Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is the causal agent of Dutch elm disease (DED) which has had a severe impact on the urban landscape in Canada. This research program focused on developing molecular genetic strategies to control this pathogenic fungus. The first strategy involved the development of RNA interference (RNAi) for the down-regulation of genes involved in pathogenicity. An efficient RNAi cassette was developed to suppress the expression of the endopolygalacturonase (epg1) locus which encodes a cell-wall degrading enzyme. This epg1-RNAi cassette significantly reduced the amount of polygalacturonase activity in the fungus and resulted in almost complete degradation of epg1 mRNA. The need for a native promoter to selectively down-regulate specific gene loci was addressed by developing a carbon-catabolite regulated promoter (alcA) to drive the expression of the epg1-RNAi cassette. The expression of an alcA-driven epg1-RNAi cassette resulted in the down-regulation of epg expression under glucose starvation but normal levels of expression in high glucose. The expression could therefore be controlled by culture conditions. The second strategy explored the potential of using dsRNA viruses to vector disruptive RNAi cassettes. An isolate of O. novo-ulmi strain 93-1224 collected in the city of Winnipeg, was infected by two dsRNA mitoviruses which upon sequence characterization were named OnuMV1c and OnuMV7. To assess the transmissibility of this dsRNA virus the infected isolate 93-1224 was paired with three naive isolates of the related fungi O. ulmi and O. himal-ulmi. Through the use of nuclear and mitochondrial markers it was determined that the virus OnuMV1c may not rely on mitochondrial fusion for transmission but may have a cytoplasmic transmission route. This investigation of gene expression and manipulation has provided tools to help understand gene regulation in O. novo-ulmi. It has also added to our knowledge of mitoviruses, their transmission and potential use as a biological control. By enhancing our understanding of transmissible hypovirulence this work contributes to efforts to develop a new approach to target DED as well as a potential model for the control of other fungal diseases. / Graduate / 0307 / 0306 / 0369 / jscarneiro@hotmail.com

The RNA interference is a mechanism, which allows cells to regulate their genes functions, to establish and maintain heterochromatin and to defend them against invasive nucleic acids. In plants, RNA interference is initiated by double-stranded RNA, which is processed by Dicer into small RNAs, usually 20-24nt long. These small RNAs form a complex with Argonaut protein that participates in different processes based on sequence complementarity. This complex can guide mRNA cleavage, translation blocking and chromatin modifications, resulting either into posttranscriptional silencing (by preventing translation of already existing mRNA, PTGS) or transcriptional silencing (by preventing transcription of mRNA, TGS). The first step of this thesis was to establish different ways of triggering PTGS and to evaluate their functionality and efficiency. The next step was a preparation of a system which would allow to study the transition from posttrancriptional to transcriptional silencing. These so called "indicator lines" should allow to observe the timing and dynamics of this process by utilizing fluorescent proteins. This system is also going to enable to evaluate, how different factors are involved in this process - one of the factors is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) which plays an essential role in...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) analyzes the fluctuations in the fluorescence intensity, which is emitted from a tiny excition volume, to obtain information about the concentration, the mobility, and the molecular interactions of labeled molecules. The more advanced fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) increases the precision in the determination of fl ow velocities and binding constants compared to standard FCS. The miniaturization in biomedical and chemical engineering has been developing rapidly, propelled by the vision of a fully functional laboratory on a single chip and its use in human therapeutics, for example, as implanted drug delivery system. A key requirement to fulfill this vision is the ability to handle small fl uid volumes. Handling liquids using the electrohydrodynamical principle circumvents many of the disadvantages of other systems. The complex flow pattern in the active region of such a pump could not be resolved by common tracking techniques. In this thesis, two-focus FCCS (2f-FCCS) was used to map the flow pro file inside a