária através de um inquérito nutricional, a análise bioquímica do sangue e a avaliação do laudo do cateterismo cardíaco. Resultados: Dos pacientes avaliados, 172 indivíduos (60,6%) apresentavam alterações em uma ou mais artérias coronárias. A ingestão média diária de calorias foi de 2450,56 Kcal/dia. O consumo de proteínas foi em média 1,66 g/Kg/dia, de carboidratos foi de 3,83 g/Kg/dia e de lipídeos foi de 1,21 g/Kg/dia. A idade, o sexo masculino, os níveis séricos de triglicerídeos, o consumo de álcool e a glicemia em jejum foram estatisticamente significativos na análise multivariada. Conclusão: Nos pacientes avaliados, o consumo diário de calorias encontra-se adequado, porém a ingestão de proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos estão inadequados. Em relação aos fatores de risco para DAC, as mulheres apresentaram maior associação para desenvolver a síndrome metabólica do que os homens. / Introduction: the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality among adults, and the study of risk factors is important in the prevention and treatment of this disease. Between other factors, obesity and abdominal obesity have been associated with CHD. Daily intake of nutrients can be related with this disease, however, daily diet is complex and contains several nutrients and foods, and the specific impact of diet on the risk of coronary heart disease has not yet been accurately explained or quantified . Objective: to evaluate the relation between daily intake and abdominal obesity and angiography findings of coronary obstruction in patients with isquemic cardiopatic, submitted to a cardiac catheterization. Methods: a cross study with 284 patients submitted a cardiac catheterization of the Hemodynamics Unit. It was evaluated the waist-rip-ratio, body mass index and daily intake. Results: Coronary obstruction was observed in 172 (60.6%) patients with abnormalities in one or more arteries. The analysis of macronutrient intake showed that mean protein intake was 1.66 ± 0.65 g/Kg/day, mean carbohydrate intake was 9.83 ± 1.45 g/Kg/day and mean lipid intake was 1.21 ± 0.58 g/Kg/day. Age, male sex, tryglicerides, alcohol intake and fasting glucose was statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: the energy intake is adjust, but the protein, carbohydrate and lipids are not. In relation to the others risk factors for CHD, the women were more significantly associated with the risk to develop metabolic syndrome than in men, which confirmed findings in other studies.

Introdução: A incidência da doença arterial coronária é uma das principais causas de morbidade e motalidade em diversos países e o estudo dos fatores de risco têm grande importância na prevenção e no tratamento dessa enfermidade. Entre outros fatores, a obesidade e a obesidade abdominal têm sido associadas com a maior incidência de DAC. A ingestão diária de nutrientes também pode estar relacionada com essa doença, porém, uma vez que a alimentação é complexa e contém diversos nutrientes, ainda não foi possível elucidar o impacto da alimentação no risco de desenvolver a doença arterial coronária. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o consumo alimentar diário, a presença de obesidade abdominal e achados angiográficos de obstrução arterial em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica, submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com 284 pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, da unidade de hemodinâmica de um hospital universitário. Foi avaliada a RCQ, o IMC, a ingestão alimentar diária através de um inquérito nutricional, a análise bioquímica do sangue e a avaliação do laudo do cateterismo cardíaco. Resultados: Dos pacientes avaliados, 172 indivíduos (60,6%) apresentavam alterações em uma ou mais artérias coronárias. A ingestão média diária de calorias foi de 2450,56 Kcal/dia. O consumo de proteínas foi em média 1,66 g/Kg/dia, de carboidratos foi de 3,83 g/Kg/dia e de lipídeos foi de 1,21 g/Kg/dia. A idade, o sexo masculino, os níveis séricos de triglicerídeos, o consumo de álcool e a glicemia em jejum foram estatisticamente significativos na análise multivariada. Conclusão: Nos pacientes avaliados, o consumo diário de calorias encontra-se adequado, porém a ingestão de proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos estão inadequados. Em relação aos fatores de risco para DAC, as mulheres apresentaram maior associação para desenvolver a síndrome metabólica do que os homens. / Introduction: the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality among adults, and the study of risk factors is important in the prevention and treatment of this disease. Between other factors, obesity and abdominal obesity have been associated with CHD. Daily intake of nutrients can be related with this disease, however, daily diet is complex and contains several nutrients and foods, and the specific impact of diet on the risk of coronary heart disease has not yet been accurately explained or quantified . Objective: to evaluate the relation between daily intake and abdominal obesity and angiography findings of coronary obstruction in patients with isquemic cardiopatic, submitted to a cardiac catheterization. Methods: a cross study with 284 patients submitted a cardiac catheterization of the Hemodynamics Unit. It was evaluated the waist-rip-ratio, body mass index and daily intake. Results: Coronary obstruction was observed in 172 (60.6%) patients with abnormalities in one or more arteries. The analysis of macronutrient intake showed that mean protein intake was 1.66 ± 0.65 g/Kg/day, mean carbohydrate intake was 9.83 ± 1.45 g/Kg/day and mean lipid intake was 1.21 ± 0.58 g/Kg/day. Age, male sex, tryglicerides, alcohol intake and fasting glucose was statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: the energy intake is adjust, but the protein, carbohydrate and lipids are not. In relation to the others risk factors for CHD, the women were more significantly associated with the risk to develop metabolic syndrome than in men, which confirmed findings in other studies.

