Permissible risk (Abstract) Topic of this thesis is permissible risk which is one of circumstances excluding the illegality in czech law. Text is divided into eight main parts. In first chapters history of permissible risk and circumstances excluding the ellegality are explained, then the relation between them is being discused. After first chapters that are about permissible risk in general, special parts come - permissible risk in health service, sports and economy. In each of this fields same topics are considered - special subject, acting lege artis, common good and relation between risk and the goal expected. Last part of this theses summons circumstances of permissible risk and asks a question whether it is necessary to have permissible risk in czech penal code.

Over the past few decades, the organic sector in most developed countries has flourished. Growth in the sector has been paralleled by a substantial amount of research on several arenas (see Cobb et al. 1999; Robles et al. 2005; Jackson and Lampkin 2008; Lobley et al. 2009c; among others). Reasons for adopting organic farming have been studied in a variety of instances (Padel 2001a). Although there is a considerable body of evidence that supports the distinctly ‘risky nature’ of organic farming, our identification and understanding of how this nature affects farmers’ decisions whether or not to farm organically are limited (see, for example, Lockeretz 1995; Duram 1999; Midmore et al. 2001; Baecke et al. 2002; Hattam 2006). It seems that there has been widespread acceptance of the hypothesis that organic farmers are more likely to be risk-takers compared to non-organic farmers. Similarly, the hypothesis that organic farmers with Non-Farming Backgrounds (NFBs) may have different attitudes towards risk has not been investigated yet through detailed empirical analysis. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to analyse the importance of farmers’ willingness to take risk in organic farming in their decisions regarding the adoption of organic farming where it is assumed that there is a link between attitudes and behaviours. The thesis employs a variety of methods: a questionnaire; familiarisation; in-depth interviews; and secondary data. The findings of this thesis suggest that not all sources and types of risks associated with organic farming are differently perceived by non-organic and organic farmers. In Devon (i.e. the study area), more non-organic than organic farmers mentioned the existence of ‘farm-related risks’ and ‘risks related to farmers’ belief’. Further, ‘risks related to financial returns’ were perceived to be of concern by non-organic farmers compared to their organic counterparts. On the other hand, other types and sources of risks associated with organic farming were equally perceived to be of concern by both groups. As expected, the recent risky environment of organic farming played a significant role in this respect (see also de Buck et al. 2001; Flaten et al. 2005). The wider environment was moreover the cause of greater concern regarding production, market and institutional risks (as opposed to personal ones) among organic farmers in Devon at the time of the questionnaire survey, when compared to the level of concern at the time of adoption. This shows that perceptions of types and sources of risks associated with organic farming are subject to change across time (CRER 2002). Compared to their non-organic counterparts, organic farmers in Devon were willing to take risk in organic farming. With regard to risk in farming and to risk in general, more organic farmers expressed risk-taking attitudes than did their non-organic counterparts. Consequently, and based on the main reasons for adoption and non-adoption of organic farming, this thesis suggests that willingness to take risk in organic farming acts as an extremely significant trigger for the uptake of organic farming. This in turn confirms what has been emphasised by many researchers (see Baecke et al. 2002; Acs et al. 2005; Serra et al. 2008; among others). It also suggests that investigations into people’s behaviours and decisions in relation to a ‘risky activity’ should take into account their attitudes towards risk in that activity. This thesis, in common with other studies (e.g. Kaltoft 1999; Lobley et al. 2005), also shows evidence of heterogeneity among organic farmers. A small group of organic farmers in Devon from NFBs was in search of the ‘good life’ and wanted to produce public goods from organic farming. Although technical, market and institutional risks associated with organic farming were of concern to organic farmers from NFBs in this study, these farmers did not have distinct risk perceptions. In contrast, they had distinct attitudes towards risk in organic farming. More organic farmers from NFBs than organic farmers from Farming Backgrounds (FBs) were willing to take risk in organic farming. Finally, and in accordance with Morris and Potter’s (1995) work, this thesis has placed 79% of surveyed farmers in Devon on a typology which reflects the fact that farmers are not homogeneous. The ‘conditional non-organic farmers’ and ‘pragmatic organic farmers’ in this typology may, with varying degrees of ease, switch between organic and non-organic methods at any point in the future due to possible changes in their attitudes towards risk in organic farming. In contrast, the ‘resistant non-organic farmers’ and ‘committed organic farmers’ at the two extremes of this typology will very likely be resistant to changes in their current farming systems. Accordingly, a set of policy recommendations which may help to increase future organic adoption in the UK has been set forth.