micropump. The high precision of 2f-FCCS in the determination of fl ow measurements even with small fluorescent particles allowed the measurement of the flow velocities induced by electrohydrodynamic forces acting on the solvent, while excluding the effects of dielectrophoretic forces acting on larger particles. Analysis of the fl ow data indicates a fl ow pattern that consists of two vortices of different size and opposite direction of rotation. The flow pattern derived by 2f-FCCS explains the observed complex particle trajectories in the force field and the accumulation of particles in well-de fined regions above the microelectrode array. In the second part of this thesis, the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) was studied by dual-color FCCS in vivo. RNAi is an evolutionary conserved gene silencing mechanism, which uses short double-stranded RNA molecules, called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), as effector molecules. Due to its speci city and simplicity, RNAi yields a great potential for a widespread therapeutic use. To broaden the therapeutic applications, the in vivo stability of siRNAs has to be improved by chemical modi cations, but some of these modi fications inhibit the gene silencing mechanism. The presented FCCS assays are very well suited to investigate the individual assembly steps of RNAi machinery with very high specifi city and sensitivity in real time and to study the cleavage activity of the activated RNAi machinery. A direct correlation between activity of the RNAi machinery and the results from the FCCS measurements could be shown. The in fluence of several chemical modi cations on the assembly and activity of the RNAi machinery was investigated with these assays. / Fluoreszenz-Korrelations-Spektroskopie (FCS) analysiert die Fluktuationen im Fluoreszenzsignal eines kleinen angeregten Volumens, um Informationen über die Konzentration, die Bewegung und die Interaktionen der markierten Moleküle zu erhalten. Die Fluoreszenz-Kreuzkorrelations-Spektroskopie (FCCS) erhöht die Genauigkeit bei der Messung von Fließgeschwindigkeiten und Bindungskonstanten im Vergleich zur Standard-FCS. Die Miniaturisierung der Biomedizin und Chemie hat sich rapide entwickelt, angetrieben von der Vision eines kompletten Labors auf einem Chip und dem Einsatz dieses in der medizinischen Therapie, zum Beispiel als implantierter Medikamentenspender. Ein Schlüsselelement zur Erfüllung dieser Vision ist der Transport von kleinsten Flüssigkeitsmengen in diesen miniaturisierten Systemen. Der Transport von Flüssigkeiten mittels des elektrohydrodynamischen Prinzips umgeht viele Nachteile von anderen Systemen, allerdings zeigt eine solche Pumpe ein kompliziertes Strömungsbild in der aktiven Region, welches sich mit herkömmlichen Methoden wie Teilchenverfolgung nicht vermessen ließ. Hier wurde Zwei-Fokus-FCCS (2f-FCCS) genutzt, um das Strömungsbild in der Pumpe zu vermessen. Die hohe Genauigkeit der 2f-FCCS bei der Bestimmung von Fließgeschwindigkeiten auch mit kleinen fluoreszierenden Teilchen ermöglichte die Messung der Fließgeschwindigkeiten, aufgrund der auf das Lösungsmittel wirkenden elektrohydrodynamischen Kräfte, unter Ausschluss der auf größere Teilchen wirkenden dielektrophoretischen Kräfte. Die Analyse der Daten ergab, dass das Strömungsbild aus zwei entgegengesetzt rotierenden unterschiedlich großen Wirbeln besteht. Dieses Strömungsbild erklärt die komplizierten Teilchenbewegungsbahnen und die Anreicherung der Teilchen in klar abgegrenzten Bereichen über den Mikroelektroden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde der RNAi-Mechanismus in lebenden Zellen mittels Zwei-Farben-FCCS untersucht. RNA Interferenz (RNAi) ist ein evolutionär erhaltener Geninaktivierungsmechanismus, der kurze doppelsträngige RNA Moleküle, so genannte kurze interferierende RNAs (siRNAs), als Effektormoleküle nutzt. Die Spezifi tät und Einfachheit der RNAi hat ihr ein weites Feld in der medikamentösen Therapie geöffnet. Zur Erweiterung dieses Feldes ist es nötig die Stabilität der siRNAs im Körper mittels chemischer Modi fikationen zu erhöhen. Einige dieser Modifikationen hemmen aber den RNAi-Mechanismus. Die hier vorgestellten FCCS Experimente sind sehr gut geeignet, um die einzelnen Schritte des Zusammenbaus der RNAi Maschinerie mit hoher Empfi ndlichkeit und Spezi fität in Echtzeit zu untersuchen und die Aktivität der RNAi Maschinerie zu studieren. Es konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Aktivität der RNAi Maschinerie und den Ergebnissen der FCCS Messungen hergestellt werden. Der Einfluss von verschiedenen chemischen Modikationen auf den Zusammenbau und die Aktivität der RNAi Maschinerie wurde mit diesen neuartigen Methoden untersucht.

