Ce travail de thèse a pour but d'explorer de nouveaux matériaux de type structural Tavorite et de revisiter certains déjà bien connus. Dans un premier temps, les synthèses de compositions ciblées ont été réalisées selon des procédures variées (voies tout solide, hydrothermale, céramique assistée par sol-gel, broyage mécanique) afin de stabiliser d'éventuelles phases métastables et d'ajuster la microstructure impactant fortement les performances électrochimiques de tels matériaux polyanioniques. Ces matériaux ont ensuite été décrits en profondeur, dans leurs états originaux, depuis leurs structures moyennes, grâce aux techniques de diffraction (diffraction des rayons X sur poudres ou sur monocristaux et diffraction des neutrons) jusqu'aux environnements locaux, en utilisant des techniques de spectroscopie (résonance magnétique nucléaire à l'état solide, absorption des rayons X, infra-rouge et Raman). Par la suite, les diagrammes de phases et les processus d'oxydoréduction impliqués pendant l'activité électrochimique des matériaux ont été étudiés grâce à des techniques operando (diffraction et absorption des rayons X). La compréhension des mécanismes impliqués pendant le cyclage permet de mettre en évidence les raisons de leurs limitations électrochimiques : La synthèse de nouveaux matériaux (composition, structure, microstructure) peut maintenant être développée afin de contrepasser ces limitations et de tendre vers de meilleures performances / This PhD work aims at exploring new Tavorite-type materials and at revisiting some of the well-known ones. The syntheses of targeted compositions were firstly performed using various ways (all solid state, hydrothermal, sol-gel assisted ceramic, ball milling) in order to stabilize eventual metastable phases and tune the microstructure impacting strongly the electrochemical performances of such polyanionic compounds. The materials were then described in-depth, at the pristine state, from their average long range structures, thanks to diffraction techniques (powder X-rays, single crystal X-rays and neutrons diffraction), to their local environments, using spectroscopy techniques (solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-rays Absorption Spectroscopy, Infra-Red and/or Raman). Thereafter, the phase diagrams and the redox processes involved during electrochemical operation of the materials were investigated thanks to operando techniques (SXRPD and XAS). The in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved during cycling allows to highlight the reasons of their electrochemical limitations: the synthesis of new materials (composition, structure and microstructure) can now be developed to overcome these limitations and tend toward better performance.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-05-03T12:34:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Danilo Cius.pdf: 2128036 bytes, checksum: 5b2c47a2a56fc484a69be66ca861ff21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T12:34:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Danilo Cius.pdf: 2128036 bytes, checksum: 5b2c47a2a56fc484a69be66ca861ff21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo investigar a dinâmica de spin-1=2 no contexto de sistemas quânticos não-hermitianos. Propõe-se um modelo fenomenológico heurístico que inclui simetria dinâmica SL(2;C), cujo operador Hamiltoniano não-hermitiano efetivo de uma única partícula de dois níveis é empregado para simular a dinâmica coletiva de um ensemble de spin- 1=2. O modelo teórico é elaborado a partir da análise do decaimento da magnetização líquida em um experimento constituído de um ensemble de núcleos de 31P (com spin nuclear I = 1=2) de uma amostra de H3PO4, via técnica de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear. Verifica-se que as magnetizações experimentais evidenciam a validade do modelo teórico. / This work aims to investigating the dynamics of spin-1=2 in the context of non-Hermitian quantum systems. It is proposed a heuristic phenomenological model embedding SL(2;C) dynamical symmetry, whose the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian operator of a single particle is employed to mimic the damped dynamics of an ensemble of spin-1=2. The theorical model is built by the decay on net magnetization analysis in an experiment made up of an ensemble of 31P nuclei (spin I = 1=2) of H3PO4 sample by applying Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique. It is verified that the experimental magnetizations emphasize the validity of the theoretical model.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de fluorures divisés obtenus par voiesolvothermale assistée par chauffage micro-ondes pour la réduction des impuretés dans lecycle du combustible nucléaire. / This work deals with the synthesis and characterization of divided fluorides obtained bysolvothermal process assisted by microwave heating to reduce impurities in the nuclear fuelcycle.

