The creation of the safe traffic zone is a long term issue requiring often significant investments, which municipalities or regional governments are not able to cover within their own budget. Despite complex programs to initiate measures on increasing of the road safety have not been launched yet. One of significant parameters of the safe traffic zone is occurrence of solid obstacles in the immediate vicinity of a road (such as tall trees, billboards placed without a permit etc.), which afterwards influence the seriousness of consequences of the accident. The content and the aim of this diploma written assignment is to find out the actual impact of the transport and technical conditions of the first-class road No. 3 in the Český Krumlov District on the occurrence of incidents in the road traffic which can be found out by analysis of the causes and the effects of the incidents in the specific accidents sites and mapping of the current transport and technical conditions of this relatively loaded road due to heavy traffic. To fulfill the aim of the written assignment, the method of critical analysis, which studies the problem in more complex way and is not satisfied with the simple explanation, was used. With its application I tried to find an answer to the question whether the mentioned road fulfills the forgiving and the self-explanatory road function in all aspects and at those to propose an optimal solution to prevent eventually to mitigate of incidents. In case that the achieved goals of this diploma written assignment will be by the owner of the mentioned road respectively the property administrator and the competent road administration office used to make certain measures leading to lowering of the amount of accidents then the elaboration has fulfilled its purpose. By my opinion every driver has a right to move in the safe traffic zone. Duration and development of the state that we live in will not do without a functioning road system and that is why the current system should be first of all maintained by the state, renewed, expanded and made to perfection because feeling safe on roads is a right and a responsibility of each and one of us.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:01:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMMM.pdf: 1370681 bytes, checksum: 4891da17b25caf7951985f7209d9c825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-06 / The technological development has generated great amount of potential data bases in order to supply information for several aspects related to road safety. However, the transformation of these great amount of data in useful information for the technicians, public managers and the population in general, requests the modeling and the treatment of these data using some analysis tools that allow a visualization of the results in form easily understandable. This work presents a new methodology of traffic accidents analysis based in the artificial neural network (ANN). ANN can be very useful for organizations, public or particular, mainly to those that propose to understand the phenomena of the traffic in order to looking for solutions integrated to several areas such as education, engineering and fiscalization. This research had as general objective to identify the patterns of traffic accidents that happened at urban intersections. The data of accidents that happened in the period from 2000 to 2003, in the city of São Carlos were used for the case study, in order to subsidize the elaboration and the evaluation of public policies of traffic accidents reduction and specially the reduction of accident severity. The study explores the assumption that different accident types are related to different patterns. The patterns obtained by ANN showed that there are significant differences in the factors that can affect the different types of accidents. The knowledge of the patterns of each accident type is essential to develop actions corrective or preventive road safety's improvement in order to avoid undesirable effects when these actions are implemented. However, the comparison between the patterns of the different types of accidents was difficult due to the heterogeneity of the situations and the different elements that compose the road environment that can affect the occurrence of the accident. / O desenvolvimento tecnológico tem gerado grandes bases de dados com potencial para fornecer informações sobre diversos aspectos relacionados com a segurança viária. No entanto, a conversão de um grande volume de dados em informações úteis para os técnicos, gestores públicos e a população em geral, requer a modelagem e o tratamento destes dados utilizando ferramentas de análise que permitam uma visualização dos resultados de forma facilmente compreensível. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia para análise de acidentes de trânsito fundamentada na rede neural artificial (RNA). A RNA pode ser de grande utilidade para organizações públicas e privadas, principalmente para aquelas que se propõem compreender os fenômenos do trânsito a fim de buscar soluções integradas em diversas áreas tais como educação, engenharia e fiscalização. A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral identificar os padrões de acidentes de trânsito que ocorreram nas interseções urbanas. Os dados de acidentes que ocorreram no período de 2000 a 2003, na cidade de São Carlos foram utilizados para o estudo de caso, visando fornecer subsídios para a elaboração e a avaliação de políticas públicas voltadas para redução do número de acidentes de trânsito e essencialmente na redução global da severidade. O estudo explora a suposição de que diferentes tipos de acidente estão relacionados com padrões distintos. Os padrões obtidos através da RNA mostram que há divergências significativas nos fatores que podem influenciar os diferentes tipos de acidentes. Conhecer padrões de cada tipo de acidente se faz necessária para que as medidas corretivas ou preventivas voltadas para a melhoria da segurança viária não resultem em efeitos indesejados quando são implementadas, no entanto comparações entre padrões de diferentes tipos de acidentes mostraram-se particularmente difíceis devido à heterogeneidade das situações e dos diferentes elementos que compõem o ambiente viário e que podem influenciar na ocorrência do acidente.

