International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.----- A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.----- A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.----- The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.----- Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.----- Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.----- The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).----- The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.----- It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).----- The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Developed countries have led the way in the implementation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), with the main objectives of improving road safety and efficiency. Current ITS solutions are heavily dependent on advanced and expensive technologies, and do not necessarily meet the unique requirements of public transportation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The informal minibus taxi sector dominates public transport in SSA in general, and in South Africa in particular, and is notoriously dangerous – leading to many fatalities annually. This work presents the design and testing of a sensing and reporting system for public transport in SSA. The system contributes to improving the safety and efficiency of minibus taxis in SSA. The system provides three core functions, namely, reckless driving detection, multiple occupancy detection, and wireless reporting to a visualised online platform. The reckless driving detection system implements a novel model that augments inertial vehicle acceleration data with GPS speed information. The model is based on standards used in road design, and takes into account the relationship between a vehicle’s tyres and the road surface. A lateral acceleration threshold, which is speed dependant, and a longitudinal acceleration threshold are suggested to detect reckless driving. Acceleration data is filtered to remove both high-frequency noise and zero-frequency offset, and compared to the thresholds to detect reckless driving events. The occupancy detection system detects multiple occupants in the minibus taxi using low-cost capacitive sensor electrodes, which utilise the electrical field properties of a human body for presence detection. A simplified mathematical model was created to calculate the expected capacitance on the occupancy sensor electrode, and was compared to the measured capacitance in the minibus taxi. The theoretical and empirical results demonstrate that the capacitance of an occupied seat is more than double that of an unoccupied seat. Occupants were clearly detected in various scenarios, such as different occupant sizes, water on seat, various seated positions on the sensor, etc. The wireless reporting inside the vehicle is implemented using a ZigBee network on an Arduino platform. The extra-vehicle wireless reporting uses the existing SSA cellular network, and the online data visualisation is implemented on Trinity Telecoms’ SMART platform. The complete sensing and reporting system is implemented as a prototype, and tested in South African and Ugandan minibus taxis. The results demonstrate that the system achieves the set goals, and could be used to make transport in SSA safer and more efficient. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelde lande neem die voortou met die implementering van Intelligente Vervoer Stelsels (IVS) met die hoof doelwit om padveiligheid en vervoerstelsels se effektiwiteit te verbeter. Huidige stelsels wat ontwikkel is vir IVS is baie afhanklik van duur en gevorderde tegnologieë en bevredig dus nie die huidige vereistes binne die openbare vervoer stelsel van Sub-Sahara Afrika (SSA) nie. Die minibus taxi sektor domineer die openbare vervoer stelsel in SSA en meer spesifiek in Suid-Afrika, en daar is jaarliks duisende ongelukke waarvan baie tot sterftes lei. In hierdie werkstuk word daar ’n stelsel voorgestel wat minibus taxi’s in SSA kan monitor. Die doel van die stelsel is om die openbare vervoerstelsel se effektiwiteit en padveiligheid te verbeter. Die stelsel bestaan uit: roekelose bestuur opsporing, veelvoudigepassasier waarneming (monitor van aantal passasiers in voertuig) en network verslagdoening na ’n aanlyn platform. ’n Nuwe model is ontwikkel om roekelose bestuur op te spoor – deur die voertuig se versnelling en spoed te kombineer in berekenings. Die model se berekenings is ook gebasseer op die verwantskap tussen die voertuig se bande en die padoppervlak. Roekelose bestuur word bespeur deur ’n laterale en longitudinale drempel wat spoed afhanklik