Les membranes polymères utilisées actuellement dans les piles à combustible voient leurs performances diminuer à haute température (T > 90°C) et à faible humidité relative (HR < 50%) [1]. Cette diminution est principalement liée aux pertes des propriétés mécaniques et de conduction dans ces conditions. Afin de remédier à ces inconvénients, des membranes originales présentant une architecture de réseaux (semi-)interpénétrés de polymères [2] ((semi-)RIP) dans lesquelles un réseau hydrophobe est associé à un réseau hydrophile, ont été développées dans le cadre du projet ANR PAN-H « AMEIRICC ».Ces membranes sont constituées d'un réseau fluoré assurant la tenue mécanique et d'un réseau polyélectrolyte sulfoné assurant la conduction protonique du matériau, chacun des réseaux étant issu de différents précurseurs fournis par l'IAM et le LMOPS. Après la réaction de polymérisation/réticulation des deux réseaux, les matériaux sont caractérisés afin de réaliser un retour rapide sur leur synthèse et d'optimiser cette dernière pour parvenir à un matériau présentant les principales propriétés recherchées (conductivité protonique, stabilité thermique et chimique, principalement). Une fois la synthèse optimisée, des premiers matériaux ont été fournis au LMPB, au SPrAM et au LITEN pour la validation des membranes sélectionnées. Les propriétés structurales et les valeurs de conductivité des matériaux ont permis de conclure que les (semi-)RIP présentent une morphologie similaire à celle décrite pour le Nafion dans laquelle la phase fluorée et la phase conductrice ionique sont co-continues. Plusieurs séries de ces membranes ont ensuite été réalisées en modifiant la composition chimique afin d'étudier la variation des propriétés des matériaux obtenus. Enfin, les premiers tests en pile à combustible de ces membranes originales se sont révélés prometteurs.[1] R. Borup, J. Meyers, B. Pivovar, Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 3904.[2] L. H. Sperling and V. Mishra. The current status of interpenetrating polymer networks. In: Kim SC, Sperling LH, editors. IPNs around the world: science and engineering. New York: Wiley; 1997: p. 1-25. / The polymer membranes currently used in fuel cells are reducing their performance at high temperature (T > 90°C) and low relative humidity (RH < 50%) [1]. This decrease is mainly due to loss of mechanical properties and conduction in these conditions. To overcome these drawbacks, unique membranes having an architecture (semi-) interpenetrating polymer network [2] ((semi-) IPN) in which a hydrophobic network is associated with a hydrophilic network, were developed under PAN-H “AMEIRICC” ANR Project.These membranes consist of fluorinated network ensuring the mechanical and sulfonated polyelectrolyte network ensuring the proton conduction of material, each network being derived from different precursors provided by IAM and LMOPS. After the polymerization/cross linking reaction of the two systems, materials are characterized to carry out a rapid return on their synthesis and optimize it to achieve a material with the main properties (proton conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, primarily). Once the synthesis is optimized, the first materials were provided to LMPB, SPrAM and LITEN for validation of selected membranes.The structural properties and conductivity values of materials led to the conclusion that (semi-) IPN have a similar morphology to that described for the Nafion in which the fluorous phase and the ionic conducting phase are co-continuous.Then several series of these membranes were conducted by changing the chemical composition in order to study the variation of obtained material properties. Finally, the first fuel cell test of original membranes have shown promise.[1] R. Borup, J. Meyers, B. Pivovar, Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 3904.[2] L. H. Sperling and V. Mishra. The current status of interpenetrating polymer networks. In: Kim SC, Sperling LH, editors. IPNs around the world: science and engineering. New York: Wiley; 1997: p. 1-25.