La spectroscopie RMN est un moyen unique d’évaluer l’environnement cellulaire in vivo. En effet, les molécules observées sont exclusivement intracellulaires, et ont en général un rôle biochimique ainsi qu’une compartimentation cellulaire spécifique. C’est donc un outil potentiellement utile pour comprendre le fonctionnement des cellules dans leur environnement. Mon travail de thèse consistait à développer de nouvelles séquences en spectroscopie de diffusion et en spectroscopie du phosphore 31.Mon premier travail a été de développer une séquence de spectroscopie de diffusion à temps de diffusion ultra-court pour observer la diffusion anormale dans le cerveau de rat. L’évolution de l’ADC en fonction du temps de diffusion montre que le transport des métabolites dans le cerveau se fait essentiellement par diffusion aléatoire et que la contribution des transports actifs (s’ils existent) est négligeable. La modélisation de ces données a mis en évidence que la spectroscopie de diffusion à court temps de diffusion était sensible à la viscosité du cytoplasme et à l’encombrement à courte échelle. Cette technique a donc été choisie lors d’une collaboration avec la firme Eli Lilly pour le suivi de souris transgéniques (rTg4510), modèle de taupathie. Les résultats préliminaires font apparaitre des différences significatives d’ADC à un stade précoce de la neurodégénérescence (3 et 6 mois). La spectroscopie RMN du phosphore 31 permet d’observer des métabolites directement impliqués dans le processus énergétique. Au cours de cette thèse, des séquences de localisation ont été développées pour pouvoir mesurer le pH intracellulaire dans le striatum de macaque. A terme, ces séquences seront utilisées pour évaluer l’utilité potentielle du pH comme biomarqueur de la neurodégénérescence dans un modèle phénotypique de la maladie de Huntington chez le macaque. / NMR spectroscopy is a unique modality to evaluate intracellular environment in vivo. Indeed observed molecules are specifically intracellular and generally have a biochemistry role and a specific cellular compartmentation. That could be a useful tool to understand cell functioning in their environment. My thesis work consisted in development of new sequence in both diffusion and phosphorus NMR spectroscopy.My first study was to develop a diffusion-weighted spectroscopy at ultra-short diffusion time to look at the anomalous diffusion in the rat brain. ADC evolution as a function of time shows that brain metabolites motion is mainly due to random diffusion and that active transport (if exist) are negligible. Data modeling evidences that diffusion at short diffusion time is sensitive to cytoplasm viscosity and short scale crowding. In collaboration with the pharmaceutical company, this technique was chosen to follow up transgenic mice (rTg4510), model of tau pathology. Preliminary results show significant differences of ADC at an early stage of neurodegenerescence (3 and 6 months).Phosphorus spectroscopy allows observation of metabolites directly implicated in energetic processes. During this thesis, localization sequences were developed to measure intracellular pH in the primate striatum. These sequences are supposed to be used to evaluate the potential of pH as a biomarker of neurodegenerescence in a phenotypic model of the Huntington disease in the non-human primate.

De nouvelles options thérapeutiques sont en cours d'introduction pour les maladies musculaires génétiques telles que les dystrophies musculaires et les myopathies congénitales, maladies jusque là sans traitement causal. Ces développements récents ont suscité un intérêt renouvelé et croissant pour les méthodes atraumatiques en vue de caractériser et de suivre les muscles atteints, en particulier pendant et après une intervention thérapeutique. Dans ce contexte, les modèles animaux sont essentiels pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes des maladies et pour tester des nouvelles thérapies. Récemment, il y a eu des avancées significatives dans l'évaluation atraumatique de modèles murins de maladies musculaires génétiques. Néanmoins, nombre de lignées de souris n'ont pas encore été caractérisées de façon atraumatique et il reste à mettre au point des méthodes plus sensibles pour identifier précocement des altérations subtiles dans le muscle des souris malades. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'appliquer des techniques atraumatiques innovantes à l'étude du muscle de modèles murins de maladies musculaires génétiques avec des phénotypes variés. Trois lignées de souris modèles de dystrophies musculaires (mdx, Large_myd et mdx/Large_myd) et une lignée de souris modèle de la myopathie congénitale (KI-Dnm2_R465W) ont été étudiées par des méthodes de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN). Deux lignées dystrophiques (Large_myd et mdx/Large_myd) plus des souris normales après une blessure ont été étudiées par micro-tomographie (micro-CT). En RMN, toutes les souches de souris affectées ont présenté un T2 musculaire augmenté, en relation avec une gamme d'anomalies histologiques, y comprises nécrose et inflammation, mais aussi des groupes de fibres en régénération ou des fibres avec altérations de l'architecture. Avec la combinaison de la RMN et de l'analyse de la texture, il a été possible d'identifier sans ambiguïté toutes les lignées dystrophiques, alors que la seule mesure du T2 ne permettait pas de les différencier. Les souris mdx ont présenté des altérations fonctionnelles et morphologiques du réseau vasculaire musculaire. Pour les souris KI-Dnm2_R465W, des études préliminaires ont révélé une tendance à développer des altérations fonctionnelles musculaires. Finalement, les images de micro-CT n'ont pas pu détecter des différences du contenu musculaire dans les souris dystrophiques. L'ensemble des résultats non seulement enrichit le panel de modèles murins de maladies génétiques musculaires caractérisés de manière atraumatique, il révèle également un certain degré de spécificité des anomalies dans l'imagerie, comme l'a montré l'analyse de texture. Les résultats démontrent aussi que des méthodes de RMN non-invasives peuvent être assez sensibles pour identifier des altérations subtiles dans le phénotype musculaire murin, même à des stades précoces. Cette thèse a été développée dans le cadre d'une co-tutelle internationale entre la France et le Brésil, et elle a comporté un important transfert de compétence, qui a permis de réaliser les premières explorations atraumatiques du muscle murin effectuées au Brésil. / Novel therapeutic approaches are being introduced for genetic muscle diseases such as muscle dystrophies and congenital myopathies, all of them having remained without cure so far. These recent developments have motivated a renewed and augmented interest in non-invasive methods for muscle characterization and monitoring, particularly during and after therapeutic intervention. In this context, animal models are essential to better understand the disease mechanisms and to test new therapies. Recently, significant advances in the non-invasive evaluation of mouse models for genetic muscle diseases have been achieved. Nevertheless, there were still several mouse strains not characterized non-invasively, and it was necessary to develop sensitive methods to identify subtle alterations in the murine affected muscle. The purpose of this thesis was to apply non-invasive techniques in the study of murine models for genetic muscle diseases with variable phenotypes. Three mouse models for muscle dystrophy (mdx, Large_myd, mdx/Large_myd) and one mouse model for congenital myopathy (KI-Dnm2_R465W) were studied with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods. Two dystrophic strains (Large_myd, mdx/Large_myd) and normal mice after injury were studied through micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT). On NMR, all affected mouse strains presented increased muscle T2, which could be related to variable features in the histological evaluation, including necrosis and inflammation, but also to clusters of fibers under regeneration or with altered cytoarchitecture. The combination of NMR and texture analyses allowed the unambiguous differential identification of all the dystrophic strains, although it was not feasible when comparing the muscle T2 measurements only. Mdx mice showed functional and morphological alterations of vascular network. In the KI-Dnm2_R465W mice, a pilot study revealed tendencies of functional impairment. Finally, micro-CT images were unable to detect differences in muscle´s content in dystrophic mice. Altogether, these results not only increased the number of murine models for genetic muscle diseases non-invasively characterized, it also demonstrated some degree of specificity of the imaging anomalies, as revealed by texture analysis. It also showed that non-invasive NMR methods can be sensitive enough to identify subtle alterations in murine muscle phenotype, even in early stages. This thesis was developed under an international joint supervision between France and Brazil, and comprised an important transfer of technology, with the first non-invasive studies of murine muscles performed in Brazil.