is. Versnellingsdata word gefilter om hoë-frekwensie geraas en nul-frekwensie afwykings te verwyder. Gefilterde data word dan met die gepaste drempel vergelyk om te bepaal of die bestuurder ’n roekelose beweging uitgevoer het. Die veelvoudige-passasier waarnemingstelsel is getoets in ’n minibus taxi en bestaan uit ’n lae-koste kapasitiewe sensor stelsel. Die stelsel meet ’n passasier se liggaamlike elektriese lading. ’n Wiskundige uitrukking van die kapasitiewe sensor stelsel is bepaal wat ’n teoretiese kapasitansie waarde gee. Dié waarde is met die gemete kapasitansie op die sensor elektrode vergelyk. Die resultate bevestig dat die ontwikkelde stelsels duidelik ’n sittende passasier kan identifiseer. Verskeie toetse is gedoen om te verseker dat die kapasitiewe stelsel gepas is vir die heterogene minibus taxi omgewing. Draadlose verslagdoening word binne die voertuig uitgevoer met behulp van ’n ZigBee netwerk wat geïmplementeer is op ’n Arduino platform. Die buite-voertuig verslagdoening stelsel gebruik bestaande sellulêre kommunikasie netwerke en die inligting word dan op Trinity Telecoms’ SMART platform visueel vertoon. Die volledige ontwikkelde stelsel is as ’n prototipe geïmplementeer en getoets in Suid-Afrikaanse en Ugandese minibus taxi’s. Die resultate toon aan dat die stelsel die doelwitte bereik en dat dit gebruik kan word om die vervoer stelsel in Suid Afrika veiliger en meer doeltreffend te maak.

Dans le cadre d'une politique publique presque universelle, la sécurité routière, cette thèse se consacre à une catégorie précise de conducteurs, les motocyclistes. Ceux-ci forment à la fois un groupe distinct d'usagers de la route, objet à ce titre de réglementations spécifiques, et, du moins quand ils sont et se considèrent comme motards, un groupe social. Dans les années 1970, au moment de son institutionnalisation, la politique de sécurité routière rencontre avec ces motards un problème inédit. La moto, disparue durant les années 1960, revient en effet massivement dans les rues avec de nouveaux, et jeunes, utilisateurs. Il lui faut alors inventer une façon de gérer le risque inédit qu'ils représentent, ce qu'elle fera en choisissant, parmi plusieurs options, une politique répressive dont on montrera comment elle a évolué jusqu'à nos jours, en la justifiant à l'aide de considérations morales et d'un appareillage statistique dont on montrera ce qu'il a d'inapproprié, de lacunaire et, parfois, de fictif.S'attaquant à un groupe social décidé à se défendre, cette politique va susciter une opposition organisée qui, au gré des alternances politiques, parviendra à en infléchir plus ou moins le cours, et formera toujours un adversaire avec lequel elle devra composer. Pour traiter un sujet de cet ordre il semble donc pertinent de s'appuyer sur la sociologie interactionniste, d'analyser de façon diachronique cette politique à partir de 1972, de l'étudier à divers échelons, de procéder enfin à des comparaisons diverses, entre États, entre capitales, mais aussi avec une politique publique qui traite de façon fort différente les utilisateurs d'un autre deux-roues, la bicyclette. / This thesis is devoted to an aspect of road safety policy, an almost universal public policy, and to a particular category of drivers, namely motorcyclists. They represent both a distinct road users' group, subject as such to specific regulations, and, at least when there are and do consider themselves as motorcycle riders, a social group. When the French road safety policy was designed, in the early 70's, motorcyclists turned out to be an unexpected problem. After vanishing during the 60's, the motorcycle was back in large numbers with new and young users. The state therefore invented a way of dealing with the unprecedented risk they represented. Among several options, it chose a repressive policy whose evolution we will trace from the 1970s to today. This policy was grounded on moral justifications and strengthened by an inadequate, incomplete and sometimes fictitious statistical body.This policy endangered a social group ready to defend itself, thus creating an organized opposition able to reorientate it partially. To this day, motorcycles remain an opponent the state has to cope with. To deal with this subject, it seems relevant to use the findings of interactionist sociology and to analyse this policy from a diachronic point of view, starting in 1972. We will study this subject at different scales and proceed to various comparisons between countries or capitals. Furthermore, we'll see how it compares to public policy that deals, in a very different manner, with users of another two-wheel vehicle, the bicycle.