Rip currents are the most dangerous hazard at surf beaches. Rip currents in South Florida have previously not been studied. Beach profiles for three Florida beaches (Miami Beach, Lido Beach, Sarasota, and Pensacola Beach) and one Georgia beach (South Cumberland Island) were chosen for surveying because of their variable sand bar heights. Rip current hazard at each beach was assessed by lifeguard rip rescue and drowning statistics. A relationship was found between sand bar height, beach slope and rip current hazard. Rip current measurements in South Florida, which involved utilizing GPS drifters, laser rangefinder and drone-imaged fluorescent tracer dye, showed that the speed ranged from 0.1-0.5 m/s, which is fairly slow compared to such measurements undertaken in California and Australia. The effect of rip currents on swimmers was analyzed based on the drag force acting on swimmers and the power they generate to overcome the currents when swimming against them. The drag force and power increase quadratically and cubically, respectively, with the increase of rip current and swimming speeds. Hence, even rip currents of low velocity can be dangerous and swimming against the current should be avoided if possible. Strong rips in California have been shown to exhibit a circulatory pattern, which could bring a floater back to the safety of a shallow sand bar. Field measurements of rip currents in South Florida clearly defined the flow characteristics of a nearly straight-line current, sometimes deflected to the east-southeast. Therefore, the traditional approach of swimming left or right, parallel to the shore is the best escape strategy, but not against the longshore current if present. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the occurrence of rip currents based on beach conditions. The logistic model showed that wave height, wave period and wind speed were statistically significant factors in rip generation. Rips were found to be most commonly generated by relatively small, non-threatening waves (e.g., 0.6 to 0.9m in height). These physical factors, along with social and safety considerations, pose a significant problem for coastal management.

Correntes de retorno são fluxos estreitos e intensos posicionados normal ou obliquamente a linha de costa e são a chave para compreender os processos de troca de água entre a zona de surfe e a plataforma interna. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a influência da morfologia e das forçantes externas nos processos de formação e manutenção das correntes de retorno na praia de Maresias (SP). Para tanto, foram integrados diversos métodos como imagens aéreas obtidas através de VANT, levantamentos topográficos e modelagem numérica. Os resultados indicam que a variação longitudinal da morfologia desempenha um papel fundamental na formação e manutenção das correntes de retorno, assim como os parâmetros de ondas incidentes. A porção leste e central da área de estudo se manteve estável quando comparada a porção oeste, em virtude de correntes de retorno controladas pela morfologia, que também intensificaram os processos de erosão e deposição na porção emersa do perfil praial. Já a porção oeste se mostrou mais suscetível a variações do parâmetros de ondas incidentes. Outro fator relevante observado foi o risco para banhistas; as correntes a leste da área de estudo representaram maior risco visto que o regime de saída foi predominante durante todo o experimento e os fluxos permaneceram estáveis por até 1 km. Os resultados mostram ainda que em se tratando dos padrões de correntes de retorno na praia de Maresias (SP), feições morfológicas geradas durante eventos extremos podem sobrepujar o efeito da variação dos parâmetros de ondas incidentes. / Rip currents are narrow and strong flows positioned normal or oblique to the coastline that represent the key to understand the processes of water exchange between the surf zone and the inner shelf. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of the morphology and the external forces in the processes of rip currents formation and maintenance at Maresias beach (SP). Therefore, we combine various methods, sucha as AUV aerial images, topographic surveys and numerical modeling. The results show that the longitudinal variation of the morphology plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of rip currents, as well as the incoming wave parameters. The central and eastern part of the study area were more stable than the west part, due to the rip currents controlled by the bathymetry, which also intensify the processes of erosion and deposition in the beach profile. The western part was more susceptible to variations of the incoming wave parameters. Another relevant factor is related to beach safety; the currents in the central and east part are more dangerous, since they show an exit flow during all the experiment and the flow remained stable up to 1 km. The results also show that in the case of rip currents at Maresias beach (SP), morphological features generated during extreme events can overcome the effect of the incoming waves.

<p>This thesis aims to investigate a method and tool for emulation of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) core network needed as an environment to test the routing functionality. GPRS is the most widely adopted mobile packet data delivery technology in the world. It utilizes an Intranet Protocol (IP)-based core network and involves significant changes to the way the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) air interface is structured. It also forms the basis of the future structure of mobile network transmission and switching.</p><p>The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is the most fundamental node in GPRS. Ericsson produces and manages an increasing number of SGSN nodes in the world. One of main functionalities of SGSN node is to forward IP packets according to the destination address in the IP header on IP core network.</p><p>In each new release of SGSN, or when implementation or upgrades have been done on routing application on SGSN, design and test engineers at Ericsson need to emulate the IP core network. This must be done with use of many routers to generate huge amounts of data that can simulate the real world IP core network.</p><p>The major goal of this thesis was to analyze and verifying the use of a suitable and economical solution to emulating IP Core Network of the GPRS system for testing of different functionality of the routing application running in SGSN , instead of building up a physical Core Network with different infrastructure and many routers.</p><p>The method chosen for emulating the IP core network with many routers, and investigated in the thesis, is based on a Cisco simulator called “Dynamips”, which runs many actual Cisco Internetwork Operating Systems (IOS) with many different models of Cisco products in a virtual environment on Windows or Linux platforms. With this simulator, engineers at Ericsson will be able to use this simulator to emulate IP core network easily and efficiently to accomplish system test cases.</p><p>A conclusion of this work is that Dynamips could be used to emulate many complicated IP core network scenarios, with many routers to generate huge amounts of data to simulate the real world IP core network. The emulated system fulfils its purpose for testing of the routing application of SGSN regarding different functionality and characteristics. This is done to ensure and verify that SGSN routing application meets its functional and technical requirements, and also helps to find undiscovered errors as well as helps to ensure that the individual components of routing application on SGSN are working correctly.</p>