Duas famílias de híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos que exibem propriedades de condução iônica, chamados \"ORMOLYTES (organically modified electrolytes)\", foram preparadas pelo processo de Sol-Gel. A Família I foi preparada de uma mistura de 3-Isocianatopropiltrietoxisilano (IsoTrEOS), 0,0\' Bis (2-aminopropil) polietilenoglicol e sais de lítio. Estes materiais apresentam ligações químicas entre as fases orgânica (polímero) e inorgânica (sílica). A Família II foi preparada pelo método de ultra-som de uma mistura de tetraetoxisilano (TEOS), polietilenoglicol e sais de lítio. As fase orgânica e inorgânica não estão quimicamente ligadas nestas amostras. Também foram preparados os polímeros iônicos convencionais poli ( óxido propileno) (PPO) complexados com dois sais diferentes: LiClO4 and LiBF4. A condutividade iônica &#963 do Li+ nestes materiais foram estudadas pela espectroscopia de impedância AC. Valores acima de 10-4 ohm-1.cm-1 foram encontrados à temperatura ambiente. Suas propriedades dinâmicas e estruturais foram estudadas utilizando-se Espectroscopia de Alta Resolução Multinuc1ear em Sólidos por RMN de 1H, 7Li, 13C, 29Si em função da temperatura, -100&#176C e 90&#176C. Um estudo sistemático de RMN foi feito mudando-se a concentração de lítio, o tamanho da cadeia polimérica e a razão em massa polímero/sílica. A estrutura e as propriedades de condução iônicas de ambas famílias foram comparadas com ênfase sobre a natureza das ligações entre as componentes orgânica e inorgânica. Estudos similares de RMN, mudando-se a concentração de lítio e de sal foram feitas para o PPO / Two families of hybrid organic-inorganic composites exhibiting ionic conduction properties, called ORMOLYTES (organically modified electrolytes), have been prepared by the sol-gel process. The family l has been prepared from mixture of 3-isocyanatopropy1triethoxysilane (IsoTrEOS), 0,0\' Bis (2-aminopropyl)polyethyleneglycol and lithium salt. These materiaIs present chemical bonds between the organic (polymer) and the inorganic (silica) phases. The family II has been prepared by ultrasonic method from a mixture of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), polyethyleneglycol and lithium salt. The organic and inorganic phases are not chemical1ybonded in these samples. It has been also prepared the conventional ionic conducting polymers poly(propylene-oxide) (PPO) complexed with two different salts: LiClO4 and LiBF4. The Lt ionic conductivity (J of these materials has been studied by AC impedance spectroscopy. Values of &#963 up to 10-4 ohm-1.cm-1 have been found at room temperature. Their dynamic and structural properties have been studied using solid-state high-resolution NMR measurements of 1H, 7Li, 13C, 29Si nuclei as a function of the temperature, between 100&#176C and 90&#176C. A systematic NMR study has been done changing the lithium concentration, the polymer chain length and the polymer to silica weight ratio. The structures and the ionic conduction properties of both families were compared with emphasis on the nature of the bonds between the organic and inorganic components. Similar NMR study, changing the lithium concentration and the salt has been done for PPO

Recentemente foi demonstrado que a técnica de ressonância magnética nuclear no domínio do tempo (RMN-DT) é uma importante ferramenta analítica que é passível de ser acoplada com a eletroquímica (EQ-RMN). No entanto, como foi demonstrado nesse presente trabalho, a técnica de RMN não é passiva, ou seja, ela atua sobre as reações eletroquímicas aumentando a velocidade das reações realizadas in situ quando essas são limitadas por transporte de massas e/ou transferência de cargas. Essa alteração da taxa de reação é ocasionada por um fenômeno conhecido por magnetoeletrólise, que tem como principal resultante a força de Lorentz, que é o produto vetorial entre o campo magnético e o fluxo de íons gerado durante a eletrólise. O efeito do campo magnético sobre diferentes sistemas eletroquímicos foi comprovado na presença de campo magnético de equipamentos de RMN de baixa e alta resolução. Além do foco dado para a magnetoeletrólise durante o acoplamento EQ-RMN, novas células eletroquímicas foram miniaturizadas para a utilização com a RMN a partir de um método simples, rápido e robusto. Também foram feitas medições de velocimetria utilizando a técnica de imagem por spin eco com as quais foi possível visualizar e quantificar o efeito do campo magnético atuando sobre a reação de eletrodeposição de cobre realizada in situ. Esse trabalho foi o primeiro a utilizar o campo magnético do espectrômetro de RMN para estudar a magnetoeletrólise. Além disso, esse trabalho de doutorado foi o primeiro a utilizar um espectrômetro de RMN de bancada de alta resolução para o acoplamento com a eletroquímica. / Recently it was demonstrated that time domain Magnetic Nuclear Resonance (TD-NMR) is an important analytical technique which can be coupled to electrochemistry (EC-NMR). However, it was demonstrated in this work that NMR is not a passive technique, in other words it affects the electrochemical reactions performed in situ by increasing the reaction rate of mass transport and/or charge transfer limited reactions. This change in the reaction rate is caused by a phenomenon known as magnetoeletrolysis, it has as main resultant the Lorentz force, which is the vectorial product between the magnetic field vector and the ion flow produced during the electrolysis. The magnetic field effect on different electrochemical systems has been shown in the presence of magnetic fields of low and high resolution NMR spectrometers. In addition to the focus given to magnetoelectrolysis during the EC-NMR coupling, novel electrochemical cells were miniaturized for coupling with NMR by using a simple, rapid and robust method. Velocimetry measurements were also made using the spin-echo imaging technique with which it was possible to visualize and quantify the effect of the magnetic field acting on the in situ copper electrodeposition reaction. This work was the first to use the magnetic field of the NMR spectrometer to study magnetoelectrolysis. In addition, this doctoral thesis was the first to use a bench-top high resolution NMR spectrometer for coupling with electrochemistry.