A construção e ampliação de rodovias gera impactos significativos ao meio ambiente. Os principais impactos ao meio biótico são a supressão de vegetação, redução da riqueza e abundância de espécies de fauna como decorrência da fragmentação de habitats e aumento dos riscos de atropelamento de animais silvestres e domésticos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi identificar padrões espaciais nos atropelamentos de fauna silvestre por espécie (nome popular) utilizando ferramentas de análise espacial e machine learning. Especificamente, buscou-se compreender a relação entre atropelamentos de animais silvestres e variáveis que representam características de uso e cobertura do solo e caracterização da rodovia, tais como formação florestal, corpos d\'água, silvicultura, áreas edificadas, velocidade máxima permitida, volume de tráfego, entre outras. Os atropelamentos de fauna silvestre foram analisados por espécie atropelada, a fim de identificar os padrões espaciais dos atropelamentos específicos para cada espécie. As ferramentas de análise espacial empregadas foram a Função K - para determinar o padrão de distribuição dos registros de atropelamento de fauna, o Estimador de Densidade de Kernel - para gerar estimativas de densidade de pontos sobre a rodovia, a Análise de Hotspots - para identificar os trechos mais críticos de atropelamento de fauna e, por fim, o Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), um tipo de rede neural artificial, que reorganiza amostras de dados n-dimensionais de acordo com a similaridade entre elas. Os resultados das análises de padrões pontuais foram importantes para entender que os pontos de atropelamento possuem padrões de distribuição espacial que variam por espécie. Os eventos ocorrem espacialmente agrupados e não estão homogeneamente distribuídos ao longo da rodovia. De maneira geral, os animais apresentam trechos de maior intensidade de atropelamento em locais distintos. O SOM permitiu analisar as relações entre múltiplas variáveis, lineares e não-lineares, tais como são os dados ecológicos, e encontrar padrões espaciais distintos por espécie. A maior parte dos animais foi atropelada próxima de fragmentos florestais e de corpos d\'água, e distante de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, silvicultura e área edificada. Porém, uma parte considerável das mortes de animais dos tipos com maior número de atropelamentos ocorreu em áreas com paisagem diversificada, incluindo alta densidade de drenagem, fragmentos florestais, silvicultura e áreas edificadas. / The construction and expansion of roads cause significant impacts on the environment. The main potential impacts to biotic environment are vegetation suppression, reduction of the abundance and richness of species due to forest fragmentation and increase of animal (domestic and wildlife) vehicle collisions. The general objective of this work was to identify spatial patterns in wildlife-vehicle collisions individually per species by using spatial analysis and machine learning. Specifically, the relationship between wildlife-vehicle collisions and variables that represent land use and road characterization features - such as forests, water bodies, silviculture, sugarcane fields, built environment, speed limit and traffic volume - was investigated. The wildlife-vehicle collisions were analyzed per species, in order to identify the spatial patterns for each species separately. The spatial analysis tools used in this study were K-Function - to determine the distribution pattern of roadkill, Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) - to identify the location and intensity of hotspots and hotzones. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), an artificial neural network (ANN), was selected to reorganize the multi-dimensional data according to the similarity between them. The results of the spatial pattern analysis were important to perceive that the point data pattern varies between species. The events occur spatially clustered and are not uniformly distributed along the highway. In general, wildlife-vehicle collsions have their hotzones in different locations. SOM was able to analyze the relationship between multiple variables, linear and non-linear, such as ecological data, and established distinct spatial patterns per each species. Most of the wildlife was run over close to forest area and water bodies, and distant from sugarcane, silviculture and built environments. But a considerable part of the wildlife-vehicle collisions occurred in areas with diverse landscape, including high density of water bodies, silviculture and built environments.