La sécurité routière est une priorité mondiale, européenne et française. Parce que les véhicules légers (ou simplement “les véhicules”) sont évidemment l’un des acteurs principaux de l’activité routière, l'amélioration de la sécurité routière passe nécessairement par l’analyse de leurs caractéristiques accidentologiques. Si les nouveaux véhicules sont développés en bureau d’étude et validés en laboratoire, c’est la réalité accidentologique qui permet de vraiment cerner comment ils se comportent en matière de sécurité secondaire, c’est-à-dire quelle sécurité ils offrent à leurs occupants lors d’un accident. C’est pourquoi les constructeurs souhaitent procéder au classement des générations de véhicules en fonction de leurs niveaux de sécurité secondaire réelle. Nous abordons cette thématique en exploitant les données nationales d’accidents corporels de la route appelées BAAC (Bulletin d’Analyse d’Accident Corporel de la Circulation). En complément de celles-ci, les données de parc automobile permettent d’associer une classe générationelle (CG) à chaque véhicule. Nous élaborons deux méthodes de classement de CGs en termes de sécurité secondaire. La première produit des classements contextuels, c’est-à-dire des classements de CGs plongées dans des contextes d’accident. La seconde produit des classements globaux, c’est-`a-dire des classements de CGs déterminés par rapport à une distribution de contextes d’accident. Pour le classement contextuel, nous procédons par “scoring” : nous cherchons une fonction de score qui associe un nombre réel à toute combinaison de CG et de contexte d’accident ; plus ce nombre est petit, plus la CG est sûre dans le contexte d’accident donné. La fonction de score optimale est estimée par “ensemble learning”, sous la forme d’une combinaison convexe optimale de fonctions de score produites par une librairie d’algorithmes de classement par scoring. Une inégalité oracle illustre les performances du méta-algorithme ainsi obtenu. Le classement global est également basé sur le principe de “scoring” : nous cherchons une fonction de score qui associe à toute CG un nombre réel ; plus ce nombre est petit, plus la CG est jugée sûre globalement. Des arguments causaux permettent d’adapter le méta-algorithme évoqué ci-dessus en s’affranchissant du contexte d’accident. Les résultats des deux méthodes de classement sont conformes aux attentes des experts. / Road safety is a world, European and French priority. Because light vehicles (or simply“vehicles”) are obviously one of the main actors of road activity, the improvement of roadsafety necessarily requires analyzing their characteristics in terms of traffic road accident(or simply “accident”). If the new vehicles are developed in engineering department and validated in laboratory, it is the reality of real-life accidents that ultimately characterizesthem in terms of secondary safety, ie, that demonstrates which level of security they offer to their occupants in case of an accident. This is why car makers want to rank generations of vehicles according to their real-life levels of safety. We address this problem by exploiting a French data set of accidents called BAAC (Bulletin d’Analyse d’Accident Corporel de la Circulation). In addition, fleet data are used to associate a generational class (GC) to each vehicle. We elaborate two methods of ranking of GCs in terms of secondary safety. The first one yields contextual rankings, ie, rankings of GCs in specified contexts of accident. The second one yields global rankings, ie, rankings of GCs determined relative to a distribution of contexts of accident. For the contextual ranking, we proceed by “scoring”: we look for a score function that associates a real number to any combination of GC and a context of accident; the smaller is this number, the safer is the GC in the given context. The optimal score function is estimated by “ensemble learning”, under the form of an optimal convex combination of scoring functions produced by a library of ranking algorithms by scoring. An oracle inequality illustrates the performance of the obtained meta-algorithm. The global ranking is also based on “scoring”: we look for a scoring function that associates any GC with a real number; the smaller is this number, the safer is the GC. Causal arguments are used to adapt the above meta-algorithm by averaging out the context. The results of the two ranking procedures are in line with the experts’ expectations.