Thesis Portfolio Credit Risk Modeling focuses on state-of-the-art credit models largely implemented by banks into their banking risk-assessment and complementary valuation system frameworks. Reader is provided in general with both theoretical and applied (practical) approaches that are giving a clear notion how selected portfolio models perform in real-world environment. Our study comprises CreditMetrics, CreditRisk+ and KMV model. In the first part of the thesis, our intention is to clarify theoretically main features, modeling principles and moreover we also suggest hypotheses about strengths/drawbacks of every scrutinized model. Subsequently, in the applied part we test the models in a lab-environment but with real-world market data. Noticeable stress is also put on model calibration. This enables us to con firm/reject the assumptions we made in the theoretical part. In the very end there follows a straightforward general overview of all outputs and a conclusion.

This paper investigates the long-term diversification opportunities that exists for global investors among the BRICS nations. It analyzes how risk-averse investors can allocate funds between the countries in order to maximize the expected return in relation to the overall risk. It utilizes an empirical cointegration approach in tandem with modern portfolio theory during the time period 1999-2019. The empirical results of cointegration that is found supports the suggestion that the BRICS markets have a stable risk-premium between each other and that they all share similar systematic risk factors. The results further support the construction of a portfolio solely compromising of stocks from four out of the five BRICS markets, since then they do not share any long-run co-movements with each other. Moreover, the markets of Brazil, India, China and South Africa are strong candidates for reducing portfolio risk without sacrificing the adjusted portfolio return. The results also indicate several causal relationships between the nations, with China as the main driving force. This suggest that shocks in the Chinese market will spread and effect the rest of the BRICS markets, either directly or through one of the other markets. This is important knowledge for global policy-makers since China could be affected by markets outside the co-operation and subsequently transfer it to the rest of the BRICS markets. Since the countries accounts approximately 25 % of the global GDP, policy-makers must act with great care before implementing economic policies against China, since the consequences can have a much larger and wider effect than they anticipate.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg 2015 / Exposure to inorganic and organic pollutants residues causes negative effects to human health. They can cause damage to the living organism as well as to the environment. Humans take up these pollutants through skin absorption, respiration and ingestion of contaminated food and also the drinking water as a potential contaminants exposure route for inorganic and organic pollutants to humans. Studies have shown that inorganic and organic pollutants can be retained in food crops at higher than the permissible levels, thus posing some health risks to consumers. This study sought to assess the potential risk posed by inorganic and organic pollutants to human health as a result of consuming raw food and processed food cooked in traditional utensils. The food samples and the traditional utensils were collected in Kinshasa and Johannesburg markets. In total ninety- two food samples were assessed. The food crops included: cabbage, cassava, beans, beef meat and fish (tilapia). Ten trace elements, namely: Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn were analysed in raw food samples using ICP-OES, ICP-MS and mercury analyser. These metals were also analysed in food cooked with the traditional utensils. The health risk indices calculated were: Daily Intake of Metal (DIM) and Hazard Index (HI). The results obtained reveal that the raw food collected in Johannesburg markets contained a significant (p ˂ 0.05) higher concentration in all elements than the food samples collected in Kinshasa markets. Hg was detected only in fish samples. It was observed that cooking utensils can leach some significant quantities of trace elements into food during processing, hence resulting increase the concentration of these metals in processed foods. The DIM exceeded the oral reference dose (Rfd) and the HI were ˃ 1 in all the food cooked. The results of metal found in this current investigation were above the standard permissible limit set by FAO/WHO. On the other hand, the levels of 17 organochlorine pesticides were assessed in uncooked and cooked beans, cabbage, cassava, fish and beef meat collected in Kinshasa and Johannesburg markets. It was noticed from the results recorder that the mean concentration of organochlorine pesticides in uncooked food collected in Johannesburg market were significantly high (p ˂ 0.05) than the uncooked food from Kinshasa markets. DDE recorded its highest mean level (253.58±4.78 μg kg-1) in beef meat samples collected in Johannesburg markets. The results from the current study revealed that after cooking the amounts of organochlorines were significantly reduce than the uncooked food. Residue amounts of organochlorine pesticides found in this study are considerably lower than the recommended amount of organochlorines set by WHO/FAO (300 μg kg-1). / MT2016

Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / This research work explores the risks that microfinance institutions (MFIs) face in their operations and the risk management strategies they adopt to mitigate their risks. Microfinance institutions serve some of the world’s most financially challenged population who otherwise would not have access to banking services. Risk management within the context of microfinance banking has gained importance within the last decade due partly to the fact that most MFIs are adopting business/profitability principles in their operations. Also, due to the recent financial crisis, MFI cannot afford to be indifferent to risk management practices in the battle for survival, financial sustainability and self-sufficiency. The data for this study is from both secondary and primary sources; 48 MFIs in Ghana responded to a questionnaire made up of 25 questions. Analysis of the responses obtained was done using Chi-Square test of equal proportions, P-values and other descriptive statistics. The Analysis found that the microfinance institutions surveyed are aware of the types of risk inherent in their line of business and do in varying ways employ some form of risk management strategies to mitigate losses and enhance profitability. Since credit granting stands at the core of the operations of MFIs, the management of risk as a result of the credits extended is crucial for their survival and profitability.

The objective of this project is to investigate and model the quantitative connection between market prices of credit default swaps and the market perceived probability and timing of default by the underlying borrower. We quantify the credit risk of a borrower in a two-way relationship: calculate the term structure of default probabilities from the market prices of traded CDSs and calculate prices of CDSs from the probability distribution of the time-to-default.

The rapid economic growth in many developing countries results in a high demand for infrastructure and governments find that they are unable to fund the vital infrastructure or to maintain the existing ones (Gupta and Sravat, 1998). To remedy this they are increasingly opting for an alternative source of funding through the large international companies which have considerable credit standing for concession contracts such as Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) since those companies have a much larger capacity to fund the large scale projects than the recipient country. The objective of this research project is to provide a brief review of the South African experience with the utilisation of the BOT approach for infrastructure developments, examining the risks and the measures used to mitigate them. This is so as to draw lessons for policy makers on how to improve the use of this strategic instrument for infrastructure provision. The emphasis will be on overall risks associated with the scheme as well as the mitigating factors in light of the current social, political and economic context of the country and the region. Data was collected using the Delphi survey method and the study targeted individuals who were knowledgeable and experienced with the issues under investigation and from different sectors involved with execution of BOT infrastructure development projects in South Africa. These included contractors, lenders, operators as well as some from the host government. The questionnaire was designed to identify the perceptions of the individuals regarding risk management in BOT projects as well as identify significant risk associated with the scheme. The 10 most critical risks were ranked based on the ratings of the respondents in the final phase of the Delphi survey. The risk that was rated the most critical turned out to be ‘Political instability in the host country’. This is defined as the danger of political or financial instability in the host country caused by events such as insurrections, strikes, creeping expropriation and outright nationalization.