This research assessed the criminological significance of motor vehicle crash data within the criminal justice context. The study was conducted at the southern region Accident Bureau of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department (EMPD). The objectives of this research are to: a. Explore and describe the extent and criminological impact of road traffic crashes on a macro level. b. Explore and describe the impact of road traffic crashes on a micro level. c. Explain the criminological significance of road traffic crash data in relation to effective road safety management. d. Evaluate and describe the attendance and recording procedure of road crashes. e. Evaluate and describe the supervisor’s responsibility in relation to the quality of crash data recorded. f. Evaluate and describe the effectiveness of crash statistics accessed by management and/or officials. g. Evaluate and explain the current prosecution procedure as part of the CJS. h. Evaluate existing policy about the crash-recording process applicable to operational law enforcement practitioners of the EMPD. i. Explore and describe the current state of motor vehicle insurance and its necessity from a criminological perspective. The researcher followed a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data from recorded Accident Report Forms and qualitative data from interviews with participants active in their fields of expertise. Road crashes are characterised by injury and damage; victims suffer trauma and economic consequences, and the society and the economy as a whole are affected. The research suggests that accurate road crash data form a crucial component in the investigation, prosecution and development of road safety strategies in the quest towards improved road safety efforts. It also indicates that existing crash data are of such a sub-standard that traffic professionals will not be able to develop effective and efficient road safety strategies in pursuit of road safety / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

The 85th percentile off-road glances while performing three tasks on an in-vehicle system while driving in a simulator was investigated. The tasks were a radio task, a telephone task and a sound settings task which were performed at three occasions each. The distribution of 85th percentile off-road glance durations for each subject and task showed that durations differed between individuals rather than between tasks. It also turned out that durations longer than 2.00 seconds were not rare and 2 of 16 subjects had durations longer than 2.00 seconds in the radio task. Even though the distribution showed small differences between tasks on an individual level, differences on a group level were found between the tasks. A tendency of a learning effect was found, which implied a decrease in 85th percentile off-road glance durations as the tasks were performed at several occasions. A tendency of a floor effect in 85th percentile off-road glance durations, when the subjects are familiarized with tasks, was also found. Performance on a computerized trail-making test, measuring ability of visual search, motor speed and mental flexibility, was found not to be related with 85th percentile off-road glance durations.

Bien que la conduite d’un véhicule motorisé soit une activité des plus usuelles, les accidents routiers font partie des dix premières causes mondiales de décès. Au cours des dernières années, les programmes canadiens et québécois de prévention en sécurité routière ont montré une certaine efficacité, observable notamment par une baisse des décès sur la route. Ces progrès sont toutefois insuffisants, et de meilleures stratégies d’intervention et de prévention doivent être développées. Une meilleure connaissance des personnes susceptibles d’être impliquées dans des accidents routiers permettrait le développement de campagnes plus ciblées et pertinentes. Ainsi, il est déjà reconnu que le fait d’être un homme, le fait d’être âgé entre 15 et 29 ans, et la consommation d’alcool ou de substances psychoactives, augmentaient le risque d’être impliqué dans un accident routier. De ce fait, l’un des objectifs de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le rôle de la fréquence de consommation de cannabis dans la conduite automobile risquée chez les jeunes conducteurs de sexe masculin. D’autre part, des études se sont déjà intéressées au rôle joué par les parents