Dado o grande impacto econômico e social dos acidentes de trânsito no Brasil, a eficácia comprovada de medidas de controle de velocidade em reduzir acidentes de trânsito, o uso frequente de algumas dessas medidas no Brasil, a falta de estudos sobre o impacto econômico dessas medidas no Brasil e a especificidade regional das análises de custo-benefício, o objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma avaliação econômica das intervenções de segurança viária ondulação transversal e redutor eletrônico de velocidade no Brasil. Desenvolve-se um método para avaliar o custo-benefício destas intervenções de segurança viária para um conjunto de condições de tráfego definidas pelas variáveis velocidade de fluxo livre, volume de tráfego e quantidade de acidentes com vítima, e avalia-se sob quais dessas condições cada intervenção é custo-eficiente. Os resultados mostram que a relação custo-benefício dos dispositivos redutores de velocidade depende fortemente da acidentalidade do local de implementação e que os dispositivos são tanto mais custo-eficientes quanto maior for a acidentalidade e quanto menor for o volume de tráfego. / Given the large economic and social impact of traffic accidents in Brazil, the proven effectiveness of speed control measures to reduce traffic accidents, the frequent use of some of these measures in Brazil, the lack of studies on the economic impact of these measures in Brazil and the inapplicability of cost-benefit analyzes conducted in other countries for the Brazilian reality, the objective of this study is to make an economic evaluation of road safety interventions speed hump and electronic speed hump in Brazil. We develop a method to evaluate the cost effectiveness of these interventions in road safety based on a reduced set of parameters and evaluate under what conditions of free flow speed, traffic volume and number of injury accidents each intervention is cost-effective. Results show that the cost-benefit ratio of the speed reducing devices strongly depends on the accident rate and that the greater the accident rate and the lower the traffic volume are, more cost effective the devices are.

Após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, teve início um processo de aumento da utilização dos automóveis nos grandes centros urbanos que modificou o desenho das cidades e o padrão de deslocamento nesses espaços. Uma das diversas consequências negativas da consolidação do automóvel como principal meio de transporte nas metrópoles foi o aumento do número de acidentes no trânsito, principalmente os que envolviam os usuários de transporte ativo – pedestres e ciclistas. A promoção dos modos de transporte não motorizados, como a bicicleta, é tida como ação complementar para reversão desse processo, porém, para tanto, é necessário melhorar a percepção de segurança sobre o modo cicloviário. A tomada de decisão por parte dos gestores do tráfego acerca das intervenções viárias que melhoram a segurança dos ciclistas carece de entendimento sobre os elementos que influenciam a ocorrência de acidentes envolvendo estes usuários. Desse modo, o trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação tem como objetivo a verificação da existência de relação entre os elementos urbanos construídos, os fatores socioeconômicos e outras possíveis fontes de risco com a frequência e severidade dos acidentes cicloviários na cidade de Porto Alegre O processo de investigação utilizou softwares de georreferenciamento para consolidar os dados coletados segundo as unidades de análise definidas. A frequência de acidentes foi modelada através de Modelo de Regressão Binomial Negativo e a severidade de acidentes foi modelada através de Modelo Logit Multinomial. O modelo de frequência de acidentes apresentou duas variáveis significativas. Em seguida, foi gerado um novo modelo de frequência de acidentes a partir da eliminação de possíveis fontes de discrepância dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que este segundo modelo estava melhor ajustado ao cenário estudado. O modelo de severidade de acidentes foi composto por 18 variáveis significativas. Por fim, os elementos que demonstraram maior prevalência sobre a acidentalidade de ciclistas foram a interação com automóveis, a presença de vias arteriais, a proximidade com áreas de interseção e o envolvimento de usuários vulneráveis (jovens e idosos em bicicletas) nos acidentes. / After the end of the World War II, many cities around the world have experienced an increase on car using which changed the way cities were planned and also mobility patterns. That process has generated some problems at urban areas like road accidents increasing, most of them related to active transport modes - pedestrians and cyclers. Non motorized transportation modes fomentation, for example cycling, emerges as an alternative to change this issue. However, before it happens, cyclers need to feel more safe on transit. Understanding the influence of the elements that affect