As moléculas que compõem um fluído, devido à autodifusão, encontram-se em constante movimento de translação num meio poroso. Observar a migração dessas moléculas de um poro para outro é fundamental para análise das conectividades do meio, resultado importante para a prospecção de óleo e gás, qualidade de membranas filtros, entre outros processos. Se há distintos tempos de relaxações transversais, T2, para os poros, ocorre quando estes apresentam características físico-químicas ou tamanhos diferentes, um experimento capaz de observar esse efeito de troca entre poros é o chamado T2-T2 Exchange proposto em 1993. Esse experimento, na sua versão original, corresponde a um experimento tridimensional que consome muito tempo para ser executado, inviabilizando, por exemplo, o uso em perfilagem de poços petrolíferos. Desta forma, o grupo propôs diminuir o tempo de execução reduzindo uma dimensão do experimento. Este novo método, novo experimento, foi nomeado de T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange, o qual utiliza a primeira parte da sequência de pulsos original como um filtro de T2. Com o objetivo de validar o experimento proposto, surgiu a oportunidade de estudar a técnica T2-T2 Exchange como um todo. No decorrer do trabalho, surgiu mais uma nova aplicação da técnica T2-T2 Exchange, a execução simultânea. Tanto a versão tridimensional do T2-T2 Exchange quando a bidimensional, necessitam de uma ciclagem de fase especial. Neste contexto, foi proposto também a execução simultânea dos experimentos T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange e Saturation-Recovery-CPMG, adquirindo os sinais separados e empregando a ciclagem de fases distintas. A fim de validar as propostas T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange e execução simultânea, se optou por uma amostra padrão, uma cerâmica de alumina foi saturada com água e, então, estudado os núcleos de hidrogênios. A cerâmica foi manufaturada pelo método de prensagem a seco com adição de agentes porogênicos e sinterização, a qual foi caracterizada via porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio e imagens por microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Em um campo de 2 tesla, frequência de 85 MHz para os núcleos de hidrogênios, foram executados os experimento Saturation-Recovery-CPMG, T2-T2 Exchange e T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange. A análise comparativa entre os mapas de correlação T1-T2 e as curvas de trocas obtidos deste, permitiu validar as propostas. Desta forma, se concluiu que a nova sequência T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange proposta, é uma poderosa ferramenta com potencial para aplicação em well-logging. / The molecules that make up a fluid inside a porous media are in constant motion due to self diffusion. Observing this migration inside the media is very interesting for analyzing the connectivity between different regions of the sample, which is of great importance to the field of oil and gas prospection. In the case the sample has pores with distinct transverse relaxation times, T2, which happens when they have distinct physical-chemical properties or sizes, an experiment capable of observing the movement from one distinct pore from the other is the T2-T2 Exchange proposed in 1993. This experiment, in its original version, corresponds to a three dimensional experiment which usually takes a very long time, making it unfeasible for well logging for example. Thus, this work proposes a method to drastically reduce the duration of the experiment by eliminating one of its dimensions. It was named T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange. It uses the first part of the original sequence as a T2 filter. To validate the filtered technique, the T2-T2 Exchange technique was vastly studied as a whole. Some phase cycling characteristics of the techniques were observed and in the end led to the development of new proposals. The proposal consists of simultaneously performing both the T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange and the Saturation-Recovery-CPMG. For the experimental tests of the sequences, a water saturated alumina ceramic sample was chosen as the standard sample. The ceramic was manufactured by a process of dry pressing with addition of some porogenic agents and followed by sinterization. The sample was characterized by mercury injection capillary pressure and scanning electron microscopy. The NMR experiments were performed on a 2 Tesla magnet corresponding to an 85 MHz frequency for protons and the experiments performed wereT2-T2 Exchange, T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange and Saturation-Recovery-CPMG. The comparative analysis between the T1-T2 correlation and the exchange curves obtained allowed the validation of the proposals. It was possible to conclude that the T2-Filtered T2-T2 Exchange technique is a powerful tool with potential application in the well-logging field.