Thesis advisor: Ina V.S. Mullis / Equity in educational outcomes, particularly reading, is an important policy issue in countries around the world. This dissertation used data from PIRLS 2006 to explore an approach to measuring equity in reading achievement internationally at the fourth grade. Relative risk ratios were selected as a measurement approach and were used to create a composite measure, the Relative Risk-Percentage (RRP) Equity Index, to compare equity in reading achievement across countries. This index was used to present the likelihood of scoring below the PIRLS 2006 Low International Benchmark for student groups that were traditionally at risk for low reading achievement compared to other students. The `at risk' student groups that were the focus of this study included those with low parental education, who spoke a language other than the language of instruction, who attended urban or rural schools, and who were boys. To complement the RRP Equity Index results, the relative likelihood of students scoring within the lower 20 percent of their country's reading achievement distribution was also presented. The results of these analyses showed that students with these characteristics were more likely than other fourth grade students to have low reading achievement in a number of the PIRLS 2006 countries. Overall, having parents with less than secondary education and not speaking the language of the test before starting school were associated with inequity in reading achievement in the largest number of PIRLS 2006 countries. As an example of how individual countries could further explore potential reasons for inequities in reading achievement highlighted by the RRP Equity Index, logistic regression models were built for Germany, Iran, and Romania. These models explored the extent to which statistically controlling for differences in resources could diminish the effect of being in an `at risk' group on reading achievement. In all three countries examined, resources explained a substantial proportion of the risk for low reading achievement. Though the logistic regression model results were country-specific, lacking books in the home was strongly associated with lower reading achievement in all three countries. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation.

A história social do Risco traz evidências sobre a passagem do risco proveniente de forças naturais e também do acaso para aquele risco produzido pelo homem nas suas decisões político-econômicas que geram efeitos sociais. Tal percurso histórico também localiza em qual momento se dá essa transição. Desde o período Moderno, consagrando-se na Modernidade Tardia como também na Modernidade Reflexiva, o Risco se instaurou como tema social. Algumas escolas teóricas socioculturais, Sociedade de Risco, Estudos Culturais do Risco e Governamentalidade, refletem sobre os tempos de perigos, ameaças, indeterminação e também de acaso. Nesta tese, define-se Risco como o prenúncio de um dano, desastre ou evento. Não está configurado em si, mas num estado de \"vir a ser\" (devir). Não obstante, as narrativas comunicacionais sobre risco cumprem a tarefa de informar a população sobre algo que pode acontecer como também apresentam o mundo do Risco em demasia, por meio do medo configurado em imagens-espetáculo. Por outro lado, há narrativas que discutem o Risco num caráter questionador e também reflexivo. Essas narrativas deslocam o olhar acostumado do espectador para um novo lugar político revelador de informações ou percepções ocultadas pelo jornalismo imagético. Desse modo, propõe-se uma nova categoria de análise, o Documentário de Risco, que emerge como repetição e instrumento, mas também como inovação, releitura, ensaio e, principalmente, potência narrativa no tocante aos temas sociais do Risco. Foram analisados dois documentários representativos dessa categoria proposta: \"O veneno está na mesa\" (Silvio Tendler) e \"Os catadores e eu\" (Agnès Varda). / The social history of Risk brings evidence on the passage of the risk, from natural forces and also the hazard to a risk produced by man\'s political and economical decisions generating social effects. This historical course also try to find the moment in which this transition happens. Risk is introduced as a social issue since the Modern Era, and continues until Late Modernity and Reflexive Modernity. Theoretical dimension of this thinking and its implying social-cultural aspect, study historical times of dangers, threats, uncertainty and hazard also. In this thesis, Risk is defined as the harbinger of a damage, disaster or event, without configuring itself but in a becomingly state. Nevertheless, the narratives about risk communication fulfill the task of informing the public about something that may happen, but also show the world Risk overused, through fear-configured in spectacle images. On the other hand, there are narratives that discuss the risk and also questioning its reflective character. These narratives displace the familiar gaze of the viewer to a new political space revealing information or insights hidden by sensational journalism. Thus, we propose a new category of analysis, Documentary Risk emerging as repetition and instrument, but also as innovation, reinterpretation, rehearsal, and especially narrative potency with regard to social issues Risk. Two representative documentaries will be analyzed this proposed category: O Veneno Está na Mesa - Poison is served on the table (Silvio Tendler) and Os Catadores e Eu - The gleaners and I (Agnès Varda).