cyclers's safety gives to decision makers and traffic managers a better possibility to make the right decisions on safety improvement. Thus, this thesis aims to verify the relationship between built environment, socialeconomic factors and other risk sources and frequency and severity of traffic crashes involving cyclists in Porto Alegre. By using GIS softwares, the collected data were consolidated according to the defined analysis units. Accident’s frequencies were modeled and the coefficients were estimated by using Negative Binomial Regression Model and the severity of accidents was modeled as a Multinomial Logit Model. The accident frequency model counted with two sginificant variables. Then, a new accident frequency model was estimated from the elimination of possible sources of data discrepancy. Results have shown that the second model fit better on the studied scenario. The accident severity model resulted in 18 significant variables. Finally, the elements that showed highest prevalences on cyclists safety were car interaction, presence of arterial roads, proximity to intersection areas and vulnerable cyclists users (young and old ones cycling) involvement on accidents.

My dissertation analyzes the frequency of selected violations of the law in the Czech Republic. In the operation of vehicle on roads that are to blame to a greater or lesser extent in the traffic accident. As a separate chapter in the thesis are fundamental concepts and the individual paragraphs, which are analyzed and used. Also you can find statistics that reflect the evolution of the number of accidents and their consequences. Except resources for the next chapter my diploma papers also show results of lighting, using cell phone and seat belts while driving. Another part is the experimental section. Here are details about my own questionnaire and field measurements. They are transformed into the analytical part of the summarization tables. The synthetic part of thesis compares obtained data in the research and the statistical summary. In the last section, which covers general recommendations for practice are set out possible options which could prevent future violations of the law.

Les enjeux humains liés à l’accidentologie routière et les coûts qu’ils font supporter à la collectivité sont tels qu'ils rendent obligatoire la mise à disposition d'une batterie d'outils la plus complète et complémentaire possible afin de comprendre au mieux la problématique du risque routier. L’enjeu de cette thèse est justement de proposer de nouveaux outils capables de mieux apprécier ce phénomène et, in fine, d'orienter et d'appuyer les décisions des pouvoirs publics en la matière. Ils ont été développés en modélisant successivement le kilométrage parcouru qui formalise l’exposition au risque, les nombres d’accidents corporels, de tués, de blessés ainsi que les taux de gravité associés en privilégiant une longue période d’analyse (janvier 1970-décembre 2013) et une fréquence mensuelle. Ceci en tenant compte, au niveau du panel des variables exogènes testées, de la très forte pluri-dimensionnalité (motifs de déplacement, météorologie, structure du parc automobile et de la population, environnement économique, facteurs comportementaux, etc… ) intrinsèque à cette problématique. En rupture avec les modèles conventionnels du risque routier, les outils proposés par le modèle MIRR sont matérialisés, pour toutes les variables analysées, par des équations économétriques de long terme couplées à des équations de court terme autorisant ainsi deux visions complémentaires liées au risque routier. Ce, au profit d’une meilleure compréhension de cette problématique et d’une perception améliorée des enjeux à venir. / Human and social challenges related to the road safety including the costs for the society, are so important that they require a diversity of complementary analysis tools in order to better understand the road risk problem. The issue of this thesis aimed precisely at offering new tools to assess, in the best possible way, this phenomenon and to ultimately guide and support government decision-making in this field. These tools have been developed by modelling successively the mileage driven which formalizes the risk exposure, the injury accidents, the fatalities, the injuries and the two associated severity rates, using a long period and a monthly frequency. This was made by taking into consideration the multidimensional aspect, regarding the tested exogenous variables (motives for movement, meteorology, structure of the vehicle fleet and of the population, economic environment, behavioural factors, etc..), intrinsic to this issue. Breaking with conventional road accident models, the tools proposed by the MIRR model use, for every analysed variable, long-term econometric equations coupled with short-term ones. These approaches thus allow two complementary views of the road risk for a better understanding of this issue as well as an improved perception of future challenges.