In this paper, we have employed non-linear model reexamine real interest parity (RIP) of five European economies with respect to the US. We focus on using linear and nonlinear unit root tests to test real interest rate differentials (RIRD). And we add time trend in the logistic and exponential smooth transition regression models to monthly data. The results are as follows. First, the evidence for the full-sample is favorable using three traditional unit root tests and one powerful nonlinear unit root test. Almost all economics are support real interest parity. Second, we use nonlinear error correction model to find which factors influence on RIRD. There are three economics influenced by both domestic and foreign factors at the same time.

Imaging speed is very important in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially in dynamic cardiac applications, which involve respiratory motion and heart motion. With the introduction of reduced-data MR imaging methods, increasing acquisition speed has become possible without requiring a higher gradient system. But these reduced-data imaging methods carry a price for higher imaging speed. This may be a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) penalty, reduced resolution, or a combination of both. Many methods sacrifice edge information in favor of SNR gain, which is not preferable for applications which require accurate detection of myocardial boundaries. The central goal of this thesis is to develop novel reduced-data imaging methods to improve reconstructed image performance. This thesis presents a novel reduced-data imaging method, PINOT (Parallel Imaging and NOquist in Tandem), to accelerate MR imaging. As illustrated by a variety of computer simulated and real cardiac MRI data experiments, PINOT preserves the edge details, with flexibility of improving SNR by regularization. Another contribution is to exploit the data redundancy from parallel imaging, rFOV and partial Fourier methods. A Gerchberg Reduced Iterative System (GRIS), implemented with the Gerchberg-Papoulis (GP) iterative algorithm is introduced. Under the GRIS, which utilizes a temporal band-limitation constraint in the image reconstruction, a variant of Noquist called iterative implementation iNoquist (iterative Noquist) is proposed. Utilizing a different source of prior information, first combining iNoquist and Partial Fourier technique (phase-constrained iNoquist) and further integrating with parallel imaging methods (PINOT-GRIS) are presented to achieve additional acceleration gains.

This thesis aims to investigate a method and tool for emulation of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) core network needed as an environment to test the routing functionality. GPRS is the most widely adopted mobile packet data delivery technology in the world. It utilizes an Intranet Protocol (IP)-based core network and involves significant changes to the way the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) air interface is structured. It also forms the basis of the future structure of mobile network transmission and switching. The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is the most fundamental node in GPRS. Ericsson produces and manages an increasing number of SGSN nodes in the world. One of main functionalities of SGSN node is to forward IP packets according to the destination address in the IP header on IP core network. In each new release of SGSN, or when implementation or upgrades have been done on routing application on SGSN, design and test engineers at Ericsson need to emulate the IP core network. This must be done with use of many routers to generate huge amounts of data that can simulate the real world IP core network. The major goal of this thesis was to analyze and verifying the use of a suitable and economical solution to emulating IP Core Network of the GPRS system for testing of different functionality of the routing application running in SGSN , instead of building up a physical Core Network with different infrastructure and many routers. The method chosen for emulating the IP core network with many routers, and investigated in the thesis, is based on a Cisco simulator called “Dynamips”, which runs many actual Cisco Internetwork Operating Systems (IOS) with many different models of Cisco products in a virtual environment on Windows or Linux platforms. With this simulator, engineers at Ericsson will be able to use this simulator to emulate IP core network easily and efficiently to accomplish system test cases. A conclusion of this work is that Dynamips could be used to emulate many complicated IP core network scenarios, with many routers to generate huge amounts of data to simulate the real world IP core network. The emulated system fulfils its purpose for testing of the routing application of SGSN regarding different functionality and characteristics. This is done to ensure and verify that SGSN routing application meets its functional and technical requirements, and also helps to find undiscovered errors as well as helps to ensure that the individual components of routing application on SGSN are working correctly.

This thesis focuses on redundancy in data networks and on technologies which are used to achieve high availability in network infrastructure. This thesis is based on industry standards published by well-known standardization authorities. One proprietary technology which can effectively replace these standards and simplify the whole network is also presented in more detail. The theoretical part individually describes all such technologies and standards. The practical part deals with an appropriate combination of these technologies and their application in a specific product environment. This work is meant to describe the whole concept of high availability in network infrastructure and should be instrumental in understanding how these technologies are deployed in practice.