dans les comportements routiers de leurs jeunes. Aucune étude ne semble toutefois s’être attardée au rôle du soutien à l’autonomie prodigué par les parents dans la prise de risques au volant des jeunes. Le second objectif de cette thèse est donc d’investiguer l’impact du soutien parental de l’autonomie dans la conduite automobile des jeunes consommateurs de cannabis. Dans cette optique, l’Article 1 traite de l’association entre la fréquence de consommation de cannabis et la prise de risques au volant auto-rapportée auprès d’un échantillon de conducteurs masculins âgés entre 18 et 25 ans. De plus, il évalue le rôle du niveau de soutien parental de l’autonomie dans cette prise de risques auto-rapportée. Les résultats indiquent que la fréquence de consommation de cannabis est positivement associée à la prise de risques au volant, telle que mesurée par la variable de conduite sous l’influence du cannabis, et en est un prédicteur. Les résultats de cet article n’ont cependant pu démontrer que le soutien parental de l’autonomie était un prédicteur de la conduite automobile risquée auto-rapportée. L’Article 2 étudie la conduite automobile risquée à travers des données comportementales de conduite automobile risquée, observées dans un contexte de simulation de conduite. Les résultats de ce deuxième article révèlent que la fréquence de consommation de cannabis contribue à prédire la conduite automobile risquée observée. En outre, les résultats indiquent un effet significatif des niveaux de fréquence de consommation sur la prise de risques au volant. Finalement, les résultats révèlent une contribution du niveau de soutien parental à l’autonomie dans la prise de risques au volant observée en simulation. Enfin, la discussion porte sur les contributions théoriques de cette thèse aux connaissances scientifiques en sécurité routière, ainsi que ses implications pratiques pour la prévention et l’intervention. / Although driving a vehicle is one common activity, road accidents are one of the top ten causes of death in the world. In recent years, a decrease of on road deaths in Canada and Quebec have shown that road safety prevention campaigns can be effective. However, these advances are insufficient, and there is a need for better intervention and prevention strategies. A better knowledge of individuals likely to be involved in road accidents would allow the development of more targeted and relevant prevention campaigns. Thus, it is already known that men, individuals aged between 15 and 29, and users of alcohol or psychoactive substances before driving have an increased risk of being involved in a road accident. Therefore, one of the objectives of this thesis is to have a better understanding of the role of frequency of cannabis use in young males’ risky driving. Also, studies have already examined the role of parents in the road behaviors of their children. However, no study seems to have focused on the role of parental autonomy support in young drivers’ risky driving. The second objective of this thesis is to investigate the impact of parental autonomy support on risky driving among young cannabis users. In this line of thinking, Article 1 investigates the association between frequency of cannabis use and self-reported risky driving among a sample of male drivers aged between 18 and 25 years old. In addition, it evaluates the role of parental autonomy support in self-reported risky driving. Results indicate that frequency of cannabis use is positively associated with risky driving (measured with self-reported measure of driving under the influence of cannabis), and is a predictor of this measure. However, results did not show that parental autonomy support is a predictor of self-reported risky driving. Article 2 studies risky driving through behavioral measures. These behavioral measures are observed in a driving simulator. Results of this article reveal a contribution of frequency of cannabis use in predicting observed risky driving in a driving simulator. In addition, results indicate a significant effect of the frequency of use levels on risky driving behaviors observed in the simulated driving task. Finally, results show a contribution of parental autonomy support in observed risky driving in the simulator. The theoretical contributions of this thesis to the scientific literature on road safety, as well as its practical implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.

<p>Примарни задатак ове докторске дисертације је развој предиктивног<br />модела фреквенције саобраћајних незгода на руралним путевима.<br />Секундарни циљ је процјена ефеката саобраћајних и геометријских<br />варијабли на фреквенцију саобраћајних незгода. Резултати<br />истраживања су показали да је најбоље перформансе, у погледу<br />слагања са стварним подацима и предвиђања саобраћајних незгода, у<br />односу на друге конкурентске моделе показао НБ модел. Постављено<br />ограничење брзине има највећи релативни утицај на фреквенцију<br />укупног броја саобраћајних незгода и саобраћајних незгода са<br />настрадалим лицима. На фреквенцију саобраћајних незгода са<br />материјалном штетом највећи релативни утицај има дужина сегмента.</p> / <p>Primarni zadatak ove doktorske disertacije je razvoj prediktivnog<br />modela frekvencije saobraćajnih nezgoda na ruralnim putevima.<br />Sekundarni cilj je procjena efekata saobraćajnih i geometrijskih<br />varijabli na frekvenciju saobraćajnih nezgoda. Rezultati<br />istraživanja su pokazali da je najbolje performanse, u pogledu<br />slaganja sa stvarnim podacima i predviđanja saobraćajnih nezgoda, u<br />odnosu na druge konkurentske modele pokazao NB model. Postavljeno<br />ograničenje brzine ima najveći relativni uticaj na frekvenciju<br />ukupnog broja saobraćajnih nezgoda i saobraćajnih nezgoda sa<br />nastradalim licima. Na frekvenciju saobraćajnih nezgoda sa<br />materijalnom štetom najveći relativni uticaj ima dužina segmenta.</p> / <p>The primary objective of this doctoral dissertation is the development of the<br />accident frequency predictive model on rural roads. The secondary objective<br />is to evaluate the effects of traffic and geometric variables on the accident<br />frequency. The results of the research showed that the best performance, in<br />terms of goodness-of-fit measures and predicting accidents, was shown by<br />the NB model in comparison with other competing models. Posted speed<br />limit has the highest relative influence on the accident frequency of the total<br />number of accidents and the fatal and injury accidents. The independent<br />variable segment lenht has the greatest relative influence on the accidents<br />with property damage frequency.</p>

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Erfahrungen von Dreiradfahrer_innen im deutschsprachigen Raum (vorwiegend Deutschland) untersucht, die mit Hilfe eines Online-Fragebogens erhoben wurden. Die betrachteten Themenfelder sind: Nutzungsgründe und -häufigkeit, Infrastruktur für den fließenden und ruhenden Radverkehr, Benutzungspflicht von Radwegen, Interaktion mit anderen Verkehrsteilnehmer_innen und mit Passant_innen sowie Verkehrssicherheit. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen gegeben, wie Infrastruktur für Dreiradfahrer attraktiver gestaltet werden kann, um die Verbreitung der Fahrzeuge zu fördern.:1 Ziel der Arbeit 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Begriffsbestimmungen 2.1.1 Fahrräder, Pedelecs, E-Bikes 2.1.2 Dreiräder 2.2 Verbreitung und Potentiale von Dreirädern 2.2.1 Verbreitung von Dreirädern 2.2.2 Potentiale 2.3 Bisherige Forschung 2.4 Fachliche Grundlagen 2.4.1 Fahrradnutzung 2.4.2 Infrastruktur für den Fließenden Verkehr 2.4.3 Benutzungspflicht und genutzte Infrastruktur 2.4.4 Infrastruktur für den ruhenden Verkehr 2.4.5 Verhältnis zu anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern 2.4.6 Persönliche Interaktion 2.4.7 Unfallgeschehen 2.4.8 Alternatives Verhalten 2.5 Eingrenzung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes 2.6 Bezug zu Fahrradanhängern 3 Methode 3.1 Untersuchungsdesign 3.2 Ablauf der Untersuchung 3.3 Aufbau und Inhalt des Fragebogens 3.3.1 Allgemeines 3.3.2 Antwortformate, Skalen 3.3.3 Fragebogenvariante für Dreiradfahrer 3.4 Stichprobe 3.4.1 Stichprobenumfang 3.4.2 Demographische Angaben 3.4.3 Mobilitätsalternativen 3.4.4 Genutzte Dreiradmodelle 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Zwei- und Dreiradnutzung 4.1.1 Gründe, ausschlieÿlich Dreirad zu fahren 4.1.2 Vor- und Nachteile von Dreirädern 4.1.3 Häufigkeit der Fahrradnutzung 4.2 Probleme mit der Infrastruktur für den Fließenden Radverkehr 4.2.1 Freie Nennungen 4.2.2 Grad der Störung 4.2.3 Zwei- und Dreirad im Vergleich 4.2.4 Vergleich der Fragestellungen 4.3 Genutzte Infrastruktur und Benutzungspflicht 4.3.1 Kenntnis der Rechtslage und Verhalten der Polizei 4.3.2 Genutzte Infrastruktur 4.4 Infrastruktur für den ruhenden Verkehr 4.4.1 Parken über Nacht 4.4.2 Parken am Ziel 4.5 Verhältnis zu anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern 4.5.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 4.5.2 Vergleich Zwei- und Dreirad 4.6 Persönliche Interaktion 4.6.1 Reaktion Fremder auf Dreiräder 4.6.2 Reaktion der Dreiradfahrer auf Blicke und Kommentare 4.7 Unfallgeschehen 5 Diskussion 5.1 Zwei- und Dreiradnutzung 5.2 Probleme mit der Infrastruktur für den fließenden (Rad-)verkehr 5.2.1 Ergebnisse der Umfrage 5.2.2 Vorschläge für Breiten von Radverkehrsanlagen 5.2.3 Poller und Umlaufsperren 5.3 Genutzte Infrastruktur und Benutzungspflicht 5.4 Infrastruktur für den ruhenden Verkehr 5.4.1 Ergebnisse der Umfrage 5.4.2 Attraktive Anlagen für das Abstellen von Dreirädern 5.5 Verhältnis zu anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern 5.6 Persönliche Interaktion 5.7 Unfallgeschehen 5.8 Alternatives Verhalten 5.9 Weiche Maßnahmen zur Förderung des Dreiradfahrens 5.10 Schwächen und Fehler des Fragebogens 5.11 Weiterer Forschungs-/Untersuchungsbedarf

With a more than ever increasing demand to interconnect smartphones with infotainment systems, Android Auto has risen in popularity with its services used in modern vehicles worldwide. However, as users progressively connect their smartphones to in-vehicle infotainment systems, the opportunity for malicious actors to endanger and access private data of Android Auto users advances as well. The goal with this thesis is to determine how secure Android Auto is for road use. The main research question is to figure out if Android Auto is susceptible to attacks that exploit certain vulnerabilities in the Android operating system. The research question was answered by creating several proof-of-concept attacks on Android Auto using an emulated infotainment system with mobile devices. An investigation was also conducted regarding the application’s communication channel between the mobile device and infotainment display. Results of this thesis demonstrate that several attacks are substantially severe to endanger drivers on the road. There is a great risk of successful exploits when running Android Auto locally on the phone without a connection to the infotainment system, and a lesser risk when connected to the infotainment system. Intercepting communication in the USB channel revealed an encryption algorithm whose version has published exploits and can be cracked to potentially exploit Android Auto. / I takt med en evigt ökande efterfrågan på att sammankoppla smarttelefoner med infotainmentsystem, har allt fler börjat använda Android Auto i sina fordon världen över. En bieffekt av att allt fler sammankopplar sina mobiler till infotainmentsystem, är att det leder till fler möjligheter för illvilliga parter att stjäla privat data och sätta Android Autoanvändares liv i fara. Målet med denna avhandling är att fastställa hur säkert Android Auto är i avseende till vägsäkerhet. Den huvudsakliga forskningsfrågan är att lista ut om Android Auto kan attackeras av attacker som utnyttjar sårbarheter i Android operativsystemet. Forskningsfrågan besvarades genom att skapa flertal konceptattacker mot Android Auto användandes av ett emulerat infotainmentsystem och mobiltelefoner. En utredning utfördes även gällande applikationens kommunikationskanal mellan telefonen och infotainmentskärmen. Resultatet från denna avhandling demonstrerade att många attacker är tillräckligt allvarliga för att äventyra trafikanternas säkerhet. Det finns en avsevärd risk för framgångsrika attacker när Android Auto körs lokalt på telefonen utan en USB koppling till infotainmentsystemet, och en liten risk när telefonen är kopplad till infotainmentsystemet. Avlyssning och uppfångning av kommunikationen i USB kanalen visade att en krypteringsalgoritm vars version har existerande sårbarheter kan avkrypteras och utnyttjas för att potentiellt attackera Android Auto.