As defensas rodoviárias têm a finalidade de redirecionar com segurança um veículo fora de controle de uma colisão frontal ou trajetória mais perigosa. Secundariamente, a absorção de energia através da deformação do sistema de contenção ou outro método de dissipação da energia de impacto é ressaltado como um benefício em prol da segurança dos ocupantes. Considerando as premissas anteriores e os índices de severidade ao ocupante ASI, THIV e PHD, os desempenhos de uma defensa metálica e outras defensas de concreto são então classificados. Além disso, investiga-se o mecanismo de falha das conexões parafusadas e a sua influência no resultado do impacto de um automóvel leve contra uma defensa metálica. Importância é dada à modelagem do comportamento do material da defensa metálica sob baixas e altas taxas de deformação. Dessa forma, a necessidade de avaliar as propriedades dinâmicas do material motivou o projeto e construção de uma Barra de Hopkinson para testes de tração e compressão até 5000s-1. Adicionalmente, um modelo analítico simplificado da defensa metálica sob ação de uma força estática foi equacionado para validar um modelo em elementos finitos. Um estudo paramétrico da falha da conexão parafusada foi levantado através de diversas simulações estáticas e também do impacto de um veículo leve em uma defensa metálica de acordo com a norma EN 1317. Os resultados das simulações de impacto utilizando um modelo de veículo leve e diferentes sistemas de contenção foram comparados em função dos índices de severidade ao ocupante, indicando que a defensa metálica é mais segura do que uma defensa de concreto com perfil New Jersey ou vertical. / The main function of a road guardrail is to redirect an out of control vehicle avoiding a frontal collision or a dangerous veering off the road trajectory. Secondarily, the energy absorption measured by barrier deformation or any other energy dissipation method is beneficial to the car occupant safety. Considering the previous tasks and some severity occupant index like ASI, THIV and PHD, the performance of a guardrail and other concrete barriers are classified. Besides, it is investigated the fail mechanism of bolted connections and its influence on the guardrail impact result of an automobile. Special attention was taken into the material behavior modeling under low and high strain rates. Thereby, the need of accessing dynamic material properties motivated the design and manufacture of a Hopkinson Bar set-up for tension and compression tests up to 5000s-1. In addition, a simplified analytical model of a guardrail subjected to a static force was settled in order to validate a guardrail finite element model. A parametric study of the bolted connection failure was performed through several impact simulations of a light car model and a guardrail according to EN 1317 standard. The impact simulation results using a light vehicle car model and different barriers types were compared through the occupant severity index showing that the guardrail is a safer system than concrete barrier with New Jersey or vertical profile.