Les héparanes sulfates (HS) sont des polysaccharides linéaires et sulfatés exprimés sur la surface cellulaire où ils interagissent et régulent l’activité de nombreuses proteines, en particulier les cytokines et chimiokines. Ils sont à ce titre de bons candidats médicaments dans des pathologies inflammatoires, autoimmunes ou en oncologie. L’unité répétitive de ce biopolymère est constituée d’un résidu de D-glucosamine lié à un acide uronique par une liaison 1,2-cis. Malheureusement, la formation d’un glycoside 1,2-cis dans la série 2-azido-2-déoxy-D-glucose avec une haute stéréosélectivité reste un des plus grands défis de la glycochimie. Parmi les nombreuses méthodologies permettant d’accéder à la synthèse des fragments d’HS avec de bons rendements et une bonne stéréosélectivité, nous avons été particulièrement intéressés par l’assistance anchimérique d’un groupement protecteur en position 6 du donneur. L’objectif de ce travail était de trouver des groupements protecteurs qui favoriseront la stéréosélectivité 1,2-cis. Nous avons préparés plusieurs donneurs thioglycosides modifiés en position 6 par des différents groupements protecteurs. L’activation des thioglycosides passe par une étape de formation des triflates anomériques. Nous avons élaboré un protocole de suivi de l’activation sur un donneur modèle afin de suivre la formation du triflate anomérique, sa plage de stabilité, ses produits de dégradation ainsi que les produits secondaires d’activation par RMN à basse température. Ensuite, ce protocole d’activation a été utilisé avec tous les donneurs synthétisés afin d’ajuster les conditions de glycosylation. Les tests de glycosylation nous ont permis de décéler plusieurs groupes capables de favoriser la stéréosélectivité 1,2-cis. Certains groupements protecteurs ont manifesté une incompatibilité avec les conditions d’activation des thioglycosides. Pour contourner ce problème, nous avons remplacé les thioglycosides par les donneurs N-phényltrifluoroacétimidates. Après avoir effectué des études d’activation sur ces donneurs toujours par RMN à basse température, les glycosylations ont été effectuées. Finalement, les groupements protecteurs favorisant la stéréosélectivité 1,2-cis ont été testés dans différentes conditions de déprotection afin d’établir la compatibilité de ces groupements protecteurs avec les conditions de synthèse des oligosaccharides d’HS. / Heparin sulfate (HS) are linear and sulfated polysaccharides present at the cell surface. HS interact and regulate activity of numerous proteins, especially cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, HS oligosaccharides are targeted as potential drugs in inflammation, autoimmune disease or tumor treatment. The basic disaccharide unit of HS consists in D-glucosamine residue linked to an uronic acid by 1,2-cis glycosidic linkage. Unfortunately, the formation of highly stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosidic bond in 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose series is still a major concern in glycochemistry. Amongst the numerous methodologies favoring the stereoselective 1,2-cis linkage formation, we were particularly interested in 6-O-anchimeric assistance. Several thioglycoside donors with different protecting groups in position 6 were prepared to find some 1,2-cis stereodirecting protecting groups. Some thioglycoside activation related in literature yields a reactive anomeric triflate intermediate. In order to observe its formation and to determine the limits of its stability and by-product formation, a new low temperature NMR experiment protocol was elaborated. All synthesized donors were tested using this protocol in order to adjust their glycosylation conditions. The glycosylation tests revealed several 1,2-cis stereodirecting protecting groups. Since certain protecting groups were incompatible with thioglycoside activation conditions, corresponding NPTFA donors were used as an alternative. Their activations were monitored by low temperature NMR techniques and followed by their glycosylations. Finally, all 1,2-cis stereodirecting protecting groups were tested in different deprotection conditions to determine the compatibility of chosen protecting groups with our HS oligosaccharide design synthesis.

L'apoptose joue un rôle de protection contre la formation de cellules tumorales. Ce phénomène peut être régulé par la voie extrinsèque qui consiste en partie en l'activation du récepteur de mort DR5 (Death Receptor 5) par le ligand TRAIL (Tumor necrosis factor-Related Apoptosis Induction Ligand), dont l'intérêt majeur est d'induire l’apoptose des cellules tumorales uniquement. Nous nous sommes intéressés à des ligands peptidomimétiques de TRAIL : ces peptides de 16 acides aminés existent sous formes monomériques ou multimériques, et présentent des affinités pour la protéine DR5 jusqu’à 5 fois supérieures à celle de TRAIL. Des études fonctionnelles ont montré que ces ligands induisent l’apoptose des cellules tumorales in vitro, et ce de manière spécifique. Ils agissent également in vivo par réduction du volume de tumeurs de souris. Le but de ce projet est de caractériser les mécanismes d’interaction de ces peptides avec le récepteur DR5, par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire et Cristallographie aux Rayons X. Nous avons produit le domaine extracellulaire de DR5 par voie recombinante en fusion avec la protéine NusA pour un meilleur repliement des protéines cibles, et un protocole de 4 étapes de purification a permis d’isoler la protéine DR5. Nous avons attribué 89 % des résonances du squelette peptidique de DR5 par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN), et le calcul de structure secondaire a montré que la protéine adoptait en solution le même repliement secondaire en brins β que celui des structures de DR5 déposées dans la PDB (Protein Data Bank). Les titrations par RMN de DR5 avec les ligands monomériques et multimériques ont permis non seulement d’identifier la région d’interaction peptide-protéine dans le premier domaine riche en cystéines (CRD1) du récepteur, mais aussi de montrer que la liaison avec les oligomères entraînait des contacts protéine-protéine au niveau du CRD2, suggérant une dimérisation du récepteur. Cette hypothèse a été confirmée par des études de chromatographie d’exclusion de taille, qui ont montré une oligomérisation du récepteur en présence des dimères et trimères. Des études par cristallographie sont en cours afin de déterminer la structure atomique des complexes oligomériques avec DR5. Nos résultats montrent que ces ligands adoptent un mécanisme différent de celui de TRAIL dans l’activation de l’apoptose. / Apoptosis plays a protective role against the formation of tumor cells. This phenomenon can be regulated by the death receptor pathway, among which the Death Receptor 5 that can be activated by the TRAIL ligand (Tumor necrosis factor-Related Apoptosis Induction Ligand), whose major interest is to induce tumor cell apoptosis, specifically. Our work focuses on peptidomimetic ligands of TRAIL: those 16 amino acid peptides exist as monomers or multimers and show affinity for DR5 protein as up to 5-fold the affinity of TRAIL. Functional assays have shown that not only those ligands induce in vitro apoptosis of tumor cells, but also show selectivity for cancer cells, and can reduce mice tumor volume in vivo. The purpose of this project is to characterize the mechanisms by which those ligands interact with DR5, by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-Ray Crystallography. We have produced the recombinant extracellular domain of DR5 in fusion with the NusA protein, in order to increase the folding of the protein, and we have purified the receptor through a 4-step protocol. We assigned the backbone resonances of 89 % of the protein residues with NMR, and secondary structure calculations showed that DR5 adopts the same β strand folding in solution as from the DR5 crystal structures from the PDB (Protein Data Bank). NMR titrations of DR5 with monomeric and multimeric ligands have allowed us to identify the peptide-protein binding area within the first Cystein Rich Domain (CRD1) of the receptor, but also that the binding with oligomeric peptides lead to protein-protein interactions at the level of the CRD2, suggesting the dimerization of the receptor. This was confirmed par Size Exclusion Chromatography assays that showed an oligomerization of the receptor in the presence of dimeric and trimeric peptides. Ongoing crystallography assays are conducted in order to determine the 3D structure at the atomic level of oligomeric complexes with DR5. Our results show that peptidomimetic ligands of TRAIL display a different mechanism from TRAIL in the activation of apoptosis.