Motivation: Although various high-throughput technologies provide a lot of valuable information, each of them is giving an insight into different aspects of cellular activity and each has its own limitations. Thus, a complete and systematic understanding of the cellular machinery can be achieved only by a combined analysis of results coming from different approaches. However, methods and tools for integration and analysis of heterogenous biological data still have to be developed. Results: This work presents systemic analysis of basic cellular processes, i.e. cell viability and cell cycle, as well as embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. These phenomena were studied using several high-throughput technologies, whose combined results were analysed with existing and novel clustering and hit selection algorithms. This thesis also introduces two novel data management and data analysis tools. The first, called DSViewer, is a database application designed for integrating and querying results coming from various genome-wide experiments. The second, named PhenoFam, is an application performing gene set enrichment analysis by employing structural and functional information on families of protein domains as annotation terms. Both programs are accessible through a web interface. Conclusions: Eventually, investigations presented in this work provide the research community with novel and markedly improved repertoire of computational tools and methods that facilitate the systematic analysis of accumulated information obtained from high-throughput studies into novel biological insights.

Skeletal muscle is a complicated and heterogeneous striated muscle tissue that serves critical mechanical and metabolic functions in the organism. The process of generating skeletal muscle, myogenesis, is elaborately coordinated by members of the protein kinase family, which transmit diverse signals initiated by extracellular stimuli to myogenic transcriptional hierarchy in muscle cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including p38 MAPK, c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) are components of serine/threonine protein kinase cascades that play important roles in skeletal muscle differentiation. The exploration of MAPK upstream kinases identified mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4), a serine/threonine protein kinase that modulates p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK activities in multiple cell lines. Our lab further discovered that Map4k4 regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) translation in cultured adipocytes through inactivating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which controls skeletal muscle differentiation and hypotrophy in kinase-dependent and -independent manners. These findings suggest potential involvement of Map4k4 in skeletal myogenesis. Therefore, for the first part of my thesis, I characterize the role of Map4k4 in skeletal muscle differentiation in cultured muscle cells. Here I show that Map4k4 functions as a myogenic suppressor mainly at the early stage of skeletal myogenesis with a moderate effect on myoblast fusion during late-stage muscle differentiation. In agreement, Map4k4 expression and protein kinase activity are declined with myogenic differentiation. The inhibitory effect of Map4k4 on skeletal myogenesis requires its kinase activity. Surprisingly, none of the identified Map4k4 downstream effectors including p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK is involved in the Map4k4-mediated myogenic differentiation. Instead, expression of myogenic regulatory factor Myf5, a positive mediator of skeletal muscle differentiation is transiently regulated by Map4k4 to partially control skeletal myogenesis. Mechanisms by which Map4k4 modulates Myf5 amount have yet to be determined. In the second part of my thesis, I assess the relationship between Map4k4 and IGF-mediated signaling pathways. Although siRNA-mediated silencing of Map4k4 results in markedly enhanced myotube formation that is identical to the IGF-induced muscle hypertrophic phenotype, and Map4k4 regulates IGF/Akt signaling downstream effector mTOR in cultured adipocytes, Map4k4 appears not to be involved in the IGF-mediated ERK1/2 signaling axis and the IGF-mediated Akt signaling axis in C2C12 myoblasts. Furthermore, Map4k4 does not affect endogenous Akt signaling or mTOR activity during C2C12 myogenic differentiation. The results presented here not only identify Map4k4 as a novel suppressor of skeletal muscle differentiation, but also add to our knowledge of Map4k4 action on multiple signaling pathways in muscle cells during skeletal myogenesis. The effects that Map4k4 exerts on myoblast differentiation, fusion and Myf5 expression implicate Map4k4 as a potential drug target for muscle mass growth, skeletal muscle regeneration and muscular dystrophy.

[ES] Los viroides, genomas mínimos de RNA circular no codificante, monocatenarios y muy estructurados, parasitan factores celulares de las plantas para replicarse autónomamente, establecer infecciones sistémicas y usualmente causar enfermedades. Los de la familia Avsunviroidae se replican y acumulan en cloroplastos por un mecanismo de círculo rodante simétrico. Una RNA polimerasa cloroplástica produce concatémeros lineales de polaridad complementaria que son reducidos a monómeros por las ribozimas de cabeza de martillo (HHR) del concatémero. Producen extremos 5'-hidroxilo y 2',3'-fosfodiéster cíclico, que la isoforma cloroplástica de la tRNA ligasa convierte en enlaces 5',3'-fosfodiéster intramoleculares, generando viroides circulares de polaridad complementaria que pueden entrar en otra ronda de transcripción, simétrica a ésta. En esta Tesis se han analizado las secuencias y estructuras viroidales esenciales para su circularización, usando como modelo el viroide latente de berenjena (ELVd), que induce infecciones asintomáticas en berenjena. Expresamos en Escherichia coli precursores del ELVd(+) lineales flanqueados por dos copias de su HHR. Su procesamiento genera monómeros con los extremos adecuados para la ligación por la tRNA ligasa de la berenjena, que es coexpresada. Mutaciones puntuales y deleciones en el sitio nativo de ligación sugieren que solo el dominio HHR es esencial para la circularización. La conservación de la secuencia y estructura de la HHR con las del sustrato natural del enzima (los tRNAs) nos hacen proponer que la HHR del ELVd secuestra la ligasa mimetizando las características generales del bucle anticodón de los tRNAs. Este sistema de expresión permite también producir RNAs recombinantes, insertándolos en una posición particular del RNA del ELVd. Las quimeras son procesadas por las HHRs flanqueantes y sus extremos ligados por la tRNA ligasa. El andamiaje viroidal circular, compacto y posiblemente asociado a la ligasa, permite aumentar la vida media del RNA de interés y su acumulación en la bacteria. En esta Tesis adaptamos el sistema para producir RNAs de doble cadena (dsRNAs) que desencadenen interferencia por RNA (RNAi), un mecanismo de defensa y regulación génica eucariota basado en la complementariedad de bases entre RNAs. dsRNAs complementarios a genes endógenos reducen los niveles de sus transcritos y generan fenotipos de pérdida de función. Los insectos pueden tomar dsRNAs del ambiente, internalizarlos en sus células y distribuirlos sistémicamente, haciendo al RNAi una estrategia prometedora para el control de plagas. Para producir dsRNAs, separamos las repeticiones invertidas del gen diana que genera la horquilla con el cDNA de un intrón autocatalítico del grupo I de Tetrahymena thermophila, aumentando la estabilidad de los plásmidos de expresión. El intrón es eliminado tras la transcripción, resultando en una molécula viroidal de la que protruye el dsRNA de interés. Flanquear las repeticiones invertidas con una copia adicional permutada del intrón permite separar el ELVd del producto final, un dsRNA circular cerrado en ambos lados por pequeños bucles. Ambas moléculas poseen actividad reguladora: las quimeras viroide-dsRNA con homología al gen de la unión septada suave 1 del gusano de la raíz del maíz (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) exhiben actividad insecticida oral contra las larvas similar a la de horquillas sintetizadas in vitro, y los dsRNAs circulares sin andamiaje viroidal homólogos al gen de la ATPasa vacuolar (subunidad A) y la proteína ribosomal S13 silencian eficientemente estos genes en adultos de la mosca del Mediterráneo (Ceratitis capitata); este caso es de especial relevancia al ser la primera demostración del RNAi para el control de esta plaga. En conclusión, a pesar de su limitada relevancia agrícola, el ELVd es útil para investigar la biología molecular de la familia Avsunviroidae y una poderosa herramienta biotecnológica en combinación con el sistema de expresión en E. coli. / [CA] Els viroides, genomes mínims d'RNA circular no codificant, monocatenaris i molt estructurats, parasiten factors cel·lulars de les plantes per a replicar-se autònomament, establir infeccions sistèmiques i usualment causar malalties. Els de la família Avsunviroidae es repliquen i acumulen en cloroplasts per un mecanisme de cercle rodant simètric. Una RNA polimerasa cloroplàstica produeix concatèmers lineals de polaritat complementària que són reduïts a monòmers per els ribozims de cap de martell (HHR) del concatèmer. Produeixen extrems 5'-hidroxil i 2',3'-fosfodièster cíclic, que la isoforma cloroplàstica de la tRNA lligasa converteix en enllaços 5',3'-fosfodièster intramoleculars, generant viroides circulars de polaritat complementària que poden entrar en una nova ronda de transcripció, simètrica a la primera. En aquesta Tesi s'han analitzat les seqüències i estructures viroidals essencials per a la seua circularització, emprant com a model el viroide latent d'albergínia (ELVd), que indueix infeccions asimptomàtiques en albergínia. Expressem en Escherichia coli precursors de l'ELVd(+) lineals flanquejats per dos còpies del seu HHR. El seu processament produeix monòmers amb els extrems apropiats per a la lligació mediada per la tRNA ligasa de l'albergínia, que és coexpressada. Mutacions puntuals i delecions en el lloc nadiu de lligació suggereixen que només el domini HHR és essencial per a la circularització. La conservació de la seqüència i estructura del HHR amb les del substrat natural de l'enzim (els tRNAs) ens fan proposar que el HHR de l'ELVd segresta la lligasa mimetitzant les característiques generals del bucle anticodó dels tRNAs. Aquest sistema d'expressió també permet produir RNAs recombinants, inserint-los en una posició particular de l'RNA de l'ELVd. Les quimeres són processades pels HHR flanquejants i els seus extrems lligats per la tRNA lligasa. L'RNA viroïdal circular, compacte i possiblement associat a la lligasa, permet augmentar la vida mitjana de l'RNA d'interés i la seua acumulació en els bacteris. En aquesta Tesi adaptem el sistema per a produir RNAs de doble cadena (dsRNAs) que desencadenen interferència per RNA (RNAi), un mecanisme de defensa i regulació gènica eucariota basat en la complementarietat de bases entre RNAs. dsRNAs complementaris a gens endògens redueixen els nivells dels seus transcrits i generen fenotips de pèrdua de funció. Els insectes poden prendre dsRNAs de l'ambient, internalitzar-los en les seues cèl·lules i distribuir-los sistèmicament, fent a l'RNAi una estratègia prometedora en el control de plagues. Per a produir dsRNAs, separem les repeticions invertides del gen diana que genera la forqueta amb el cDNA d'un intró autocatalític del grup I de Tetrahymena thermophila, augmentant l'estabilitat dels plasmidis d'expressió. L'intró és eliminat després de la transcripció, resultant en una molècula viroïdal de la qual protrueix el dsRNA d'interés. Flanquejar les repeticions invertides amb una còpia addicional permutada de l'intró permet separar l'ELVd del producte final, un dsRNA circular tancat als dos costats per xicotets bucles. Els dos tipus de molècules posseeixen activitat reguladora: les quimeres viroide-dsRNA amb homologia al gen de la unió septada suau 1 del cuc de l'arrel de la dacsa (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) exhibeixen activitat insecticida oral contra les larves similar a la de forquetes sintetitzades in vitro, i els dsRNAs circulars sense l'RNA viroïdal homòlegs al gen de la ATPasa vacuolar (subunitat A) i la proteïna ribosomal S13 silencien eficientment aquests gens en adults de la mosca del Mediterrani (Ceratitis capitata); aquest cas és d'especial rellevància perquè és la primera demostració de l'RNAi per al control d'aquesta plaga. En conclusió, malgrat la seua limitada rellevància agrícola l'ELVd és útil per a investigar la biologia molecular de la família Avsunviroidae i una poderosa ferramenta biotecnològica en combinació amb el sistema d'expressió en E. coli. / [EN] Viroids, minimal genomes of non-coding circular RNA, single-stranded and highly structured, parasitize plant cellular factors to replicate autonomously, establish systemic infections, and typically cause disease. Those of the family Avsunviroidae replicate and accumulate in chloroplasts by a symmetrical rolling circle mechanism. A chloroplast RNA polymerase produces linear concatemers of complementary polarity that are reduced to monomers by the hammerhead ribozymes (HHR) of the concatemer. They produce 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester ends, which the chloroplastic isoform of tRNA ligase converts to intramolecular 5',3'-phosphodiester bonds, generating circular viroids of complementary polarity that can enter another round of transcription, symmetric to the first one. In this Thesis, the viroid sequences and structures essential for its circularization have been analyzed, using as a model the eggplant latent viroid (ELVd), which induces asymptomatic infections in eggplant. We expressed in Escherichia coli linear ELVd(+) precursors flanked by two copies of its HHR. Its processing generates monomers with suitable ends for ligation by the eggplant tRNA ligase, which is co-expressed. Point mutations and deletions at the wild-type ligation site suggest that only the HHR domain is essential for circularization. The conservation of the sequence and structure of the HHR with those of the natural substrate of the enzyme (the tRNAs) lead us to propose that the HHR of the ELVd hijacks the ligase, mimicking the general characteristics of the anticodon loop of the tRNAs. This expression system also allows the production of recombinant RNAs, inserting them into a particular position of the ELVd RNA. Chimeras are processed by flanking HHRs and their ends ligated by the tRNA ligase. The compact, circular viroidal scaffold, possibly associated with the ligase, allows increasing the half-life of the RNA of interest and its accumulation in the bacteria. In this Thesis we adapt the system to produce double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that trigger RNA interference (RNAi), a eukaryotic gene regulation and defense mechanism based on base complementarity between RNAs. dsRNAs complementary to endogenous genes reduce the levels of their transcripts and generate loss-of-function phenotypes. Insects can take dsRNAs from the environment, internalize them into cells, and distribute them systemically, making RNAi a promising pest control strategy. To produce dsRNAs, we separated the inverted repeats of the target gene that generates the hairpin with the cDNA of a group-I autocatalytic intron from Tetrahymena thermophila, increasing the stability of the expression plasmids. The intron is removed after transcription, resulting in a viroidal molecule from which the dsRNA of interest protrudes. Flanking the inverted repeats with an additional copy of the intron in a permuted form allows the ELVd molecule to be separated from the final product, a circular dsRNA molecule capped on both sides by small loops. Both molecules have regulatory activity: the viroid-dsRNA chimeras with homology to the smooth septate junction 1 gene of the corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) exhibit oral insecticidal activity against larvae similar to that of in vitro synthesized hairpins, and the circular dsRNAs without the viroid scaffold homologous to the vacuolar ATPase (subunit A) and ribosomal protein S13 genes efficiently silence those genes in adult Medfly (Ceratitis capitata); this case is of special relevance as it is the first demonstration of RNAi for the control of this pest. In conclusion, despite its limited agricultural relevance, the ELVd is useful for investigating the molecular biology of the Avsunviroidae family and a powerful biotechnological tool in combination with the E. coli expression system. / This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain; co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund) [BIO2017-83184-R] and [BIO2017‐ 91865‐EXP]; Universitat Politècnica de València [PAID-01-17]. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). / Ortolá Navarro, B. (2023). Heterologous expression of circular RNAs in Escherichia coli for analyzing the ligation process of chloroplastic viroids and producing double-stranded RNAs with insecticidal activity [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192635

No / Radiotherapy is a major treatment modality used to treat muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with patient outcomes similar to surgery. However, radioresistance is a significant factor in treatment failure. Cell-free extracts of muscle-invasive bladder tumors are defective in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), and this phenotype may be used clinically by combining radiotherapy with a radiosensitizing drug that targets homologous recombination, thereby sparing normal tissues with intact NHEJ. The response of the homologous recombination protein RAD51 to radiation is inhibited by the small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. Stable RT112 bladder cancer Ku knockdown (Ku80KD) cells were generated using short hairpin RNA technology to mimic the invasive tumor phenotype and also RAD51 knockdown (RAD51KD) cells to show imatinib's pathway selectivity. Ku80KD, RAD51KD, nonsilencing vector control, and parental RT112 cells were treated with radiation in combination with either imatinib or lapatinib, which inhibits NHEJ and cell survival assessed by clonogenic assay. Drug doses were chosen at approximately IC40 and IC10 (nontoxic) levels. Imatinib radiosensitized Ku80KD cells to a greater extent than RAD51KD or RT112 cells. In contrast, lapatinib radiosensitized RAD51KD and RT112 cells but not Ku80KD cells. Taken together, our findings suggest a new application for imatinib in concurrent use with radiotherapy to treat muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res; 73(5); 1611-20. (c)2012 AACR.

No description available.

Chez la guêpe parasitoïde Venturia canescens, des particules virales dépourvues d'ADN appelées VLP (pour "Virus-like Particules") sont produites spécifiquement dans les ovaires et tapissent le chorion des oeufs qui sont injectés dans la chenille hôte. Les VLP ont une fonction immunosuppressive pour l'hôte parasité et permettent ainsi la survie des oeufs du parasitoïde. Ces VLP résultent de l’intégration d’un nudivirus dans le génome de l’ancêtre de la guêpe, nudivirus qui a été ensuite domestiqué pour former des liposomes viraux capables de véhiculer dans l’hôte des protéines de virulence d'origine cellulaire. L’étude réalisée au cours de cette thèse a eu pour objet, d’une part, d'étudier les mécanismes de domestication virale qui ont conduit au virus symbiotique endogène actuel nommé VcENV (pour V. canescens endogenous nudivirus) et d’autre part, d'apporter des éléments de réponse sur le processus de morphogénèse et le mode d'action parasitaire des VLP. / Viral particles devoid of DNA called VLPs (for Virus-Like Particles) are specifically produced in the ovaries of the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens and line the chorion of the wasp’s eggs injected into the host caterpillar. VLPs are immunosuppressive and allow parasitoid eggs survival. These VLPs result from the integration of a nudivirus into the wasp ancestor genome, nudivirus which was then domesticated to form viral liposomes capable of carrying, into the host, virulence proteins of cellular origin. The aim of the study carried out during this thesis was, first, to analyze the viral domestication mechanisms that led to the current endogenous symbiotic virus called VcENV (for V. canescens endogenous nudivirus) and secondly to provide some answers on VLPs morphogenesis process and parasitic mode of action.