Vehicles being driven for work purposes represent a large proportion of road collision and deaths in the workplace. These observations mean that people driving for work can impose a large burden on organisations and on society. In addition, previous studies identified a fleet driver effect for which there was greater collision risk for those who drive for work compared to the general driving population, even after controlling for exposure. This accentuates the need for both organisational and government policy makers to take steps to reduce the impact of these collisions. No single intervention has been found to solve issues around work-related road safety therefore a range of initiatives have been directed towards the risks associated with drivers, vehicles, journeys and organisations. Many of the interventions, however, lack robust evidence to support their use. The aim of this thesis is to assess organisational interventions to improve work-related road safety by using econometric models on real-world data. The data represents driving claims made between 2005 and 2012 by employees of a large UK company, with a fleet of approximately 35,000 vehicles. The drivers were employed in a variety of roles such as working in technical positions at customer sites or making sales visits. The company has applied a range of strategies to road safety resulting in annual claim reductions of 7.7% compared to only a 4.5% reduction in collisions nationally. The company s data are used to undertake three studies which focused on driver training, manager training and claim segmentation. Statistical models were employed to investigate the effect of two different driver training courses on the frequency of claims while controlling for other factors. The results indicated that driver training courses significantly reduced both the total number of claims and the claim types targeted by the training. The impacts of the interventions were also adjusted for the effects of non-random driver selection and other safety improvements initiated by the company or other agencies. An important finding of this work was that randomly inflated pre-training events accounted for between a third and a quarter of the observed reduction in claims following training. The second study evaluated the impact of management training on claims using multilevel models which allowed for correlation between observations. The study could not confirm that this training was an effective safety intervention. This null result provides an incentive to re-evaluate the implementation of the scheme. The final study identified homogeneous claim segments using statistical models and the impact of training was evaluated on these segments. Such claims were estimated to be reduced by between 32% to 55% following existing driver training courses. This thesis has helped close important gaps and contributed to knowledge in terms of both intervention methodology and the understanding of the effectiveness of work-related road safety interventions. The results, which are already being applied in the case study organisation, demonstrated that training employees in either safe and fuel efficient driving, or low speed manoeuvring, reduced vehicle insurance claims. Further work is necessary to verify the safety value of manager training including gathering detailed information on interactions between managers and drivers.

Orientador: Jorge Luiz Alves Trabanco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AndersonPereirada_M.pdf: 4388966 bytes, checksum: 8a2adb482cff8945f6f6f3728bf42042 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Administradores públicos e privados necessitam de informações que os auxiliem no gerenciamento e tomada de decisões quanto à prevenção de acidentes. Acidentes de trabalho e de trânsito são grandes problemas de serem administrados, pois os métodos existentes muitas vezes não conseguem trazer resultados com rapidez para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia baseada em geotecnologias e softwares livres para o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para gestão e prevenção de acidentes de trabalho e trânsito no campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP. As parcerias com Comissão Interna de Prevenção de Acidentes (CIPA), Prefeitura e Setor de Vigilância do campus, e Laboratório de Topografia e Geodésia da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo proporcionaram: a atualização da base cartográfica do campus utilizando de equipamentos GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System); obtenção de plantas baixas; contratação de estagiários; e desenvolvimento de sistemas para georeferenciamento dos riscos em ambiente de trabalho e acidentes de trânsito para gestão e visualização na Internet através de um SIG-WEB. / Abstract: Public and private administrators need information that will help them in managing and making decisions regarding the prevention of accidents. Occupational accidents and traffic are major problems to be administered, because the existing methods often fail to bring results quickly to assist in decision making. This paper proposes a methodology based on geotechnology and free software for the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for management and prevention of occupational accidents and traffic on the campuses of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP. Partnerships with the Comissão Interna de Prevenção de Acidentes (CIPA), the Hall and Sector Monitoring of campuses, and Laboratory of Topography and Geodesy of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism provided: the update of the cartographic basemap of the campuses using GNSS equipment (Global Navigation Satellite System), obtaining floor plans, hiring interns, and systems development for georeferencing of risks in the workplace and traffic accidents to management and viewing the Internet by WEB-GIS. / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil